Russian Black Sea Coast Research Articles

Biochemical characteristics of some varieties of peach and nectarine grown in Sochi

Biochemical characteristics and features of the most promising varieties of stone fruit crops (peach, nectarine) submitted for research have been shown. Biochemical analyzes of peach and nectarine fruits grown in the humid subtropics of Russia were carried out in 2019-2020 at the Subtropical Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the Laboratory of Plant physiology and Biochemistry. The following varieties were used for biochemical analyzes: Rannyaya zarya, Larisa (control one), Osenniy rymyanets, Anton Chekhov, Big Top, Nectarine Sklor. The content of biologically valuable substances in stone fruits, which determine not only their taste characteristics, but also their nutritional and therapeutic and prophylactic effects, is a criterion for high commercial quality of products. That is why we are faced with the task of assessing the chemical composition of peaches and nectarines, which directly depends on weather and climate conditions, varietal characteristics, place of growth, etc. It is known that the pulp of peaches and nectarines contains a large amount of sugars, organic acids (mainly malic), vitamins, enzymes, macro- and microelements. In assessing the taste qualities of peaches and nectarines, the content of sugars, acids and vitamin C (or ascorbic acid), which acts as an antioxidant, is of great importance. Biochemical analysis of peach and nectarine fruits revealed the maximum sugar content - 10.16% in the Larisa variety (control one) of mid-late ripening period, the minimum in the Rannyaya Zarya variety of early ripening period, which is significantly lower by 1.3 times compared to the control one. High vitamin C content in the Larisa variety fruits was noted - up to 16.56 mg%, which is significantly higher than other studied varieties by 2.60-5.19 mg%. Promising varieties Larisa and Anton Chekhov were distinguished by a balanced taste of fruits and resistance to abiotic factors of the environment of the Black Sea coast of Russia.

Structural and Functional State of Microbial Communities of Ancient Soloids of Archaeological Monuments of the Black Sea Coast of Russia

Structural and Functional State of Microbial Communities of Ancient Soloids of Archaeological Monuments of the Black Sea Coast of Russia

Two invasive bark beetles Phloeosinus armatus Reitter and Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae: Scolytinae) newly recorded in Russia

AbstractIn 2023, two bark beetle species were recorded in Russia for the first time based on findings in Sochi: the cypress bark beetle, Phloeosinus armatus, on Mediterranean cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) and the black twig borer, Xylosandrus compactus, on southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), noble laurel (Laurus nobilis), and cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus). P. armatus is a Mediterranean pest attacking exclusively Cupressaceae. In Sochi, it was recorded on cypress trees in several locations, including on plants for planting imported from Italy. X. compactus is a highly polyphagous pest from East Asia. In Sochi, it has established populations in ornamental planted areas. The paper provides species descriptions with identification keys. One specimen of X. compactus from Sochi was DNA‐barcoded and compared with 31 specimens deposited in the BOLD and GenBank under the name of X. compactus. High genetic variability (>7%) was detected highlighting the difficulty of identifying ‘true’ X. compactus using DNA data. Genetically, the specimen of X. compactus from Sochi was identical to those from Italy, Spain and France. An accidental introduction with ornamental plants for planting from Italy is considered the most probable pathway of invasion of both bark beetle species into the Russian Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.

Establishment of breeding research of the genus Citrus in the subtropics of the Russian Black Sea coast

The article briefly describes the history behind the creation of the Sochi Agricultural and Horticultural Experimental Station (now known as the Federal Research Center ‘the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences’), as well as the techniques and methods of breeding research to create new varieties of the genus Citrus. A brief biography of the breeder Fyodor Zorin (1904-1967) is presented, as well as the varieties of citrus crops created by him. The article tells the story behind the Friendship Tree, its importance in promoting the ideas of peace and friendship of peoples, and how it became a unique botanical garden.

A new species of the genus Hyalesthes Signoret, 1865 (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Cixiidae) from the Russian Black sea coast – Western Mediterranean faunal element in the Caucasus

AbstractA new species, Hyalesthes (Homalesthes) sagittus sp. n., of the family Cixiidae (Cixiinae, Pentastirini) is described from the Krasnodar Territory. The new species belongs to the Hyalesthes productus species group known from the Western Mediterranean and the Middle East. Natural disjunctive Western Mediterranean – Caucasian distribution as well as unintentional introduction of Auchenorrhyncha taxa are discussed.

