Black Radish Research Articles

Aqueous extract from the vegetative portion of Spanish black radish ( Raphanus sativus L. var. niger) induces detoxification enzyme expression in HepG2 cells

The vegetative, or above ground, portion of radishes are not typically consumed and have not been characterized in terms of their phytochemical content or biological activity. The antioxidant capacity of the freeze-dried vegetative portion of mature Spanish black radishes (harvested 2 months after planting) was 3.7-, 3.6- and 2.9-fold greater than freeze-dried roots as assayed by ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total phenolics and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), respectively. No carotenoids were detected in the roots, however the vegetative portion contained 905.0 and 421.2 μg/g of lutein and β-carotene, respectively. Despite differences in glucosinolate composition, a class of compounds related to the induction of detoxification enzymes, the aqueous extracts of roots and the vegetative portion similarly induced quinone reductase activity and the expression of multiple phase I and II detoxification enzymes in the HepG2 human hepatoma cell line. When juiced, the resulting freeze-dried juice and pulp of the vegetative portion maintained the ability to induce detoxification enzymes, although there were some differences in the phytochemical contents of these two dried materials. These data demonstrate that the ability of the vegetative portion of Spanish black radish, which has significantly greater antioxidant potential than roots, to induce detoxification enzyme expression was similar to that of the roots.

LC-MS/MS multi-analyte method for mycotoxin determination in food supplements

A multi-analyte method for the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric determination of mycotoxins in food supplements is presented. The analytes included A and B trichothecenes (nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, neosolaniol, fusarenon-X, diacetoxyscirpenol, HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin), aflatoxins (aflatoxin-B1, aflatoxin-B2, aflatoxin-G1 and aflatoxin-G2), Alternaria toxins (alternariol, alternariol methyl ether and altenuene), fumonisins (fumonisin-B1, fumonisin-B2 and fumonisin-B3), ochratoxin A, zearalenone, beauvericin and sterigmatocystin. Optimization of the simultaneous extraction of these toxins and the sample pretreatment procedure, as well as method validation were performed on maca (Lepidium meyenii) food supplements. The results indicated that the solvent mixture ethyl acetate/formic acid (95:5, v/v) was the best compromise for the extraction of the analytes from food supplements. Liquid–liquid partition with n-hexane was applied as partial clean-up step to remove excess of co-extracted non-polar components. Further clean-up was performed on Oasis HLB™ cartridges. Samples were analysed using an Acquity UPLC system coupled to a Micromass Quattro Micro triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray interface operated in the positive-ion mode. Limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.3–30 ng g−1 and 1–100 ng g−1, respectively. Recovery yields were above 60% for most of the analytes, except for nivalenol, sterigmatocystine and the fumonisins. The method showed good precision and trueness. Analysis of different food supplements such as soy (Glycine max) isoflavones, St John's wort ( Hypericum perforatum), garlic (Allium sativum), Ginkgo biloba, and black radish (Raphanus niger) demonstrated the general applicability of the method. Due to different matrix effects observed in different food supplement samples, the standard addition approach was applied to perform correct quantitative analysis. In 56 out of 62 samples analysed, none of the 23 mycotoxins investigated was detected. Positive samples contained at least one of the toxins fumonisin-B1, fumonisin-B2, fumonisin-B3 and ochratoxin A.

Raphasatin Degradation Product Induces Detoxification Enzyme Activity

Epidemiologic studies suggest that cruciferous vegetable consumption lowers cancer risk, likely through the induction of detoxification enzymes. Glucosinolates are defensive secondary metabolites found in cruciferous vegetables which yield several myrosinase metabolites upon tissue disruption including isothiocyanates (ITC). ITCs have been shown to induce phase I and phase II detoxification enzymes both in vivo and in vitro. Spanish black radish (SBR) (Raphanus sativus L. var. niger) is a member of the Cruciferae family that has a high concentration of a glucosinolate unique to the radish family, glucoraphasatin (GRH). The predominant myrosinase‐metabolite of GRH hydrolysis is 4‐methylthio‐3‐butenyl isothiocyanate (raphasatin). Raphasatin was undetectable in 24‐hour hydrolysis of whole radish preparations. Raphasatin levels peaked 30 minutes after the initiation of myrosinase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of purified GRH, but then rapidly decreased and were undetectable after 24 hours using GC‐MS. This 24‐hour myrosinase hydrolysis of GRH induced quinone reductase activity dose‐dependently in the human hepatoma HepG2 cell line. These data suggest that a raphasatin degradation product is able to induce phase II detoxification enzymes in a manner similar to raphasatin.

