Black Steam Research Articles

CONCENTRATION OF NITRATE NITROGEN IN THE SOIL AND PRODUCTIVITY OF CROPS WHEN LONG-TERM MINIMIZING OF TILLAGE ACCORDING TO VARIOUS FORECROPS

In a multifactor stationary field experiment on the area of the Elitnoye Holding in the Novosibirsk region (central forest-steppe subzone) in 2002-2018 the seasonal dynamics of nitrate nitrogen in the fields of four full grain-steam crop rotation by steam and grain predecessors against an extensive background (without chemical means) in four versions of the main mechanical treatment of leached black soil was investigated. Along with this, the productivity of grain crops was studied with long-term minimization of the main tillage on extensive and intensive backgrounds. The authors found out that in the central forest-steppe of the Ob river region before sowing grain crops according to the various methods of steam preparation most of all in the meter layer of nitrate soil was found in black steam with plowing (150 kg / ha) and less in variants with soil-protective treatments (132-141 kg / ha ). The lowest level of this element in the soil (124 kg / ha) in spring was noted by the early minimum steam. Before sowing the second wheat after steam, the nitrate nitrogen content in the meter soil layer for plowing (79 kg / ha) was slightly higher than in the options with soil treatment (61-64 kg / ha). In the final field of crop rotation, regardless of the studied soil cultivation systems, the minimum initial amount of nitrogen (56-57 kg / ha) was noted. By the end of the growing season of crops, the nitrate content in the soil was sharply reduced. Before harvesting wheat by steam, the nitrogen content in the upper meter profile was 41-55 kg / ha, for grain precursors even less - 27-33 kg / ha. The steam yield of grain crops on extensive and intensive backgrounds was 3.09-3.21 and 3.96-4.02 t / ha, respectively, and practically did not depend on the methods of its preparation. On repeated sowing the wheat yield in comparison with an extensive background in plowing (1.26-1.79 t / ha) was significantly higher than in the studied options for minimizing the main tillage (1.02-1.55 t / ha). When optimizing the mineral nutrition of plants and the phytosanitary situation of crops, wheat productivity by grain predecessors in crop rotation fields increased 2.0-2.9 times without significant differences in soil treatment options.

Productivity of crops in rainfed conditions on light chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region

The article presents the results of three years of field research on studying of influence of ways of the basic processing of soil and systems of applied fertilizers on productivity of grain crops. The experiment considered winter wheat, cultivated on black steam, and is itself a precursor to the Sudanese grass. Three variants of the main tillage and four variants of the use of mineral fertilizers in the cultivation of winter wheat varieties of local selection of reed 3 were studied. Field experiments were conducted at the STC of Volgograd state University "Gornaya Polyana" on light chestnut soils from 2016 to 2019. As a result of studying the productivity of winter wheat in rainfed conditions on light chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region, it was found that the maximum values of biometric indicators, elements of the structure of the crop, biological and economic productivity were obtained during its cultivation by deep chisel processing by the working bodies of the "Ranch" with the use of ammophos and potassium chloride during sowing and early spring feeding with ammonium nitrate. The minimum values of biometric indicators, elements of the structure of the crop, biological and economic productivity are obtained by cultivating it on a small disk processing without the use of fertilizers.

First occurrence of Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford, 1894) – black steam borer in pheromone baited panel traps and population build up in Croatian oak stands

