Black Sea Economic Cooperation Research Articles

Spatial-Temporal Evolution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of the China-Black Sea Economic Cooperation Trade

ArcGIS was used to analyze the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of trade between China and Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). From 2006 to 2017, the panel data of China and BSEC were used to construct gravity model to analyze trade-influencing factors. The analysis shows that, (1) there are obvious differences in the spatial distribution of trade within the organization. The trade volume of Russia, Turkey and Ukraine is relatively large, but it is affected by geopolitical and social stability. (2) China’s trade with the BSEC countries has been increasing year by year, with obvious spatial differences. Its trade with Russia, Ukraine and Turkey accounts for 87.1% of the total, but its trade with other countries is growing at a considerable rate. (3) There are significant differences in the spatial distribution of the annual trade dependence between China and BESC. China has the highest trade dependence with Albania and Russia, and the weakest trade dependence with Moldova and Serbia. (4) Geographical distance, GDP of each country, consumer price index, degree of openness and absolute difference of GDP per capital between China and BSEC member countries are the main factors affecting the trade between China and BSEC.

Comparison of the Preschool Education System in Turkey with Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) Countries

Comparison of the Preschool Education System in Turkey with Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) Countries

COOPERATION OF RUSSIA AND BULGARIA: FROM HISTORYTO MODERNITY. DYNAMICS OF RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXTOF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION(on the 140th anniversary of diplomatic relationsbetween Russia and Bulgaria)

The purpose of this article is to consider Bulgarian-Russian relations, taking into account transformations in the international system, economic aspects of cooperation with the account of the European sanctions and scientific prerequisites for further development. The article considers the issues of regional cooperation within the framework of the Organization for the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC), it touches the spheres of tourism, education and energy in bilateral relations. The material is dedicated to the celebration of 140 years of diplomatic relations between the countries and a number of meetings on the eve.

The Impact of The OECD On the Turkish Foreign Trade

Turkey started to be a member of international economic organizations by participating the IMF and the World Bank in 1947. Then, it continued this process with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Customs Union (CU), the D-8 and the G20. In the changing world, the foreign trade held by multinational corporations has given its place to the foreign trade held by multinational economic organizations. Turkey has started to behave as a world country “first world country” with an increasing number of memberships to economic organizations, the increased foreign trade opportunities and volumes. The OECD has occupied the second place in the Turkish foreign trade. In this research, we examined the performance of the Turkish foreign trade with the OECD by analyzing the total exports and the export growth rate of the trade between Turkey and the OECD. Then, the total imports and the import growth rate were taken into account. Finally, the research was completed with the analysis of the rate of exports meeting imports

Turkey and the Black Sea Economic Cooperation: Opportunities and Challenges

This paper aims to analyse Turkey’s relationship with other states in the Black Sea region, and takes a look at reasons behind the formation of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation that was spearheaded by Turkey. The paper also highlights the importance of the region and the struggle by outside powers for influence in the region. These powers include Russia and the United states, alongside Turkey.

The Recovery Factors and the Gold Reserves South-East European and Black Sea Economic Cooperation Countries Comparative Analyses and Evaluation (2006-2015)

The aim of this report is to provide a critical analysis of the economic development trends of ten selected SEE and BSEC countries in terms of identification of key factors supporting GDP growth and post-crisis recovery. The paper is structured in three parts. The first part presents a comparative monitoring analysis of the trends in the import and export flows for the period 2006-2015 in the selected SEE and the BSEC countries. The second part presents GDP growth rate models of the selected SEE and the BSEC countries in terms of the level of openness of their economies and the dynamics of their export and import flows (single and multiple regressions). The final, third part focused on the “gold anchor” as a re-stabilization factor, included in the national reserve assets and its price dynamics on the market of precious metals.