Using Machine Learning Methods to Develop an Algorithm for Recognizing a Risk of Waterspout Occurrence off the Black Sea Coast of Russia

Using Machine Learning Methods to Develop an Algorithm for Recognizing a Risk of Waterspout Occurrence off the Black Sea Coast of Russia

Structural and Functional State of the Microbial Communities in the Ancient Soloids of Archaeological Monuments on the Russian Black Sea Coast

Structural and Functional State of the Microbial Communities in the Ancient Soloids of Archaeological Monuments on the Russian Black Sea Coast

Application of HEC-RAS software in modelling of urban flooding by surface rainwater runoff and assessment of emergency conditions in case of precipitation of different availability

The presented paper investigates the application of HEC-RAS software for modelling of urban area waterlogging by surface rainfall runoff on the Black Sea coast of Russia. The authors assess the risk of emergencies caused by rainfall of different intensities. Using a digital elevation model and an orthophotoplane obtained by airborne laser scanning and aerial photography, the territory and surface types are analyzed. The results of the study identify sensitive areas and consider the feasibility of constructing barrier structures to manage surface runoff. Data on the capacity of the existing pipe and its effect on runoff accumulation are analyzed. The study is of practical relevance for risk assessment and emergency prevention measures related to surface runoff in urban environments on the Black Sea coast.

СИСТЕМЫ ПОДГОТОВКИ И ВЫПУСКА ГИДРОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПРОГНОЗОВ ГИДРОМЕТЦЕНТРА РОССИИ

Nowadays operational forecasts of river flow are implemented in the form of automated systems for issuing forecasts, as well as delivering forecast products to users. Only within the framework of these systems, using modern software, the maximum efficiency is achieved from the use of hydrological models by automating all processes, combining them with operational database management systems, as well as with modern GIS and web tools for generating forecast products and delivering them to users. Over the past decade, the Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation (Hydrometcenter of Russia) has been actively developed automated systems for issuing hydrological forecasts and communicating them to users. The systems are based on modern hydrological models, all available hydrometeorological information, including numerical weather forecasts, as well as modern software tools, including GIS and web technologies. Such systems have been implemented for large river basins, including the basin of the Kuban and the rivers of the Black Sea coast of Russia, the Amur and Volga basins. In recent years, the system has been developed for the entire territory of Russia. These systems are actively used by the Roshydromet operational forecasting divisions, as well as by specialists from the EMERCOM of Russia.

Evaluation of the growth regulator Stimmunol EF<sup>®</sup> influence on resistance of peach tree to the main phytopatogenes and on productivity of culture

The subtropical zone of the Black Sea coast of Russia is favorable for peach growing, but the crop is susceptible to a number of diseases that adversely affect the productivity and quality of fruits. The main method of peach protection is chemical, however, the long-term use of fungicides entails a serious environmental burden on the agrocenosis as a whole and leads to the emergence of resistance of phytopathogens. Thus, the study of the effectiveness of the drugs use that increase the natural plants immunity is an extremely relevant scientific area. In a field experiment, the influence of the growth regulator Stimmunol EF® in different application rates on the peach resistance to the main diseases of fruits and leaves, as well as crop yield, was investigated. The studies were carried out in peach orchards (Red Haven cultivar) of the Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia, Sochi) according to standard methods in 2021-2022. The assessment of the Stimmunol EF® immunostimulating effect on peach in relation to leaf curl was carried out against an average infectious background (development of the disease in control 31.2 % in 2021 and 33.4 % in 2022). Standard treatment (Delan®; Skor®) reduced the intensity of leaf curl development by 4 and 5.7 times, in the first and second years of the experiment, respectively. Stimmunol EF® restrained the development of the disease at the level of the standard. The biological effectiveness of Stimmunol EF® against leaf curl reached 70.3-72.4 % at the peak of the maximum development of the disease (in May). The intensity of clusterosporiosis development was at a high level and reached 37.5-49.8 % in July. The use of fungicides in the standard restrained the development of the disease by 4.2 times. With the use of Stimmunol EF® (100 ml/ha), the development of the disease decreased by 3.8 times in 2021 and 2.9 times in 2022. Biological efficiency was 74.2 % and 66.4 % at the maximum rate of application of the drug (100 ml/ha); 67.8% and 48.5% – at the minimum (50 ml/ha), respectively, in the first and second years of research. The biological efficiency of the standard was 76.7-75.2 %. The intensity of fruit rot development in the control ranged from 13.6-17.1 %, in the standard it did not exceed 6.1 %. Stimmunol EF® inhibited the fruit rot development only at the maximum application rate of 100 ml/ha (maximum biological efficiency was 58.4 %). The yield of peach when treated with growth regulator Stimmunol EF® increased by 132.8-176.2% relative to the control.