U prvom desetljeću 21. stoljeća u hrvatskim nizinskim hrastovim sastojinama proveden je niz istraživanja vezanih uz integriranu zaštitu hrastove oblovine. U središtu ovih istraživanja bila je olfaktorna manipulacija domaćim vrstama iz rodova Trypodendron i Xyleborus uz uporabu naletno-barijernih klopki kompletiranih s atraktantima (lineatin, ETOH, GLV, Domowit-Trypowit D<sup>®</sup>). Tijekom ovih eksperimenata u ulovima naletno-barijernih klopi, pojavila se nova vrsta za hrastove nizinske sastojine u Hrvatskoj Xylosandrus germanus. Pojava vrste Xylosandrus germanus u ulovima naletno barijernih klopki prvi puta je zabilježena u dijelu terenskih eksperimenta (2009. godine), a ulovi u naletno-barijernim klopkamasu bili su u porastu ostatak perioda provedenih istraživanja. Tijekom 2011. godine fenologija potkornjaka drvaša nizinskih hrastovih sastojina provedena je od siječnja do početka lipnja. U ovom periodu zabilježena je i praćena fenologija šest vrsta potkornjaka drvaša, od kojih je T. signatum bio najbrojniji, a invazivna strana vrsta X. germanus je bio drugi po brojnosti tijekom ovog opažanja, iako prisutan u ulovima naletno barijernih klopki 2011 godine. Iako je ekonomski značaj X. germanus malen, ovo je vrsta koja je prisutna u Europi 65 godina. Postoje zabilježeni slučajevi iz Švicarske 1995. g. kada je X. germanus napao 20 000 m<sup>3</sup> smreke i jele u regiji Jura. S ekološkog gledišta, glavna zabrinutost je da X. germanus postaje jedan od najbrojnijih potkornjaka na područjima u kojima se etablirao, ali bez dokaza o negativnom utjecaju na autohtone vrste. Iako se smatra da X. germanus ima potencijal negativno utjecati na lokalno nestajanje autohtonih vrsta i biološku raznolikost (Henin and Versteirt 2004; Bouget and Noblecourt 2005). Istraživanja u Belgiji pokazuju da postoji preklapanje ekoloških niša X. germanus sa nekoliko autohtonih vrsta (Henin and Versteirt 2004). U Sjevernoj Americi , X. germanus je jedan od ekonomski najvažnijih negativnih čimbenika u rasadnicima. Neki autori navode da postoji izvjesna razina fiziološkog stresa koja nije uočljiva, ali stabla ipak emitiraju stresom generirane atraktivne tvari koje privlače potkornjake tijekom rojenja. X. germanus se smatra štetnikom koji napada fiziološki oslabljena stabla pod stresom, ali neka istraživanja pokazuju da napada i naizgled zdrava stabla. Prisutnost i brojnost X. germanus u Hrvatskoj još treba biti dodatno istražena, jer se ovaj polifagni štetnik uspješno razvija na velikom broju vrsta listača i četinjača. X. germanus isto može biti i vektor za određene uzročnike bolesti i najčešće se povezuje sa gljivama iz roda Fusarium, koje mogu uzrokovati odumiranje stabala, venuće i rak na napadnutim stablima. Ovakav vektorski odnos dokazan je na vrstama iz roda Juglans. X. germanus može prenositi i holandsku bolest brijesta. Zbog navedenog potrebno je daljnje praćenje i istraživanje utjecaja izrazito polifagne invazivne vrste potkornjak drvaša X. germanus na ekosustave nizinskih hrastovih sastojina.

ВНЕСОК Є.Х. ЧИКАЛЕНКА У РОЗВИТОК СІЛЬСЬКОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА УКРАЇНИ

The intellectual heritage of the outstanding public figure, philanthropist and publicist Yevhen Harlampijevich Chykalenko (1861-1929) made it possible to conduct a context analysis of the original content and form of material disclosure. He was into the publication of the «Conversation about agricultural household» (1897, Odessa, reprinting in 1910-1912, St. Petersburg) in five books, which were prepared on the basis of their own experience of management in the form of dialogue with the interlocutor. The books were collected together, in the range of a consistent change in related areas of the agricultural sector. The first book examines the meaning of black steam, tools for its care through the system of crop rotation. In the second - the question of animal husbandry: breeds of horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, mainly of European origin. The third concerns natural hayfields as the first sown herbs (alfalfa, esperant, clover), corn and beet (fodder), technology of sowing, care and harvesting. Fourth book is about grape cultivars, peculiarities of cultivation, various varieties, their importance for nutrition and wine production. The fifth one deals with the issues of foundation and growing the garden, caring about it; berries, grafting trees, varieties for drying and fresh consumption. Of course, "Conversations ..." in their significance increased beyond the agrarian sector, they acquired a general historical significance. This book showed the popularization and educational dominants of the internal nature of Ye. Chykalenko; his desire to help his people not only materially, but also with thought, advice and action. At the same time, they are perceived as a constructive and productive source in the history of Ukraine, which is able to provide information on the development of the economy, the ways of connecting, in particular, the railways, which were exporting grain to Odessa and other agricultural products for export. In the same time, were imported highly productive breeds of horses, cattle, sheep and pigs, as well as highly productive varieties of plants. As a result the publication of five books "Conversations ..." is perceived as a source of important information about the "Material canvas of our history."

INFLUENCE OF SOIL PROCESSING ON CHERNOZEM AGROPHYSICAL STATE AND SPRING WHEAT PRODUCTIVITY

Results are given from evaluation study (2013–2015) of basic processing methods influence on soil agrophysical state and spring wheat productivity. Shallow medium-loamy chernozem of Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe was under study. The soil under basic processing was characterized with normal composition (0.96–1.02 g/ сm3) and perfect structure of 0–20 сm layer on agronomical valuable aggregates content (70–71 %). Experiment scheme included three variants of tillage: dump plowing of black steam with PLN- 4–35 to 20–22 cm depth (control); autumn disc harrowing of black steam with Rubin 9600KU cultivator to 10–12 сm depth (minimal processing); chemical steam and direct sowing with John Deer seed drill (zero processing). There is established that basic processing type defined the character of seasonal soil density dynamics (Сv=1–25 %) and structural composition (Cv = 28 %). Optimal wheat productivity was obtained under dump plowing cultivation and minimal processing (24–25 c/ha). Direct wheat sowing contributed to soil density increase by 0.06–0.04 g/ сm3 with optimal parameters maintenance and reduced spring wheat productivity by 0.6–0.7 t/ha in comparison with the dump plowing and minimal processing