Механизм оказания консультационной поддержки в зоне транспортного коридора Организации Черноморского Экономического Сотрудничества

Механизм оказания консультационной поддержки в зоне транспортного коридора Организации Черноморского Экономического Сотрудничества

An activity analysis on the black sea economic cooperation member countries: an application with TOPSIS, ARAS and MOORA methods

Bu calismanin amaci, Karadeniz Ekonomik Isbirligi (KEI)’ne uye olan ulkelerin makroekonomik degiskenlerini kullanarak etkinliklerinin analiz edilmesidir. Analizde kullanilan makroekonomik gostergelerden; ithalat, issizlik ve enflasyon girdi (minimum) olarak kullanilirken, istihdam, ihracat ve kisi basi GSYH cikti (maximum) olarak kullanilmistir. Etkinlik analizi icin, Cok Kriterli Karar Verme (CKKV) yontemlerinden ARAS, TOPSIS ve MOORA yontemleri kullanilmistir. Bu uc yontemde de, agirliklandirma skorlarinin bulunmasinda AHP yonteminden yararlanilmistir. Calismada elde edilen bulgular incelendiginde, MOORA ve TOPSIS yontemlerinin birbirine daha yakin sonuclar verdigi gorulmustur. Uc farkli yontemle yapilan siralamalara gore ilk siralarda yer alan ulkeler genellikle; Rusya Federasyonu, Azerbaycan ve Romanya’dir. Etkinlik siralamasinda en sonlarda yer alan ulkeler ise Sirbistan, Ermenistan ve Arnavutluk’tur. Ayrica ilk siralardaki ulkelerin kisibasi GSYIH’lerinin fazla, issizlik ve enflasyon oranlarinin en dusuk olan ulkeler oldugu gozlemlenmistir. Son siralarda yer alan ulkeler ise, yuksek issizlik oranlarina ve dusuk kisibasi GSYIH’ye sahiptir.

OIL AND NATURAL GAS TRADE BALANCE AND PRODUCTION EFFECTS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND BLACK SEA ECONOMIC COOPERATION COUNTRIES

Most European Union and Black Sea Economic Cooperation countries are net importers of petroleum and natural gas. Searching for new deposits and construction of new pipelines can improve energy security in the region. The problem is topical for Greece which has a developed refinery industry and needs to improve its trade balance to repay the accumulated external and public debt. Several new pipeline initiatives through Greece can support relations between the EU and BSEC countries. The paper provides previous research review about energy dependency and the effects of trade, production and transportation of hydrocarbons. Next we provide analysis of the effect of the trade on balance of payments in both the EU and BSeC countries. Import dependency of GDP on oil and natural gas is especially large in Malta, Georgia, Ukraine, Serbia and Latvia. On the other hand Russia and Azerbaijan are large net exporters of hydrocarbons. Then we analyse the impact of mining on labour market and refinery industry development. On average larger value added in mining leads to larger employment at least for males and middle age group of people. But the effect largely varies across countries and time periods. Together with construction of new pipelines growth of extraction can result in dozens of thousands of new jobs in Greece. There is a close link between value added in mining and compensation of employees in that industry. We have found evidence that the clustering effect between mining and manufacture of refined petroleum products and coke exists only in some EU countries.

Prospects of leadership for Ukrainian economy in the Black Sea European region

The article researches one of possible vectors of Ukrainian integration in view of modern geo-economical transformations taking into consideration the most actual trends in development of worldwide economy and international relations. Integration processes within the framework of Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization (BSECO) are reviewed as an aid to adapt national economy of Ukraine to modern geo-economical transformation in worldwide economy. Involvement and participation of Ukraine in regional structure of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation is caused by transit nature of its economy. Cooperation within the BSECO is one of the most important directions contributing into economic and energetic stability of Ukraine encompassing such projects, as seaports improvement and reconstruction, cyclic Black Sea road and gas pipelines running across the Black Sea. The Black Sea electric power ring is vitally important for both Ukrainian and European stability.

