Black Staining Research Articles

Identification of Allelochemicals with Differential Modes of Phytotoxicity against Cuscuta campestris

Cuscuta campestris is a parasitic weed species with noxious effects in broadleaf crops worldwide. The control of Cuscuta in the majority of crops affected is limited or non-existing. We tested, for the first time, the effect of eighteen metabolites in in vitro-grown Cuscuta seedlings. We found that 2-benzoxazolinone, hydrocinnamic acid and pisatin caused the strongest inhibition of seedling growth. In addition to seedling growth, pisatin caused necrosis of the Cuscuta seedling, occurring mostly at the seedling shoot. Scopoletin and sesamol treatments caused toxicity, observed as a black staining, only at the Cuscuta root apices, while caffeic acid, ferulic acid and vanillic acid caused toxicity, observed as brown staining, in the root apices. The structure–activity relationships in four structural derivatives of 2-benzoxazolinone, and five structural derivatives of hydrocinnamic acid, were also studied. The identification of new herbicidal modes of action against Cuscuta is the first step in creating new alternatives to sustainable chemical control of parasitic weeds.

Characterization of Fungal Melanins from Black Stains on Paper Artefacts

Melanins play a fundamental role in the biology and ecology of several fungal species. Unfortunately, this group of amorphous macromolecules also severely (and most times irreversibly) stains cultural heritage objects. Despite efforts made throughout the years, knowledge of the chemical composition and structure of melanins is still insufficient, which hampers the task of safely cleaning these colourants from cultural heritage materials in a targeted way without causing further deterioration. This work aimed therefore to contribute towards enlightening the characteristics of fungal melanins from three fungi that are common paper colonizers: Aspergillus niger, Chaetomium globosum and Cladosporium cladosporioides. The extracted melanins were characterized by FTIR, Raman, UV-vis, Solid-State NMR and MALDI-TOF MS spectroscopies and the effect of inhibitors of DHN-melanin and DOPA-melanin pathways on colony pigmentation and growth was evaluated. Although all the extracted colourants show a predominantly aromatic structure with carbonyl and phenolic groups, some differences between the melanins can be highlighted. Melanins obtained from Ch. globosum and Cl. cladosporioides exhibited similar structures and composition and both presented DHN-melanin characteristics, while A. niger’s melanins revealed a more complex and ordered structure, with a higher prevalence of highly conjugated carbonyls than the others, besides the additional presence of a yellow/green component. These conclusions cannot be overlooked while selecting targeted cleaning methodologies for melanin stains on cultural heritage materials.

Effects of black tea tooth staining previously to 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching

Aim: To determine if the artificial staining with black tea (BT) influences the enamel microhardness before in-office bleaching and if BT staining is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide Methods: Enamel/dentin blocks were randomized into groups according to the staining protocol (n=5/group): (CO) control – maintained in artificial saliva solution (AS); (BT4) immersed in black tea solution for 4 h; (BT24) immersed in black tea solution for 24 h. After the staining protocols, all specimens were kept in AS for one week, followed by bleaching (three sessions of HP application for 40 min). Knoop surface microhardness (kgF/mm2) was determined at baseline (T0), after staining (T1), after 7 days of storage in AS (T2), and after bleaching (T3). The color (ΔE00) and coordinate changes (ΔL, Δa, Δb) were measured using a digital spectrophotometer at T0 and T3. Data were submitted to one-way (ΔE00, ΔL, Δa, Δb) or two-way ANOVA repeated measures (kgF/mm2) and Tukey’s test (a=5%). Results: The staining protocols (BT4 and BT24) promoted significantly lower microhardness (T1 and T2, p<0.05) than CO, whereas CO was the only group to maintain microhardness values over time. Bleaching promoted perceptible ΔE00 without a significant difference among the groups regardless of the staining protocol (p=0.122). CO and BT4 showed no differences in terms of ΔL and Δa (p>0.05), but BT4 displayed a higher Δb than CO. Conclusion: The artificial staining with BT negatively affected the enamel surface microhardness and was not essential to evaluate the efficacy of 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching.