Waterspouts in Russia and Over the World: Climatology and Conditions of Formation

The overview of studies of waterspouts over the world is presented. The most well-known schematic models of the waterspouts formation are given. The main factors of waterspouts genesis above the water surface are identified. Open access data about waterspouts formed on the Earth from 2000 to 2022 are collected and analyzed. Three main areas of waterspouts formation are highlighted as the following: Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and adjacent Atlantic, Great Lakes. The frequency of occurrence of waterspouts in countries with the largest number of cases of their annual registration (USA, Italy, Greece, Russia, Turkey) has been estimated. Well known data about waterspouts characteristics derived from direct and remote measurements are summarized. A conceptual scheme of their structure is described. Waterspouts in Russia are analyzed. Statistics about cases of their registration off the Russian Black Sea coast are given. Map with places of Black Sea waterspouts landfalls is created.

Recreational use of the Black Sea coast of Russia in Krasnodar Krai: significance and sensitivity of natural complexes

Recreational use of the Black Sea coast of Russia in Krasnodar Krai: significance and sensitivity of natural complexes

Elemental Composition of Soils in the Heterogeneous Geological Setting of the Mzymta River Basin on the Russian Black Sea Coast

Elemental Composition of Soils in the Heterogeneous Geological Setting of the Mzymta River Basin on the Russian Black Sea Coast

Transformation of soils in areas with active recreational activity on the Russian Black sea coast

This paper examines the influence of recreational activities on the components of coastal landscapes on the territory of the municipal formation of the resort city of Gelendzhik, Russia (the Betta farm). The authors provide an estimation of the anthropogenic impact on the soils. The paramagnetic activity of meadow-chernozem soils is studied using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The authors also review other aspects related to soil changes. Finally, conclusions are drawn about the progress of the study, and appropriate recommendations are given.

Применение биотического индекса <i>Qmci</i> для оценки загрязнения рек горной, предгорной и прибрежной территории курорта Сочи

This paper discusses the QMCI biotic index application, developed for the regions with tropical and subtropical climate and adapted to the studied area, in order to assess the aquatic environment quality within the river sections in the mountain, submountain and coastal clusters on the example of the river Mzymta and its tributaries. Index values were determined on the basis of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of macroinvertebrates communities. For the index adjustment to the region's conditions, the individual tolerance of each aquatic organisms' taxon (genus, species) found in the studied watercourses was identified using the Chessman-Stark approach, taking into account the Caucasus endemics. It was revealed that the biotic index QMCI is a reliable biomarker of various degrees water pollution caused primarily by excessive input of organic eutrophication agents, taking into account specific conditions of biocenoses development in the pluvial regime rivers. The research demonstrates the index values dynamics changes from upstream stations located in the specially protected areas (reference samples), to stations experiencing occasional impact, and further to the river's mouth stations, where the anthropogenic pressure has a complex and stable character. The QMCI biotic index can serve as a tool for introducing regional environmental standards of natural waters quality assessment on the Russian Black Sea coast and adjacent mountain territories, as it has some advantages over analogous biotic indices developed for watercourses of other geographical regions: the possibility of adaptation to different types of river biotopes and seasonal variations.