Effect of traditional agriculture technology on communities of soil invertebrates

The study of peculiarities specific for the spatial organization of communities of living organisms allows to develop principles of the rational and effective use of the biosphere natural resources and optimal adaptation of mankind to the natural environment. The aim of the research was to study communities of the soil mesofauna as an integral indicator of the state of soils under conditions of applying the traditional farming technology, to carry out the quantitative accounting of the soil mesofauna, and assessment of morphometric parameters of sunflower plants in places of selecting soil and zoological samples, to determine the species composition and abundance, as well as to analyze the ecological structure of the soil mesofauna community. Rheophilous species predominate on black steam, and mesophilic species predominate under sunflower. This can be explained by the fact that in the periodic cultivation of black steam, the evaporation from the soil surface is much higher. Ultra-mega-coenotrophs are dominant on black steam, and megacoenotrophs are dominant under sunflower. Since both demonstration trails are laid on one field, but have strategically been divided into a plot under black steam and a plot under sunflower, one can assume a different degree of saturation of the soil solution, as during the growth the crop being cultivated uses soil nutrients. Among topomorphs of soil animals, exactly soil animals are dominant, which is characteristic for both demonstration trails being studied. In the composition of trophomorphs of soil animals, phytophages are dominant in soil of the test demonstration trail on black steam, and in soil of the test demonstration trail, where sunflower was cultivated, phyto- and saprophages predominate in equal proportions. As a result of the correlation analysis, statistically reliable dependences are obtained: – numbers of soil animals in soil of the demonstration trail on black steam – on the distance from forest belt areas (-0.23) and length and width of sunflower leaves - on the distance from forest belt areas (0.53 and 0.53 respectively). The species composition, abundance and distribution in space of soil invertebrates are an informative indicator, which reflects the ecological state of soils, intensity in development of soil horizons as well as intensity of processes occurring in them.

Public Expectation, Pressure, and Avoiding the Choke: A Case Study from Elite Sport

This case study focused on pressure, stereotype threat, choking, and the coping experiences of the New Zealand All Blacks rugby team during the period from 2004-2011 leading into their success at the 2011 Rugby World Cup (RWC). Employing a narrative approach this case study examined public expectation, pressure, and coach-led coping strategies designed to “avoid the choke” by the All Blacks team. An in-depth interview was completed with one of the All Blacks’ coaches and analyzed via collaborative thematic analysis (Riessman, 2008). In addition multiple secondary data sources (e.g., coach & player autobiographies; media interviews) were analyzed via holistic-content analysis (Lieblich et al., 1998). Collectively these analyses revealed five key themes: public expectation and pressure, learning from 2007 RWC, coping with RWC pressure, decision-making under pressure, and avoiding the choke. Practical recommendations are offered for team sport coaches with respect to coping with pressure and avoiding choking.

A Case Study of Excellence in Elite Sport: Motivational Climate in a World Champion Team

This case study focused on the New Zealand All Blacks rugby team during the period from 2004 to 2011, when Graham Henry (head coach) and Wayne Smith (assistant coach) coached and managed the team. More specifically, this case study examined the motivational climate created by this coaching group that culminated in winning the Rugby World Cup in 2011. In-depth interviews were completed with Henry and Smith in March 2012. A collaborative thematic content analysis revealed eight themes, regarding motivational issues and the motivational climate for the 2004–2011 All Blacks team: (i) critical turning point, (ii) flexible and evolving, (iii) dual-management model, (iv) “Better People Make Better All Blacks,” (v) responsibility, (vi) leadership, (vii) expectation of excellence, and (viii) team cohesion. These findings are discussed in light of autonomy-supportive coaching, emotionally intelligent coaching, and transformational leadership. Finally, practical recommendations are offered for coaches of elite sports teams.