Allelopathic potentials of residues of 6 brassica species on johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.

Johnsongrass ( Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) is a troublesome weed species of many crops in Turkey as well as worldwide. Allelopathic potential of residues of some brassica species, which are round white radish ( Raphanus sativus L.), garden radish ( R. sativus L.), black radish ( R. sativus L. var. niger ), little radish ( R. sativus L. var. radicula , turnip ( Brassica campestris L. subsp. rapa ) and rapeseed ( Brassica napus L. oleifera DC.) on johnsongrass were investigated under both laboratory and field conditions. All species suppressed johnsongrass in field and laboratory conditions. The lowest suppression was from garden radish, which has already been used to control johnsongrass by few farmers in Turkey. It is concluded that the plants studied can be used to control johnsongrass. Higher amount of isothiocyanates (isothiocyanate benzyl, Isothiocyanate allyl) in black radish extract and lower amount of isothiocyanates at garden radish extract were determined. Parallel results for johnsongrass suppression and amount of isothiocyanates show that allelopathy play roles in johnsongrass suppression by brassica species.

Produtividade do milho irrigado em sucessão a espécies invernais para produção de palha e grãos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade do milho irrigado, em sucessão a espécies invernais, quanto à cobertura de solo e produção de grãos, cultivado em diferentes doses de nitrogênio em cobertura. O trabalho foi realizado nas safras 2003/2004, 2004/2005 e 2005/2006, em Eldorado do Sul, RS. Os tratamentos consistiram de cultivo do milho, em sucessão a cinco espécies invernais: aveia-preta, ervilhaca-comum e nabo forrageiro (produção de palha); aveia-branca e trigo (produção de grãos e palha); e de um tratamento-testemunha em que a vegetação espontânea foi controlada por aplicações periódicas de dessecante. Quando se aplicou nitrogênio em cobertura, a produtividade do milho superou 8 Mg ha-1 e não foi afetada pela espécie invernal antecessora. Em ausência de cobertura nitrogenada, a produtividade do milho foi maior, quando este sucedeu ao nabo forrageiro. A aveia-branca e o trigo adicionaram quantidades de palha superiores a 3 Mg ha-1 e produziram mais do que 1,5 Mg ha-1 de grãos. Com uso de irrigação e aplicação de N em cobertura obtém-se elevada produtividade de grãos de milho cultivado em sucessão, independentemente da cobertura do solo no inverno.

Black radish and artichoke, for the reduction of Fat Mass

Black radish(BR) (Raphanus sativus var Nigra) root has been used in folk medicine since antiquity as a natural drug for the stimulation of bile function. The traditional use of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) fluid extract (AFE) in gastroenterology is mainly based upon its strong antidyspeptic actions which are mediated by its choleretic and hepatoprotective activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of AFE and BR for the reduction of body weigth with the reduction of fat mass. A fraction containing 283,36mg artichoke fluid extract and 522,54mg black radish concentrate are administrated twice a day for seven consecutive days at fifty patients with overweigth and obesity. Participants, on average, lost 0,47kg of their initial weigth and reduced 0,55 kg in fat mass. Although there was an increased of 0,08kg in free fat mass with 0,06kg gain on total body water. This results suggest that black radish and artichoke fluid extract may contribute significantly to weight loss treatment with a reduction on fat mass. However a healthy diet and a regular pratice of exercise do not be excluded in accompaniment to the body weight loss.

Natural honey and black radish juice as tin corrosion inhibitors

The influence of natural honey (chestnut and acacia) and natural honey with black radish juice, on corrosion of tin in aqueous and sodium chloride solutions was studied using weight loss and polarization techniques. The inhibition efficiency of acacia honey was lower than that of chestnut honey, while the addition of black radish juice increased the inhibition efficiency of both honey varieties. The process of inhibition was attributed to the formation of multilayer adsorbed film on the tin surface. The adsorption of natural honey and honey with black radish on tin was found to follow the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