Relación entre la mancha negra extrínseca y la caries dental en una población de Argentina

Many published studies express that the presence of extrinsic black stain on the enamel of tooth surfaces in children and adolescents is associated with less dental caries (CD) activity, this being valid for both primary and permanent dentition.The objective or this researh was to carry out a multifactorial approach to know the relationship between the presence of extrinsic black stain and the presence of caries, in a population of the city of Córdoba, Argentina.Methods. A case-control study (5: 1) was carried out in patients of both sexes from 3 to15 years of age, between the years 2016-2019, who were attended by spontaneous request to the Chair "A" of Pediatric Dentistry, of the Faculty of Dentistry, from the National University of Córdoba (n = 184). All patients underwent a Clinical History. Stimulated saliva was extracted for calcium and phosphate determination and dental biofilm was taken to measure CFU / mL of Streptococcus mutansand Lactobacillus spp.Results. The prevalence of extrinsic black spot was 1.78%. No significant association was found between sex, age and types of dentition between the groups studied. In the problem group, a lower amount of CFU / mL of S. mutans and Lactobacilluss pp was found, a higher concentration of calcium and phosphate and a lower caries index of the primary dentition. Patients with extrinsic black spot had a much lower rate.Conclusions. The extrinsic black spot could be an element of protection against caries, the recommendation for patients who present them would be to remove them from the visible areas and keep them in the rest of the dental elements

Knowledge, Practices and Attitudes towards Silver Diamine Fluoride Therapy among Dentists in Japan: A Mixed Methods Study

In 2021, the World Health Organization included silver diamine fluoride (SDF) as an essential medicine to manage caries in adults and children. SDF was developed in the 1960s, but its use for children became unpopular in Japan because of the decline and low prevalence of early childhood caries. This mixed methods study explored the knowledge, practices and attitudes towards SDF therapy among dentists promoting fluoride use in Japan. It also investigated senior dentists’ perceptions of SDF therapy in Japan. The quantitative study invited all 173 members of the largest organisation promoting fluoride use in Japan to complete a web-based questionnaire survey. Sixty (60/173; 35%) dentists promoting fluoride use in Japan completed the questionnaire survey. All dentists knew of SDF treatment, and 50 (50/60; 83%) used SDF for dental care. Fifty-nine dentists (59/60; 98%) agreed that SDF therapy was simple and quick. All 60 dentists agreed that SDF was effective to arrest caries; 51 dentists (51/60; 85%) agreed that SDF was effective to prevent caries. Most dentists (51/60; 85%) were concerned about SDF’s unaesthetic staining. Fifty-seven dentists (57/60; 95%) used SDF to arrest primary posterior teeth, and 52 dentists (52/60; 87%) used SDF to arrest root caries. However, 25 dentists (25/60; 42%) did not use SDF to prevent caries in permanent teeth. The qualitative study interviewed 12 senior dentists using snowball sampling and achieved data saturation. The dentists opined that SDF therapy was effective, simple, painless, non-invasive and inexpensive. SDF is seldom used in Japan at present because of the unaesthetic black staining and the low prevalence of early childhood caries; however, it can regain popularity by arresting root caries in the aging population.

The antibacterial effect of nanosilver fluoride in relation to caries activity in primary teeth: a protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial

