Black Powder Research Articles

Advanced delay-time analysis applied to carbon black powder production

Advanced delay-time analysis applied to carbon black powder production

Effect of Black Garlic and Curcuma Addition on Carcass and Abdominal Fat of Broilers

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the addition of black garlic & Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb on broiler carcass and abdominal fat. A completely randomized design (CRD) was conducted with five treatments and four replications. Each replication consisted of 10 chickens and a total of 200 broilers was used. The broilers were randomly allocated into 20 unit of cages. The feeding treatments were P0 = 100% commercial feed without black garlic powder (BGP) and curcuma powder (CP) addition as a feeding control, P1 = P0 + 3% BGP + 0% TP, P2 = P0 + 2% BGP + 1% TP, P3 = P0 + 1% BGP + 2% TP, and P4 = P0 + 0% BGP + 3% TP. The measured variables were feed consumption, slaughtered weight, carcass weight, and abdominal fat percentage. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data and the significant result was tested with Duncan's multiple range test to determine whether the treatment had a significant effect. According to the results of this study, the utilization of black garlic and curcuma in broiler diets was not significantly different in all variables. It was concluded that the usage of black garlic and curcuma did not increase carcass weight and abdominal fat in broilers.
 Key words: abdominal fat, black garlic, broiler, carcass, Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb

Microwave absorption and bending properties of three‐dimensional gradient honeycomb woven composites

AbstractTo avoid the narrow absorption bandwidth and delamination in uniform honeycomb composites, three‐dimensional (3D) gradient honeycomb composites were prepared through a vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process. The 3D gradient honeycomb woven composite (3D GHWC) was made by using 3D gradient woven fabric with basalt and carbon fibers as reinforcement and epoxy resin mixed with carbon black and carbonyl iron powder as the matrix. For further optimization of the effective absorbing bandwidth and/or reflection loss (RL), especially at a specific incident angle, the type of absorbing agent and gradient honeycomb structure could be altered in the weaving process. The minimum RL value achieved by the 3D GHWC with 18.5‐mm thickness is −47 dB in the C band at a 30° incident angle using an Agilent vector network analyzer. In addition, the bending strength of the 3D GHWC with 18.5‐mm thickness reaches 101.7 MPa by a universal testing machine, which suggests excellent mechanical properties and ultra‐strong environmental adaptability of the 3D GHWC material. This work offers an adjustable method for the fabrication of microwave absorption (MA) composites, showing potential prospects in civilian and military MA applications.

Effect of carbon black powder content on thermal, physical, and mechanical properties of carbon fabric reinforced phenolic composite

Using heat-resistant fiber-reinforced phenolic composite materials (carbon fiber, glass fiber, etc.) to protect the rocket motor from high temperature has confirmed its superiority thanks to its thermal insulation and high-temperature resistance. The improvement of thermal protection properties of materials to diversify the thermal protection material family is a growing trend. Accordingly, this paper focuses on determining the influence of the percentage of carbon nano powder (0-14%) on the thermal, physical and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/phenolic matrix composite (CPC) in order to find out the extent of reasonable proportion of carbon powder to improve thermal protection. The results indicated that the addition of carbon powder with a content of about 6–10% significantly improved the thermal protection efficiency of CPC materials. The determined thermophysical parameters are the basis for calculating and designing of solid rocket motor heat insulation layer.

Synthesis of N-Doped Few-Layer Graphene through Shock-Induced Carbon Fixation from CO2.

In this study, graphene and N-doped graphene nanosheets were synthesized through the shock-induced reduction of CO2 using a cylindrical shock-loading apparatus. The mixture of solid CO2 and Mg powder was filled in the pre-cooled sample tube and then impacted by a shock-driven cylindrical flyer tube. The impact generated a shockwave that propagated into the mixed precursor, inducing a chemical reaction between CO2 and Mg at a high shock pressure and high shock temperature. The recovered black powders were characterized via various techniques, confirming the presences of few-layer graphene. The mechanism is carefully shown to be that CO2 was reduced by Mg to form few-layer graphene under shock-induced high pressure and high temperature. By adding carbamide as an N source, this synthetic route was also applied to synthesize N-doped graphene nanosheets. Moreover, the yield and mass of the graphene materials in this study are up to 40% and 0.5 g, respectively. This study showed an efficient and easy-to-scale-up route to prepare few-layer graphene and N-doped few-layer graphene through shock synthesis.