Comparative Behavior of Ralstonia solanacearum Biovar 2 in Diverse Plant Species

Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt in numerous plant species worldwide. Although biovar 2 mostly affects solanaceous crops, identification of new hosts remains a matter of concern since there is still no clear-cut distinction between host and nonhost plants. In this work we provide data based on histological studies on the status of 20 plant species, most of them of potential interest in crop rotation. Plants were watered with a beta-glucuronidase-expressing derivative of R. solanacearum biovar 2, and after a month of incubation, sections of roots and stems were analyzed to localize the pathogen on surface, in cortex and/or xylem. Depending on whether the xylem was colonized or not, plants were classified as hosts or nonhosts, respectively. Hosts generally affected in a few xylem vessels or occasionally in all xylem bundles were classified as tolerant. These included some cabbage, kidney bean, and rutabaga cultivars, and the weed bittersweet nightshade (Solanum dulcamara). Nonhosts were the cultivars tested of alfalfa, barley, black radish, carrot, celery, colocynth, fennel, fiber flax, field bean, field pea, horseradish, maize, and zucchini. However, barley and maize, though nonhosts, may act as reservoirs for the pathogen. The present work constitutes a basis for further studies on cropping systems in fields where R. solanacearum has been detected.

Genetic diversity of cultivated and wild radish and phylogenetic relationships among Raphanus and Brassica species revealed by the analysis of trnK/matK sequence

Nucleotide sequence variations of the trnK/matK region were investigated in cultivated and wild radish species and related Brassica species. Two insertions/deletions and 9 substitutions were detected among the Raphanus accessions. The value of the nucleotide diversity (π) was found to be higher in cultivated radish (0.00184) than in the wild species (0.00134). Based on the nucleotide diversity, the phylogenetic relationships of Raphanus and its related species were inferred by constructing a Neighbor-Joining tree. Raphanus species and Brassica barrelieri formed a sister clade located between the Rapa/Oleracea group and the Nigra group of Brassica. These results were in complete agreement with those obtained by Warwick and Black. The placement of Raphanus species at this position showed the existence of a paraphyletic relationship among the Brassica species. Each of the three varieties of cultivated radish, R. sativus var. sativus (European small radish), var. hortensis (East Asian big radish) and var. niger (black radish), belonged to a different cluster of the phylogenetic tree, suggesting the existence of independent multiple origins of these varieties. Based on the phylogenetic tree, problems related to the identification of the wild ancestral species of cultivated radish and original birthplaces of cultivated radish varieties were discussed.

Aqueous Extract from Spanish Black Radish (Raphanus sativus L. Var. niger) Induces Detoxification Enzymes in the HepG2 Human Hepatoma Cell Line

Spanish black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. niger) is a member of the Cruciferae family that also contains broccoli and Brussels sprouts, well-known to contain health-promoting constituents. Spanish black radishes (SBR) contain high concentrations of a glucosinolate unique to the radish family, glucoraphasatin, which represents >65% of the total glucosinolates present in SBR. The metabolites of glucosinolates, such as isothiocyanates, are implicated in health promotion, although it is unclear whether glucosinolates themselves elicit a similar response. The crude aqueous extract from 0.3 to 3 mg of dry SBR material increased the activity of the phase II detoxification enzyme quinone reductase in the human hepatoma HepG2 cell line with a maximal effect at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. Treatment of HepG2 cells with the crude aqueous extract of 1 mg of SBR per mL also significantly induced the expression of mRNA corresponding to the phase I detoxification enzymes: cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1 as well as the phase II detoxification enzymes: quinone reductase, heme oxygenase 1, and thioredoxin reductase 1. Previous studies have shown that the myrosinase metabolites of different glucosinolates vary in their ability to induce detoxification enzymes. Here, we show that while glucoraphasatin addition was ineffective, the isothiocyanate metabolite of glucoraphasatin, 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate (MIBITC), significantly induced phase II detoxification enzymes at a concentration of 10 microM. These data demonstrate that the crude aqueous extract of SBR and the isothiocyanate metabolite of glucoraphasatin, MIBITC, are potent inducers of detoxification enzymes in the HepG2 cell line.

Natural supplementary treatment and element content in erythrocytes of patients with moderately active ulcerative colitis