BackgroundMinimally invasive dentistry is a highly convenient and efficient method of managing caries in pediatric patients. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is commonly used to arrest active caries lesions. However, the associated black stain, possibility of soft tissue injury, and unpleasant taste often limit its use. Recently, nanosilver fluoride (NSF) emerged as a promising topical fluoride agent with potent cariostatic and antibacterial potentials. This novel anticaries agent has gained attention as an alternative to overcome the drawbacks of SDF in caries arrest.ObjectivesTo assess the antibacterial effect of NSF in relation to caries activity in dentin caries lesions, as well as to investigate the change in saliva bacterial levels in primary teeth in comparison to SDF after 1 and 3 months.Materials and methodsFifty children aged 4 to 6 years old with active dentin caries lesions (score 5 according to International Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II) criteria) will be enrolled in the study. They will be equally and randomly allocated into 2 groups: a group receiving NSF and a control group receiving SDF treatment. Microbiological samples will be collected from the carious lesions and from unstimulated saliva at the baseline and at the 1 and 3 months’ follow-up appointments. Bacterial counts will be assessed using Mitis Salivarius agar (selective culture media for S. mutans) and Rogosa agar (selective culture media for lactobacilli), and the results will be expressed in colony-forming units. Data regarding the children’s oral health will be collected and their dmf index will be scored. The arrest of active carious lesions will be measured at the follow-up appointments according to ICDAS II criteria.ResultsThe relation between bacterial colony counts and lesion activity for both groups will be assessed, as well as the change in salivary bacterial counts. The collected data will be statistically evaluated and tabulated. This clinical trial has been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov in January 2022 (original version) with ID: NCT05221749.

Non-Destructive Scientific Analysis of the Gold Fabric Excavated of Cheongsong Shim’s Grave

Using non-destructive analytical methods, we identified the material characteristics of two gold fabric artifacts excavated from the Cheongsong Sim clan (Bugeum Wonsam, Jikgeum Chima), including the artifact condition, fiber type, surface contamination, and metallic threads. We found that the artifacts were buried and had turned brown; thus, we were unable to determine their original color. The fiber type was determined to be silk from cocoons, based on scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analyses of Amide I, II, III, and IV peaks, and color reactions Further, the FT-IR and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses identified the white and black stains as natural resin hydrolyzed substances, such as lipids and proteins, that occurred as microbial decomposition due to body decay. Finally, the XRF analyses identified the thin gold layer of the metallic yarn as gold (Au). According to the FT-IR data and the color reaction to the metallic yarn medium, the adhesive component of the medium was a product of-Amides I, II, III, and 3000 cm-1 within Amides A and B (an animal type), respectively. Thus, the medium was identified as Hanji (Korean paper), which is made from domestically produced Broussonetia kazinoki fibers.

Nanomaterials Based on Natural Polyphenol Compounds in the Surgical Treatment of Breast Cancer

As a new type of lymphatic tracer, nano carbon has been widely used. This study mainly explores the application of nanomaterial preparation based on natural polyphenol compounds in the surgical treatment of breast cancer. The operation methods included total / near total breast ectomy, lobectomy and isthmectomy. All the patients met the above criteria after screening. The patients in the two groups were interviewed before operation and informed consent was given. The preoperative examination was actively improved and the contraindications were excluded. According to the intraoperative lymph node black staining, the lymph nodes in each area were divided into three groups: black staining in area II, non-black staining in area II, black staining in area II, non-black staining in area I, black staining in area IV and non-black staining in area IV. The patients and their families were informed before the operation, and the preventive lateral lymph node dissection was performed according to the freezing condition during the operation. Each patient expressed his understanding and signed the informed consent for the operation. During the operation, the breast gland was fully exposed after the breast pseudocapsule was free. All patients used nano-carbon injection during the operation. 0.2 ml nano carbon was injected into the gland at multiple points. After the injection, the injection point was pressed with gauze, and the black staining of the gland was observed after waiting for 3–5 min. The “refined dorsal membrane dissection” and “1 + X” method were used to preserve parabreast glands in situ. The black stained lymph nodes in the central area (confirmed by postoperative pathology) were set as sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs), and the remaining lymph nodes in the dissected tissues were set as non-SLNs. There were 101 sides of cN0 microcarcinoma, 97 sides were detected with black stained lymph nodes, the median number was 7 (1–27), 63 sides had central region metastasis, the false negative rate was 14.29%, the sensitivity was 85.71%, the specificity was 100%, and the accuracy was 91.89%. This study is helpful to promote the application of nano carbon in the operation of CNO differentiated breast cancer.