Loops and Fireworks

HEIRLOOM Loops and Fireworks Les Brown North Cove, North Carolina, lies in one of "The Loops" of the Clinchfield Railroad, a series of switchbacks that gently descend the rugged Blue Ridge Mountains from Spruce Pine. The grade is gouged through nineteen tunnels and many deep cuts to level out in the foothills at Marion. The railroad carries coal from the mines ofWest Virginia and Kentucky to the soudieast coast. Among my most vivid memories ofNorth Cove are those ofthe huge black steam locomotives and the lonesome wail ofthe whistle. I remember the sound abruptly dying as the train went into Honeycutt Tunnel behind the house where I was born. The hot boxes ofthe brakes glowed bright red as hundreds ofwheels pressed against the steep four-mile loop. High clouds ofsteam rushed from the stacks on cold winter days as the powerful locomotives crawled up the mountains. Now and then one of the trains derailed, folding itself in a cut or down a fill, interrupting the slow pace ofthe vaUey. Folks would rush to pick up the free coal for their winter fires. I always hoped for candy or toys. Sometimes a box would break, sending glowing steel off the tracks, catching the mountain on fire. The men ofthe cove would hurry to keep the fires from racing with the converting wind up the side ofthe mountain. North Cove had a Uttle depot on the CUnchfield called Linville Station. The name didn't make sense, but the wealthy who summered fifteen miles away in the resort town of Linville wanted the name recognition . Until the late 1940s the station served passenger trains, which have since disappeared from the route. IronicaUy, as isolated from the world as we were, we could catch the train to anywhere from just a mile up the road. We can't do that today. The depot also served a huge packing house owned by Ed Robbins. He hauled shrubbery from Blue Ridge Nursery at Pineola, about ten miles up Linville Mountain, to be shipped out by rail Les Brown, born and raised in North Cove Valley of northern McDowell County, North Carolina, isprofessor ofbiology at Gardner-Webb University in Boiling Springs, North Carolina. He haspresented papers at the North Carolina Academy ofScience and the Appalachian Studies Conference. 48 My family used the depot as a way to get fireworks, which were illegal in North Carolina. We had great shipments brought in from Zebra Fireworks Company up north. We saved our money all year and pored over the Zebra catalog for our Christmas order; we bought them by the case. Excitement built for weeks until the train brought the prized cargo. The Christmas fireworks display and the powerful reports ofnow-ülegal M80's, double shots, aerial and cherry bombs were shared by the whole valley. My dad was never content with the power ofthe fireworks, but he always wanted the biggest, loudest aerial bomb ever built. Maybe it was because he was the youngest and smallest offive brothers. So he searched all ofthe catalogues ofthe fireworks companies for the pinnacle ofpower. He found it. Everyone would know that the explosion that was to rock the silence from a thousand feet above the valley was caused by Gene Brown's big red ten-dollar aerial bomb. It stood eighteen inches high with a diameter of four inches, a five-inch fuse and six-inch square wooden base. It was magnificent, made by Black Cat Fireworks in Akron, Ohio. The money he saved for it would have bought a large assortment of Roman candles, rockets, double shots, pinwheels, fountains, ladyfingers, side loaders, and cherry bombs, not counting the regular little firecrackers with the gray paper fuses that came in packs you could light all at once. Instead, all his money went for the big show. Dad was at the depot early each day, sitting on one ofthe big green freight wagons on the platform beside the tracks, waiting. FinaUy, one day, the train hissed to a stop. Sam Brown, the Stationmaster, shoved the latch open, disappearing into the darkness ofa red boxcar. He came back with a single box and handed it down to Dad, label side up. "To Gene...

PRODUCTIVITY OF APPLE VARIETIES DEPENDS ON SOIL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Efficient soil management systems play an important role in improving orchard fertility. They contribute to the equal distribution of organic matter throughout the soil profile. This improves the effective and potential soil fertility. The observations and records have been carried out since 2015 in the fruit-bearing apple orchard of the Dzhalka village Gudermes district of the Chechen Republic, on the varieties Golden Delicious and Granny Smith grafted on M-9. The planting scheme is 3.5 × 2.5 m, the crown shape is a growing effortlessly palmette. We studied the sod-humus system with the cereal grasses mixture sowing (smooth bromegrass, meadow fescue, Australian rye-grass, cocksfoot) and alfalfa, as well as the black fallow and green manure system with the phacelia and mustard sowing. The control is black steam. All options were tested against the background of an experiment to identify the effect of nitrogen fertilizers, which were applied in the spring at doses of N120 and N180. The control had no fertilizer. Three times repetition with 30 accounting trees in each were used. The conducted studies have shown that in intensive type apple orchards the most effective system is sod-humus or black fallow and green manure system.

115-Kv Bus Switching Surges

In 1955, at the Black Dog Steam Station of Northern States Power Company (NSP), a 97-kv lightning arrester on the 115-2.4-kv reserve auxiliary transformer failed while de-energizing the 115-kv transfer bus with an air-break switch. The replacement of this arrester failed in 1957 when the 115-kv transfer bus was being energized through an air-break switch. These two arresters were not manufactured by the companies with which the authors are associated. Considering these failures as more than coincidental, a thorough investigation was initiated by NSP to attempt to explain how this transfer bus switching influenced the arrester failures. Analytical and Anacom (General Purpose Transient Analyzer) studies supplemented by field tests indicated sufficiently high overvoltages could be created by the transfer bus switch operation, due to a prestrike or restrike, to cause the lightning arrester to operate.