Objective: Besides several other symptoms, metal ion and antioxidant deficiencies may also characterize ulcerative colitis (UC). For supplementary treatment, black radish-containing remedy (Raphacol bile granule with vitamins A, E, C, polyphenols and isothiocyanate content) was applied to moderate activity UC patients to estimate its effect on the element status. Patients: 15 Caucasian volunteers, 25 moderate severity UC patients with therapy recommended by WHO and 25 patients treated with Raphacol bile granule (0.2g/day for 6 months) were studied. Method: Element content (Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, S and Zn) in erythrocytes of patients were determined with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). Results and conclusions: Ca, Fe and Zn concentration decreased significantly in erythrocytes of UC patients (24.38±11.00; 415.0±87.6; 10.86±4.37 micromol/l, repectively) compared to controls (69.25±21.00; 535.5±69.1; 16.67±3.34 micromol/l, repectively). Significantly increased Cu (0.551±0.380 micromol/l), Fe (534.6±23.1 micromol/l), Mg (63.41±11.19 micromol/l) and P (1089.0±104.2 micromol/l) concenteration were observed in erythrocytes after six month of Raphacol granule treatment. Conclusion: The small amount of black radish treatment for six months was favorable for element content in erythrocytes of patients with moderately active UC. This effect may be connected to the local antioxidant effect of the bioactive agents and the increased element absorption. The work was supported by ETT 012/2006, NKFP-1B 047/2004, NKFP-1/A/005/2004.

Phytochemicals in Spanish black radish induce detoxification enzymes

Phytochemicals in Spanish black radish induce detoxification enzymes

Antioxidant effect of squeezed juice from black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var niger) in alimentary hyperlipidaemia in rats

Black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. niger) root has been used in folk medicine since antiquity as a natural drug for the stimulation of bile function. According to in vitro studies the squeezed juice from black radish root exhibited significant antioxidant properties. In the present study, the beneficial effect of the black radish juice on some free radical reactions in rats fed with a diet rich in lipids (20% sunflower oil, 2% cholesterol, 0.5% cholic acid in normal chow) was examined. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and conjugated diene concentrations were significantly higher, while the antioxidant enzyme activities and the free radical scavenging capacity were lower in hyperlipidaemic rats compared with normal controls. Supplementation of the lipid-rich diet with black radish juice resulted in a significant improvement of the parameters mentioned above. Although the exact mechanism of the biologically active compounds in black radish on the lipid metabolism and lipid peroxidation is not clear yet, a beneficial effect of the drug was evident in alimentary hyperlipidaemia.

Genetic Structure and Diversity among Radish Varieties as Inferred from AFLP and ISSR Analyses

Twelve amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations and 10 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers were applied to estimate genetic diversity among 68 varieties of cultivated radish (Raphanus sativus L.). The material consisted of open-pollinated varieties, inbred lines, diploid and a few tetraploid hybrid varieties of garden radish [R. sativus var. sativus DC. convar. radicula (DC.) Alef.] and black radish [R. sativus var. niger (Mill.) Pers.]. Two accessions of uncultivated relatives of radish that as weeds cause serious contamination during the process of hybrid radish production were added to the analyses. Polymorphic fragments were scored for calculation of Jaccard's coefficient of genetic similarity (GS). Substantial level of genetic variability (average AFLP-based GS = 0.70; average ISSR-based GS = 0.61) was detected in the available germplasm of cultivated radish. Cluster analyses separated two weedy species from the cultivated germplasm. Within cultivated material, black radish and french breakfast radish types formed separate clusters. Based on AFLP data, a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and model-based approach revealed the genetic structure within cultivated radish germplasm and indicated the existence of divergent pools. Although the model-based approach did not separate black radish from french breakfast radish varieties, it offered a clear sub-division within garden radish germplasm. The results of this study may be relevant for hybrid radish breeding.

Content of glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables grown at the same site for two years under different climatic conditions.

Individual glucosinolates (GLS) were determined in vegetables of three Cruciferae species: Brassica oleracea L. (white cabbage, red cabbage, Savoy cabbage, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, kale, kohlrabi), Brassica rapa L. (turnip), and Raphanus sativus L. (red radish, black radish, and white radish) produced in two years. The cultivars were compared for the contents of total-, indole-, and aliphatic GLS. In both years, the total content of GLS was highest in black radish, and all examined R. sativus vegetables contained the greatest amount of aliphatic GLS. Neither the level nor the identity of GLS differentiated among the vegetables of the other cultivars grown in the same year. Comparison of the GLS contents of the same cultivar in two production years, which differed in temperature and rainfall rate, showed that low average 10-day rainfall and high average temperature during the vegetation period significantly increased the GLS content of vegetables. This suggests that the year x cultivar interaction modified the GLS content of vegetables.