Scale-Up Studies for Polyhydroxyalkanoate and Halocin Production by <i>Halomonas</i> Sp. as Potential Biomedical Materials

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are the biomaterials isolated naturally from bacterial strains. These are present in granules and accumulated intracellularly for storage and energy uptake in stressed conditions. This work was based on the extraction of polyhydroxyalkanoates from haloarchaeal strains isolated from samples of a salt mine and Halocin activity screening of these isolates. For the screening of polyhydroxyalkanoates, Nile Blue and Sudan Black Staining were performed. After confirmation and theoretical determination, polyhydroxyalkanoates extraction was done by sodium hypochlorite digestion and solvent extraction by chloroform method in combination. Polyhydroxyalkanoates production was calculated along with the determination of biomass. Halocin activity of these strains was also screened at different intervals. Isolated strains were identified by 16S RNA gene sequencing. Polyhydroxyalkanoates polymer was produced in form of biofilms and brittle crystals. Halocin activity was exhibited by four strains, among which confirmed halocin activity was shown by strain K7. The remarkable results showed that polyhydroxyalkanoates can replace synthetic plastics which are not environment friendly as they cause environmental pollution – a major threat to Earth rising gradually. Therefore, by switching to the use of biodegradable bioplastics from the use of synthetic plastics, it would be beneficial to the ecosphere.

PD31-05 REPEATED TRANSURETHRAL INTERVENTIONS INCREASE ELASTIN DEGRADATION AND STRICTURE SEVERITY

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 May 2022PD31-05 REPEATED TRANSURETHRAL INTERVENTIONS INCREASE ELASTIN DEGRADATION AND STRICTURE SEVERITY Michael Witthaus, Jathin Bandari, Thomas Will Fuller, Valmik Bhargava, Jill Buckley, and Mahadevan Rajasekaran Michael WitthausMichael Witthaus More articles by this author , Jathin BandariJathin Bandari More articles by this author , Thomas Will FullerThomas Will Fuller More articles by this author , Valmik BhargavaValmik Bhargava More articles by this author , Jill BuckleyJill Buckley More articles by this author , and Mahadevan RajasekaranMahadevan Rajasekaran More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002582.05AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Repeated transurethral interventions can cause or exacerbate urethral stricture disease by increasing tissue damage. A clear understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in increased fibrogenesis would enable development of optimal strategies to minimize progression or prevent stricture recurrence. Recently elastin, an extracellular matrix protein has been implicated in heart, liver and kidney fibrosis. We hypothesize repeated transurethral mechanical stretch accelerates elastin degradation and increases stricture severity. METHODS: Electrocautery was used to induce strictures in middle aged rabbits (12 months; n=6; Fig A). Rabbits (n=3) that showed evidence of stricture development at 14 days post-injury were further subjected to urethral wall stretch using a Foley catheter (balloon inflated to 14 mm diameter for 10 minutes, once a week for 4 weeks; Fig B). Animals were then allowed to recover and subjected to retrograde urethrogram (RUG) to confirm stricture progression and sacrificed at 45 days post-injury. Urethral tissues were harvested and subjected to immunostaining (Verhoeff–Van Gieson; VVG) for elastin. Results were then validated in human urethral scar tissues (n=3) obtained from patients undergoing urethroplasty. RESULTS: RUG findings are summarized in the Fig C. The RUGs performed showed a significant increase in stricture severity after balloon dilation (Fig C -bottom panel). The methodology utilized in the animal model was confirmed fluoroscopically to be replicable. VVG showed strong labeling for elastin (Fig E-F; black stain; yellow arrows) in rabbit and human (Fig G) scar tissues relative to controls (Fig D). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm that this approach is a viable model to study transurethral intervention induced fibrogenesis. It further supports our hypothesis that urethral wall stretch worsens stricture severity due to elastin degradation. This may be an initiating factor in tissue remodeling after injury. Targeting elastin using an elastase may be a potential pharmacological intervention to treat or prevent stricture recurrence after transurethral interventions. Source of Funding: UCSD Academic Senate © 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 207Issue Supplement 5May 2022Page: e542 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Michael Witthaus More articles by this author Jathin Bandari More articles by this author Thomas Will Fuller More articles by this author Valmik Bhargava More articles by this author Jill Buckley More articles by this author Mahadevan Rajasekaran More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