Prospective directions for the development of means and methods for detection and fixation of handprints

Identification by fingerprints remains one of the most common ways of proving the involvement of persons in the commission of a criminal offense in law enforcement practice around the world. Over the past hundred years, the methodology of detecting and collecting fingerprints at the scene has evolved from the first attempts to use carbon black and metal powders (at the end of the 19th century) to the use of modern fluorescent powders and molecularly selective chemical compounds.
 The type of surface and its condition affect the choice of one or another means of finding and developing a papillary pattern. According to empirical data, difficulties arise when working with heterogeneous surfaces, leather products, granular and porous materials. Until recently, the search for prints at the scene has been negated by contamination of surfaces, as well as the presence of moisture or organic liquids. It was practically impossible to develop outdated traces, as well as to determine the approximate time of leaving the trace. The analysis of the latest foreign publications has shown significant achievements that help to effectively solve the above problems, significantly expanding the arsenal of forensic tools and methods of working with traces at the scene.
 Physical methods of detecting traces have received significant development. Among them, it can be singled out the use of luminescent dactyloscopic powders, which better visualize papillary patterns under UV and IR special lighting. Silicon nanoparticles with the addition of dyes, depending on the color of the surface, have shown a better result compared to the cyanoacrylate method.
 The scientists have managed to improve the results regarding the detection of outdated traces by combining homogeneous chemical compounds. The main ones among them are ninhydrin, which works well with dirty and wet surfaces, as well as silver nitrate and DFO solution, which reacts with organic secretions of human skin well. A vacuum deposition method (VMD) has proven to be effective, making visible prints on the surfaces of four-year-old organic plastic. The direction of immunological research of the sebaceous trace of a finger for taking samples for a DNA profile remains relevant. The presented review of foreign and domestic experience has indicated the continuation of active searches for improving methods and means of working with traces.

Alkaline‐Earth Metal Mediated Benzene‐to‐Biphenyl Coupling

AbstractComplex [(DIPePBDI)Ca]2(C6H6), with a C6H62−dianion bridging two Ca2+ions, reacts with benzene to yield [(DIPePBDI)Ca]2(biphenyl) with a bridging biphenyl2−dianion (DIPePBDI=HC[C(Me)N‐DIPeP]2; DIPeP=2,6‐CH(Et)2‐phenyl). The biphenyl complex was also prepared by reacting [(DIPePBDI)Ca]2(C6H6) with biphenyl or by reduction of [(DIPePBDI)CaI]2with KC8in presence of biphenyl. Benzene‐benzene coupling was also observed when the deep purple product of ball‐milling [(DIPPBDI)CaI(THF)]2with K/KI was extracted with benzene (DIPP=2,6‐CH(Me)2‐phenyl) giving crystalline [(DIPPBDI)Ca(THF)]2(biphenyl) (52 % yield). Reduction of [(DIPePBDI)SrI]2with KC8gave highly labile [(DIPePBDI)Sr]2(C6H6) as a black powder (61 % yield) which reacts rapidly and selectively with benzene to [(DIPePBDI)Sr]2(biphenyl). DFT calculations show that the most likely route for biphenyl formation is a pathway in which the C6H62−dianion attacks neutral benzene. This is facilitated by metal‐benzene coordination.

Alkaline-Earth Metal Mediated Benzene-to-Biphenyl Coupling.

Complex [(DIPeP BDI)Ca]2 (C6 H6 ), with a C6 H6 2- dianion bridging two Ca2+ ions, reacts with benzene to yield [(DIPeP BDI)Ca]2 (biphenyl) with a bridging biphenyl2- dianion (DIPeP BDI=HC[C(Me)N-DIPeP]2 ; DIPeP=2,6-CH(Et)2 -phenyl). The biphenyl complex was also prepared by reacting [(DIPeP BDI)Ca]2 (C6 H6 ) with biphenyl or by reduction of [(DIPeP BDI)CaI]2 with KC8 in presence of biphenyl. Benzene-benzene coupling was also observed when the deep purple product of ball-milling [(DIPP BDI)CaI(THF)]2 with K/KI was extracted with benzene (DIPP=2,6-CH(Me)2 -phenyl) giving crystalline [(DIPP BDI)Ca(THF)]2 (biphenyl) (52 % yield). Reduction of [(DIPeP BDI)SrI]2 with KC8 gave highly labile [(DIPeP BDI)Sr]2 (C6 H6 ) as a black powder (61 % yield) which reacts rapidly and selectively with benzene to [(DIPeP BDI)Sr]2 (biphenyl). DFT calculations show that the most likely route for biphenyl formation is a pathway in which the C6 H6 2- dianion attacks neutral benzene. This is facilitated by metal-benzene coordination.