An Empirical Assessment of Sovereign Country Risk in the Black Sea Region

Country risk is recognized as a key factor considered prior to undertaking cross-border economic activity such as an investment or a financial transaction. When the level of country risk is deemed low, commercial and other risks play a more important role in the assessment of the advisability to undertake a cross-border activity. In other cases, country risk levels are significant and may play a decisive role in the assessment of the cross-border activity. By its nature, country risk depends upon perceptions, and as a result both objective measurable factors and subjective issues need to be considered. This study investigates the factors that determine country risk as signalled by a commonly used proxy, the sovereign credit ratings assigned by the major rating agencies. To this end, panel data analysis has been used and applied to three heterogeneous country sub-groups, the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) countries, the EU-15, and the Central Europe and Baltic countries, for the period 2004–2013. The results generated suggest that three sets of variables: gross domestic product per capita, debt metrics, and institutional factors, play an instrumental role in explaining country risk across all the sub-groups. However, the individual results for each sub-group provide evidence that sovereign rating agencies focus on particular economic facets of each, and hence, take into account idiosyncratic aspects, structural as well as regional. Therefore, the study also examines those indicators that matter most or have a ‘specific gravity’ in determining sovereign ratings in each country-group, with a particular focus on the BSEC countries.

BLACK SEA ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION (BSEC): PROPOSALS AND POSSIBILITIES WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE EU

From the ashes of the disintegration of the USSR a patchwork of regional organisations grew up , stretching from Central and Eastern Europe and extending into the former Soviet Union. Neighbouring countries which had , until then , been excluded from such arrangements came to covet membership of these regional groupings. The countries left out of this process have come together to form their own economic co-opera t ion project- the Black Sea Economic Co-operation (BSEC) . The majority of BSEC members comprise the former socialist satellite republics of the Soviet Union. Typically , theyarefighting theseriouseconomic , socialand political problemsposed by the transition to market economies . Naturally , the EU has lately become the focus of these countries' ambitions and aspirations. The EU has a reciprocal interest in the BSEC . Abundant natural resources make the BSEC of special interest to the EU. The integration of the BSEC states is significant for the EU not only economically reasqns but also for reasons of security.

REGIONALISM AND EMERGING MARKETS: An Analysis of Turkey's Trade with the BSEC and the EU

As the influence of regional economic blocs in world trade continues to grow, many countries, particularly from emerging markets, feel the pressure to join these regional agreements. The belief is that by joining them, the access to the member countries will bring economic opportunity - in terms of export opportunities and inward investment and help create political stability. Some countries, such as Turkey, are already members of more than one such preferential trading agreement and have the opportunity to join others. This paper reviews the relative importance of the European Union and the Black Sea Economic Cooperation organisationfrom the point of view of Turkey's trade with both blocs. The marketing and strategic implications of thisfor Turkish businesses are discussed.

Исследование перспектив развития черноморского направления экспорта углеводородов

The increasing role of transport communications’ constructive improvement in the Black Sea region’s real
 economy development is inextricably linked with the need to ensure it by hydrocarbon exports’ infrastructure
 under the conditions of limited international cooperation and differentiation of services provided. In this paper
 have been marked groups of problems characterizing factors of demand creation for energy resources in
 modern world economy, has been revealed the Black Sea economic cooperation role in development of
 oil and petroleum products’ export infrastructure, has been assessed the energy policy influence on the
 Russian Federation´s position at the global energy market. A development strategy of vertically integrated
 oil company "Rosneft" at the national and international markets has been described, Russian vertically
 integrated oil companies’ competitive advantages and weaknesses have been considered.

Turkish Policy towards the Wider Black Sea and the EU Connection

The Black Sea has been on the global agenda since the end of the Cold War; and Turkey has appeared as a rising regional power in the region. Turkey's policies in the Black Sea have aimed at the creation of region-wide multilateral cooperation schemes. Starting with the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization, it initiated several institutions with varying degrees of success. In addition to creating a stable environment, conducive to increased cooperation and enhanced trade relationships, sustaining maritime security through an elaborate balance of power in the region has been important for Turkey. While it supported closer relations with and further integration into the European Union, Turkey does not wish to see competitive projects aimed at the region evolving into a cause for instability.