Silver diamine fluoride, atraumatic restorations, and oral health-related quality of life in children aged 5\u201313 years: results from the CariedAway school-based cluster randomized trial

ObjectiveSilver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a non-surgical treatment for the arrest and prevention of dental caries that results in irreversible black staining of dental decay. The objective of this study was to evaluate the short-term impact of SDF treatment on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) relative to a standard package of glass ionomer sealants and atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) in children aged 5–13 years.MethodsCariedAway is a pragmatic, longitudinal, cluster-randomized non-inferiority trial of non-surgical interventions for caries. Secondary study outcomes included OHRQoL and academic performance. Oral health-related quality of life was measured at each study visit using the Child Oral Health Impact Profile. Change in OHRQoL was assessed using linear regression and non-inferiority was determined using t tests.Results160 children with an average age of 8.7 years completed quality of life assessments. Untreated decay at baseline (approximately 25%) was associated with significantly worse OHRQoL and treatment in both groups resulted in incremental improvement: children receiving SDF improved their OHRQoL scores from 16.44 (SD = 11.12) to 14.62 (SD = 11.90), and those receiving traditional sealants and atraumatic restorations slightly improved from 16.65 (SD = 10.56) to 16.47 (SD = 11.09). Quality of life in children receiving silver diamine fluoride was non-inferior to those receiving sealants and ART at least 6 months post-treatment (mean difference = 1.85, 95% CI = − 2.10, 5.80), and change in OHRQoL did not depend on the severity of baseline decay.ConclusionsOHRQoL is related to untreated dental caries, and observed changes following SDF treatment were non-inferior relative to standard preventive therapies.

Effect of cultivation conditions and electrolyzed hydrogen water treatment on black staining in ‘Taishu’ persimmon fruit

Effect of cultivation conditions and electrolyzed hydrogen water treatment on black staining in ‘Taishu’ persimmon fruit

Characterization of Polyhydroxybutyrate Producing Bacterium Isolated from Sewage Sample

The increasing importance of the non-degradable plastics has emerged as one of the major concerns. For this, research is being ventured from the existing reserve to produce bioplastics on the basis of biodegradability properties. Polyhydroxybutyrate, a thermoplastic that is biodegradable as well as environmental friendly, is one such example. Present study identifies potential bacteria strains producing Polyhydroxybutyrate from sewage soil sample collected from Tenali, Guntur District. AR15, one of the derivatives from the ten bacterial isolates recognized through Sudan Black staining, was perceived to be a potential PHB producer. A preliminary identification of the isolate was achieved through biochemical characterization and was found to be Bacillus sp. Biopolymer obtained from the isolate was characterized by FTIR and TGA. Further the biopolymer compared with standard and was seen to be Polyhydroxybutyrate.

Nano Carbon Tracing-based Treatment of Breast Cancer Lymphadenectomy and Nursing Intervention of Postoperative Lymphedema.

to investigate the tracing and therapeutic effects of carbon nanoparticles epirubicin (CNP-EPI) on axillary lymphadenectomy for breast cancer and postoperative lymphedema nursing intervention, a total of 60 breast cancer patients in Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital were selected as the study subjects and randomly divided into group A (n=30) and group B (n=30). They were subcutaneously injected with 1 mL of CNP-EPI 1 day before surgery and 3 days before surgery, respectively, and underwent axillary lymph node dissection. Lymphedema nursing intervention and routine care were implemented in groups A and B, respectively. After adsorption of 2 mL of 6 mg/mL epirubicin by 1 mL carbon nanoparticles, epirubicin could be slowly released with a cumulative release rate of 64.7 %. The black staining rate was 80.2 % (341/425) in group A and 57.7 % (217/376) in group B, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The black staining rate in metastatic lymph nodes was 73.1 % (23/52) in group A and 65.9 % (27/41) in group B (P > 0.05). The incidence rate of edema at 1, 3, and 6 months after operation in group A was significantly lower than that in group B (P < 0.05). Carbon nanoparticles have strong adsorption properties and slow drug release ability; subcutaneous injection of CNP-EPI axillary lymph nodes around the areola 1 day before surgery has a better lymphatic tracing effect; lymphedema nursing intervention can effectively reduce the incidence of prognostic lymphedema.