The effect of magnesium sulfate on the yield of "Сolkhida" tea cultivars on the Black sea coast of Russia

The effect of magnesium sulfate on the yield of "Сolkhida" tea cultivars on the Black sea coast of Russia

Current State of the Northeast Black Sea Coast along the Russian Caucasus

Kosyan, R.D.; Krylenko, M.V., and Krylenko, V.V., 2023. Current state of the northeast Black Sea coast along the Russian Caucasus. Journal of Coastal Research, 39(2), 317–327. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. This paper describes the state of the NE Black Sea coasts in the 21st century. The modern development and economic use of these coasts in the conditions of climate change and anthropogenic load are analyzed. A geomorphological feature of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus is the predominance of denudation processes over accumulative ones. There is only one large accumulative sandy section—the Anapa Bay-Bar. Abrasion shores with narrow beaches are widespread in the NE part of the Russian Black Sea coast. There is no united longshore sediment flux. Local lithodynamic cells on concave sections of the shore are characteristic. The conditions of these shores are favorable for the use of local coast protection. In the SE section, the dynamics of the shores in natural conditions were determined by the sediment balance. The active abrasive processes were combined with a large volume of beach-forming sediments carried out by rivers. Up to the middle of the 20th century, there was a single longshore sediment flux toward the SE and broad beaches near river mouths. The Imereti Lowland was formed between the mouths of the Mzymta and the Psou rivers. Irrational and excessive technogenic transformation of the shoreline and river basins in 20th century resulted in a progressive lack of sediment supply. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the width of the beaches has been decreasing throughout the entire area, and the stability of the coast has been maintained artificially by shore protection structures. The Russian sector of the Caucasus Black Sea coast is now densely populated and is an important recreational and economic zone. The main problems that had to be solved in the past and will have to be solved in the future are the shortage of beaches and the protection of the coast and objects located on it from wave impacts.

The detection of an alien pest, the cotton leaf roller Haritalodes decorata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), on the Black Sea Coast of Russia

Here we report about the first finding of an alien pest, the cotton leaf roller Haritalodes derogata (Fabricius, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), on the Russian Black Sea Coast. In summer of 2021, the significant damage caused by H. degorata to Hibiscus spp. was documented in the ornamental plantations of Sochi. The current distribution data and the bionomics of the species in the invaded region are provided. The DNA barcoding data obtained for the specimens from Sochi are analyzed comparing to the species representatives from the other parts of the world.

Meet Me Halfway: Will Photoperiodic Responses of Interpopulation Hybrids of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) Promote or Constrain Subsequent Invasions?

Biological invasions often result from multiple invasion events. In the case of several subsequent invasive episodes, ‘newcomers’ are usually poorly adapted to local environmental conditions in contrast to the representatives of the already-established invasive population of the same species. Therefore, the mode of inheritance of life-history features determining the survival and performance of interpopulation hybrids is an important component of invasiveness. We investigated the mode of inheritance of the photoperiodic response in the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, by crossing between the native population of South Korea and the invasive population of the Black Sea coast of Russia. The aim of this study was to predict the overwintering potential of the progeny from possible crosses between representatives of the native and invasive populations. The pre-adult development time and the incidence of winter adult diapause in the progeny of the interpopulation crosses were close to the average of the values recorded in ‘pure’ (unmixed) crosses. Female and male genotypes were equally important in the determination of these characters. Such a mode of inheritance is most likely determined by a polygenic control and would only partially promote subsequent invasion events from the native South Asian range of H. halys into Europe.

Development of Transport Accessibility and Transport Connectivity of the Black Sea Coast to Increase Mobility of Population and Develop Tourism

Based on the analysis of the route network of railway transport, airports and road traffic, the article provides an assessment of transport accessibility of the resorts of the Black Sea coast aimed at increasing mobility of population and develop tourism The structure of the tourist flow is considered in the context of the modes of transport. More than 50 % of tourists come to the Black Sea coast of Russia by their own cars, which indicates insufficient use of air transport and leads to an excessive load on the highways and the ecology of Kuban and Krasnodar region. Polls have shown that the main reasons for the use of road transport by tourists are the lack of direct air transport flights from some major cities in Russia and insufficient transport connectivity within the Black Sea coast. The article defines the directions for opening of new domestic routes from three regional airports. To solve the problem of transport connectivity, it is proposed to develop maritime traffic using hydrofoils, which will increase the mobility of tourists within the coast area and attract additional tourist flow.