New regionalism in Europe's Black Sea Region: the EU, BSEC and changing practices of regionalism

What kind of region is the wider Black Sea area (WBSA)? Is it constructed by practices of regionalism framed by the Organisation of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC), or does it follow a more inclusive scheme of integration, propelled by European Union (EU) policy instruments such as the Black Sea Synergy? This paper investigates the very nature of regionalism in the Black Sea region by focusing on trade integration. It measures and compares how patterns of intra-regional and cross-regional trade have been diverted in the WBSA by the BSEC and the EU between 1993 and 2008. The paper argues that the WBSA, overall, has inherited strong intra-regional trade preferences, but it questions the actual capacity of the BSEC to act as an effective promoter of regionalisation. It shows in particular that the EU has been reshaping the patterns of trade in the WBSA in a more significant manner than the BSEC. This indicates a shift from regionalism à la BSEC (nesting the WBSA within Europe), to EU-driven regionalism (interweaving differentially the WBSA states within a larger continental-scale scheme regionalism).

Where is Black Sea regionalism heading?

Region‐building has been on the move around the Black Sea since the early 1990s. Several initiatives and projects have been emerging. Yet, to date there is still no blueprint for Black Sea regionalism to deepen cooperation and integrate into the European community. An embryonic form of Black Sea regionalism has emerged with regular meetings of the Organisation of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation between leaders, ministers and senior officials in which European Union (EU) officials participate as observers. There also exists a patchwork of cooperation at different levels and in different areas such as in environment, organized crime and energy. But recent tensions in relations between pairs of states, such as Russia and Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, Russia and Ukraine or even the EU and Russia over various issues, cast doubts as to how fast and how far Black Sea regionalism can go. The future of Black Sea regionalism remains, at best, fuzzy. There are many different initiatives and ideas afloat but there is no clear overarching vision. To understand where Black Sea regionalism is now and where it is heading, this article will first address a conceptual understanding of Black Sea regionalism. It will then chart the development of regionalism in the area from the early 1990s to the present, examining some of the commonly cited reasons for the way Black Sea regionalism has emerged and performed, developed into its current state of play, providing finally a prognosis on the future of Black Sea regionalism along with recommendations.

DEVELOPMENT OF PEDAGOGICAL EDUCATION IN THE ROMANIAN REPUBLIC

This article considers formation and development of the system of higher pedagogical education in romania as a member of Black sea economic cooperation.

The future of European neighbourhood policy and the role of regional cooperation in the Black Sea area

This paper studies the ‘regional dimension’ of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) in the Black Sea area. Specifically, it analyses the emerging forms of regional cooperation and their interrelation with ENP. It has been demonstrated that the different regional cooperation initiatives, of varying quality and importance for the countries of the area, have been experiencing substantial change due to the dual challenge of dealing with their immediate environment and European integration. Alongside established regional organizations, like the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC), new types of regional cooperation, such as the Black Sea Synergy (BSS), have also been growing in importance, not least because of the dominant role of the European Union (EU) and its wish to make a success of the ENP. Finally, the paper makes concrete proposals regarding the possibility of transforming and upgrading both the existing regional cooperation bodies and ENP.

European Union approaches to fostering synergies of cooperation and integration around the Black Sea

Following the European Union’s (EU) eastern enlargement and debates on the Constitutional Treaty, the Black Sea region has received increasing political, public and scholarly attention. This article examines the prospects for and the forms of economic and political cooperation in the area from the perspective of the EU as well as of the local actors. The macroeconomic situation in the region is analysed as a major factor for commercial and economic cooperation. The complex network of existing trade agreements is set in the context of national trade policies and the common commercial policy of the EU. Special attention is given to EU support for trade liberalization and regional economic integration around the Black Sea. Two specific facets of regional cooperation are considered: the initiative of creating a Black Sea Euro‐region, and the modalities of inter‐parliamentary cooperation. The institutional and political formats of regional cooperation are studied from an evolutionary perspective. The EU’s gradual opening to multilateralism in the Black Sea area has faced the dilemma of choosing between two models of EU involvement in the region – ‘political umbrella’, and EU–Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) inter‐institutional relationship. Both models having been tested over the last couple of years, their strengths and weaknesses have prompted the possible emergence of a new format of regional cooperation based on a ‘network of networks’.