Optical Properties of Sudan Black Stain Doped PMMA Thin Films at Different Concentration and Gamma Irradiation Effect

In this paper, the optical properties investigated and the effect of the gamma irradiation on the optical constant in addition to the energy band gap (Eg) of Sudan black stain doped Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA) thin films. Thin films of 20% Sudan black stain/PMMA doping ratio was used to prepared three concentrations (1, 0.7, 0.4) x10-3 M. all the Dye/ Polymer solution (three different concentrations) deposited on glass substrate by using a free casting method at room temperature. The UV-Visible absorbance and transmittance spectra at the 300 - 800 nm wavelength range were used to investigate the optical properties of the films. The optical constant such as linear absorption coefficient, the extinction coefficient, and Eg were calculated. Results showed an increasing in the optical properties after irradiation with γ rays with activity 16 gray/hour, while Eg was decreasing after irradiation.

Peptide-Enabled Nanocomposites Offer Biomimetic Reconstruction of Silver Diamine Fluoride-Treated Dental Tissues

Caries is the most ubiquitous infectious disease of mankind, and early childhood caries (ECC) is the most prevalent chronic disease in children worldwide, with the resulting destruction of the teeth recognized as a global health crisis. Recent the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for the use of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in dentistry offers a safe, accessible, and inexpensive approach to arrest caries progression in children with ECC. However, discoloration, i.e., black staining, of demineralized or cavitated surfaces treated with SDF has limited its widespread use. Targeting SDF-treated tooth surfaces, we developed a biohybrid calcium phosphate nanocomposite interface building upon the self-assembly of synthetic biomimetic peptides. Here, an engineered bifunctional peptide composed of a silver binding peptide (AgBP) is covalently joined to an amelogenin derived peptide (ADP). The AgBP provides anchoring to the SDF-treated tooth tissue, while the ADP promotes rapid formation of a calcium phosphate isomorph nanocomposite mimicking the biomineralization function of the amelogenin protein. Our results demonstrate that the bifunctional peptide was effective in remineralizing the biomineral destroyed by caries on the SDF-treated tooth tissues. The proposed engineered peptide approach offers a biomimetic path for remineralization of the SDF-treated tissues producing a calcium phosphate nanocomposite interface competent to be restored using commonly available adhesive dental composites.

Phenylalanine and indole effects on the pathogenicity of human lysozyme amorphous aggregates

Protein aggregation can affect the stability and function of proteins, and may lead to developing diseases, but reports on the in vivo effect of aggregates are scarce.In the current study, the effect of phenylalanine (Phe) and indole presence was first investigated on the structure and stability of human lysozyme (HLZ) and its aggregation under in vitro condition. Tm measurements, circular dichroism and spectrofluorimetric spectra, as well as and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed in this stage. In the next step, pathogenicity of HLZ amorphous aggregates formed in presence or absence of the additives was investigated in vivo, by subcutaneous injection to adult male Wistar rats. Resulting inflamed tissues were studied by hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Congo red and Sudan black staining. Serum levels of liver enzymes (Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)), specific inflammatory cytokines (Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6)) as well as glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were measured.Amorphous aggregates of HLZ caused inflammation and affected the number of fat cells, macrophages, cytokines, liver enzymes and glucose. Indole, that increases amorphous aggregates amount as shown with CD, fluorescence, and TEM experiments, leads into more severe inflammation. In presence of Phe, (which stabilizes HLZ structure) a markedly milder inflammatory state is observed in histological results and no increase could be detected in the inflammation-related parameters.In conclusion, amorphous aggregates of HLZ may be pathogenic in vivo, and presence of anti-aggregation compounds (such as Phe) can be effective in diminishing their deleterious manifestations.