Genotoxic effects of crude juices from Brassica vegetables and juices and extracts from phytopharmaceutical preparations and spices of cruciferous plants origin in bacterial and mammalian cells

Crude juices of eight Brassica vegetables as well as juices and extracts of spices and phytopharmaceutical preparations from cruciferous vegetables were tested for induction of point mutations in Salmonella TA98 and TA100, repairable DNA damage in E.coli K-12 cells and clastogenic effects in mammalian cells. In bacterial assays, all juices caused genotoxic effects in the absence of metabolic activation, the ranking order being: Brussels sprouts > white cabbage > cauliflower > green cabbage > kohlrabi > broccoli > turnip > black radish. In experiments with mammalian cells, six juices induced structural chromosome aberrations. Brussels sprouts, white and green cabbage caused the strongest effects (800 μl of juice induced a 5-fold increase over the background). In sister chromatid exchange assays, positive results were measured as well, but the effects were less pronounced. With all juices the genotoxic effects seen in mammalian cells were paralleled by a pronounced decrease in cell viability. Column fractionation experiments showed that 70–80% of the total genotoxic activity of the juices is found in the fraction which contains isothiocyanates and other breakdown products of glucosinolates, whereas phenolics and flavonoids contributed to a lesser extent to the overall effects. On the basis of these findings, and considering the negative results obtained with non-cruciferous vegetables (tomato, carrot and green pepper), it seems likely that the genotoxic effects of the juices are due to specific constituents of cruciferous plants such as glucosinolates and/or their breakdown products, in particular, isothiocyanates, which we found previously to be potent genotoxins in bacterial and mammalian cells. Finally, spices (mustards and horse radish paste) and phytopharmaceutical preparations were tested in bacterial assays. Mustards and horse radish caused very weak effects while most of the pharmaceutical preparations gave negative results, except cabbage tablets, which caused a strong and dose dependent induction of his + revertants in Salmonella TA100. The present findings clearly indicate that cruciferous vegetables contain DNA damaging constituents. These observations are in contrast to earlier findings, which emphasized the antimutagenic effects of vegetable juices and also raise the question whether greatly increased consumption of Brassica vegetables or their concentrated constituents as a means for cancer prevention is indeed recommendable.

Black radish as a source of various phytopharmaceuticals

Pharmazie in unserer ZeitVolume 11, Issue 5 p. 151-155 Article Schwarzrettich als Quelle einiger Phytopharmaka Prof. Dr. habil. Jerzy Lutomski, Corresponding Author Prof. Dr. habil. Jerzy Lutomski Institut für Heilpflanzenforschung, 61–707 Poznań (Polen), ul. Libelta 27 Geb. 12. 4. 1931 in Swarzedz bei Poznań (Polen). Studium der Pharmazie bis 1955 in Poznań an der Pharmaz. Fakultät der Mediz. Akademie, dann Assistent am Inst. f. Heilpflanzenforschung, dessen Direktor er seit 1965 ist. Promotion 1960 über Alkaloide der Passiflora incarnata, Habilitation 1965 über die Kinetik der Stabilitätsveränderungen einiger Cardenolidheteroside in Arzneiformen. Ao. Professor der Pharm. Wissenschaften 1971 und o. Professor 1979. Mitglied des Redaktionsrates von „Herba Polonica”︁ und „Farmacja Polska”︁ sowie der Kommission für Arzneimittelanalyse (Vorsitzer) und für Therapie neuer Arzneimittel der Polnischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Gewinner des Sebastian-Kneipp-Forschungspreises 1978, Ehrenmitglied der Ärztlichen Gesellschaft für Physiotherapie 1979.Institut für Heilpflanzenforschung, 61–707 Poznań (Polen), ul. Libelta 27Search for more papers by this authorDoz. Dr. Pharm. Henryk Speichert, Doz. Dr. Pharm. Henryk Speichert Geb. 17. 7. 1923 in Oborniki bei Poznań (Polen). Studium der Pharmazie bis 1951 in Poznań an der Pharmaz. Fakultät der Mediz. Akademie, seit 1950 Assistent für Anorg. Chemie in der Pharmaz. Fakultät der Mediz. Akademie in Poznań. Seit 1953 Assistent und danach Adjunkt am Inst. f. Heilpflanzenforschung. Promotion 1961 über Mutterkorn-Alkaloid-Technologie. Seit 1973 Dozent am Inst. f. Heilpflanzenforschung. Spezialist auf dem Gebiet der phytochemischen Analyse und Technologie.Search for more papers by this author Prof. Dr. habil. Jerzy Lutomski, Corresponding Author Prof. Dr. habil. Jerzy Lutomski Institut für Heilpflanzenforschung, 61–707 Poznań (Polen), ul. Libelta 27 Geb. 12. 4. 1931 in Swarzedz bei Poznań (Polen). Studium der Pharmazie bis 1955 in Poznań an der Pharmaz. Fakultät der Mediz. Akademie, dann Assistent am Inst. f. Heilpflanzenforschung, dessen Direktor er seit 1965 ist. Promotion 1960 über Alkaloide der Passiflora incarnata, Habilitation 1965 über die Kinetik der Stabilitätsveränderungen einiger Cardenolidheteroside in Arzneiformen. Ao. Professor der Pharm. Wissenschaften 1971 und o. Professor 1979. Mitglied des Redaktionsrates von „Herba Polonica”︁ und „Farmacja Polska”︁ sowie der Kommission für Arzneimittelanalyse (Vorsitzer) und für Therapie neuer Arzneimittel der Polnischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Gewinner des Sebastian-Kneipp-Forschungspreises 1978, Ehrenmitglied der Ärztlichen Gesellschaft für Physiotherapie 1979.Institut für Heilpflanzenforschung, 61–707 Poznań (Polen), ul. Libelta 27Search for more papers by this authorDoz. Dr. Pharm. Henryk Speichert, Doz. Dr. Pharm. Henryk Speichert Geb. 17. 7. 1923 in Oborniki bei Poznań (Polen). Studium der Pharmazie bis 1951 in Poznań an der Pharmaz. Fakultät der Mediz. Akademie, seit 1950 Assistent für Anorg. Chemie in der Pharmaz. Fakultät der Mediz. Akademie in Poznań. Seit 1953 Assistent und danach Adjunkt am Inst. f. Heilpflanzenforschung. Promotion 1961 über Mutterkorn-Alkaloid-Technologie. Seit 1973 Dozent am Inst. f. Heilpflanzenforschung. Spezialist auf dem Gebiet der phytochemischen Analyse und Technologie.Search for more papers by this author First published: 1982 https://doi.org/10.1002/pauz.19820110503Citations: 3 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume11, Issue51982Pages 151-155 RelatedInformation