Comparison of the modified polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography methods in determining LDL size

Abstract Objectives In this study, we aimed to compare modified Krauss polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis (PAGGE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods in classification, quantification, and separation of lipoproteins and determining low-density lipoprotein (LDL) size. Methods Blood specimens were obtained from eighty-seven volunteers. We measured LDL size using the PAGGE method and HPLC method with total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) peaks. In the PAGGE method, Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining was used instead of Sudan black staining, unlike the original method. The relationship between PAGGE and HPLC methods was evaluated by Pearson correlation test and Passing-Bablok regression analysis. Agreement between them was evaluated by Kappa analysis and Bland-Altman plots. Results Statistically significant correlation was found between the LDL size with PAGGE and HPLC methods under the cholesterol curve (HPLC-TC) (r=0.924, p&lt;0.001). Similarly, there was a statistically significant correlation between PAGGE and HPLC methods under the TG curve (HPLC-TG) (r=0.910, p&lt;0.001). In the PAGGE method, within-day precision was found as 2% and between-day precision as 3%. It was determined agreement between HPLC-TC vs. HPLC-TG methods and HPLC-TG vs. PAGGE methods was higher than HPLC-TC vs. PAGGE (Kappa values; 0.68, 0.71, and 0.44, respectively). Conclusions The PAGGE method can be a reliable method for measuring LDL size. HPLC method under cholesterol and triglyceride peaks may be used in clinical practice interchangeably, but clinical decision limits should be different. In addition, our study demonstrated that measurement methods for LDL size could be simplified with several modifications.

Evaluating Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Pakistani Dental Professionals Regarding Silver Diamine Fluoride

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitude regarding Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) among Pakistani Dental Professionals worked at various institutes of Karachi.&#x0D; Methodology: This cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted among the house surgeons, general dental practitioners and specialists worked at various institutes of Karachi. Questionnaire was distributed among 375 participants through social media. Questionnaire was kept on google forum and link was sent to all participants through social media including Facebook, WhatsApp by non-probability consecutive sampling. Questionnaire was composed of two portions. Questions in first portion were related to demographic data and in second portion of Questionnaire had 13 closed ended questions regarding Knowledge and Approach towards Silver Diamine Fluoride. Statistical package for social sciences SPSS-25 was used for data entry and analysis with descriptive statistic, which used frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation.&#x0D; Results: Out of the total 375 participants, 160(43%) were male and 215 (57%) female. Mean age of participants was 33 + 11.8 years. 191(51%) heard about SDF and only 108(29%) attended lectures/discussions about SDF. 189(50.40%) responded that SDF is used in enamel lesion. 251(67%) participants responded that SDF is used in both anterior and posterior teeth. Only 160(42.66%) of participants responded that SDF is used for both dentitions. 122(32.53%) were agreed that SDF is an alternative to removing dental lesion by a dental drill, while only 118 (31.47%) agreed that many patients would not accept treatment of dental caries with SDF due to the permanent black staining of the carious lesion. 240 (64%) of participants were disagree about the SDF require the use of local anesthesia and more than half of participants responded that the silver is an antimicrobial ingredient in SDF. 237(63.2%) of participants responded that SDF is indicated in Children with High caries rate and most of them responded that black staining of tooth is main disadvantage and barrier to the use of SDF. Majority of participants did not know about reapplication interval for use of SDF.&#x0D; Conclusion: SDF is an appropriate alternative for restoring dental cavities in children. As it doesn’t require local anesthesia, it is the safest way to limit the progression of lesion in patient with high caries index. But there are some barriers related to the use of SDF in their regular dental practice is that, SDF causes permanent staining of tooth and also practitioners had little knowledge about their application protocols and recall or reapplication intervals.

Antifungal Effects of Peracetic Acid on Fungi Causing Black Stain in Asian Pear

Antifungal Effects of Peracetic Acid on Fungi Causing Black Stain in Asian Pear