Seed-borne fungi on cruciferous cultivated plants in Finland and their importance in seedling raising

The seed-borne fungi of cabbage, swede, turnip, rape, turnip rape, radish and black radish and their importance in seedling raising have been examined in this study. The seed lots used in the study were on sale at seed merchants in Finland during the period 1968 —1976. Alternaria brassicicola (Schw.) Wiltshire was the most common pathogen, being more common on cabbage than on any of the other plant species. 91 % of the white cabbage and red cabbage seed lots were infected. The mean A. brassicicola contents of the infected seed lots were 29.5 % and 30.6 %. Plenodomus lingam (Tode ex Fr.) Höhnel occurred in 10 % of the white cabbage and 27 % of the red cabbage seed lots, the fungus content varying from 0.5 % to 14 %. The fungus was also found on cauliflower, swede and radish. Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. was found in 4 % of the cabbage and in 31 % of the rape seed lots at fungus contents of 0.5—6.5 %. Alternaria raphani Groves & Skolko was found in 30 % of the radish and black radish seed lots at fungus contents of 0.5—8 %. The following fungi were also found on the seeds of Cruciferous plants: Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) Rabenh., Whetzelinia sclerotiorum (Lib) Korf & Dumont, Botrytis cinerea Pers., Ulocladium concortiale (Thum.) Simmons, Fusarium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani Kühn as well as 18 fungus genera and species either saprophytic or pathogenic to other plants. When the Alternaria brassicicola content of the seeds was 20 % it caused 10 % damping-off damage on the sand substrate. A similar level of damage occurred on the peat substrate when the fungus content reached 70 %. In addition to causing damping off and damaging the seedlings, the fungus also slowed-down seedling growth without apparently damaging them. When the seedlings were grown at a lower temperature the amount of damage caused by A. brassicicola was much less than that which occurred when a higher temperature was used. Plenodomus lingam caused as much damping-off as there were seeds infected with the fungi. Other seed-borne fungi had no importance in seedling raising. Sphagnum fuscum peat, which is used in Finland as a growth substrate, reduced the amount of damping-off caused by seed-borne fungi in comparison to disinfected substrates and prevented the spread of A. brassicicola and P. lingam from diseased to healthy seeds. Dressing the seeds with thiram proved to be very effective against A. brassicicola.

Black radishes used by jews

Black radishes used by jews

Black radishes used by jews

Black radishes used by jews