α-FAPbI3 powder presynthesized by microwave irradiation for photovoltaic applications

The development of up-scalable and high-throughput methodologies to fabricate high-efficiency lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on α-phase formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) is one of the main challenges of making solar energy economical. In this context, PSCs based on α-phase formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) are receiving special attention as this perovskite has the highest theoretical photoconversion efficiency (PCE). This manuscript reports an easy, fast and environmentally-friendly way to prepare α-FAPbI3 black powders by a microwave-assisted synthesis and their application in solar cells. The α-FAPbI3 powders consist of micrometric particles that can be stored for weeks in a closed vial at ambient conditions. This technique presents an enormous potential for upscaling FAPbI3 powders synthesis prerequisite necessary for large scale commercialization. The performance of the presynthesized FAPbI3-based solar cell was comparable with that of PSCs fabricated with the conventional procedure from precursors solutions, leading to a maximum PCE value of 18.15%, with an VOC=1.07 V, a Jsc=24.28 mA/cm2 and an FF=70%. The presynthesized FAPbI3-based solar cell was further modified through the addition of methylammonium chloride (MACl) in order to study the generality of the approach. The optical band gap for the presynthesized perovskite shifted from ∼1.43 eV to ∼1.55 eV with the MACl addition (30 mol%), indicating the formation of a mixed methylammonium and formamidinium based perovskite material (MAFAPbI3). In addition, the incorporation of MACl led to an increase in the grain size and the disappearance of the residual δ-phase perovskite, thus improving the efficiency of the final device.

Nanoporous Carbon/Cobalt Composite Derived from End-of-Life Lithium Cobalt Oxide-Type Lithium-Ion Batteries for Supercapacitor Applications

A simple, effective, and environment-friendly recycling process has been designed to recover cobalt as a nanoporous carbon/cobalt (NPC@Co) composite from the electrode black powder of spent lithium cobalt oxide-type (LiCoO2 cathode-based) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this process, citric acid is used as a lixiviant to leach the cobalt and lithium into the aqueous solution. Furthermore, the dissolved cobalt was precipitated as a cobalt-based metal–organic framework (ZIF-67) at room temperature. Finally, as-recovered ZIF-67 was annealed at 700 °C for 8 h under a nitrogen atmosphere to synthesize the NPC@Co composite. The electrochemical behavior of the NPC@Co composite was also investigated in the 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. This composite electrode delivers a specific capacitance of 160 F g–1 at a current density of 1 A g–1 within a potential window of 0–1 V. The NPC@Co composite also showed good stability and retained approximately 83.76% of its initial capacity after 5000 continuous charge–discharge cycles.

Practical application effect of bionic design replicating from dry lotus leaves surface based on carboxymethyl chitosan incorporated black carrot powder on fried shrimp

Air oxidation and microbial contamination are two important causes of food spoilage, which encourages the development of packaging alternatives based on natural polymers (polysaccharides). This study aimed to develop and characterize the bionic films replicating from dry lotus leaves surface based on carboxymethyl chitosan incorporated black carrot powder (BCP), and then used for packaging of fried shrimp during refrigerated storage at 4 ± 1 °C. Physicochemical properties and biological activities of films were evaluated. The bionic surface was showed by scanning electron microscope. Compared with the Control, bionic film without BCP possessed higher thickness, while lower opacity, tensile strength, and water vapor permeability. Bionic films containing BCP possessed higher thickness, opacity, a* (red–green), b* (yellow–blue), tensile strength, oil resistance, and antioxidant activity, while lower moisture content, L*(lightness), elongation, water solubility, and swelling. The incorporation of BCP caused interactions between carboxymethyl chitosan and BCP, and gave rise to the films dark red appearance. Bionic films could extend the shelf life of the fried shrimp up to 12 days by delay the lipid oxidation and inhibit microorganism growth. Inserting bionic design into active food packaging is a bold attempt, and is likely to be a new trend in the future. • Bionic films based on carboxymethyl chitosan incorporated black carrot powder (BCP) were developed. • Bionic films affected thickness, mechanical, barrier, and optical properties of films. • Bionic films containing BCP improved antioxidant activities of films. • Bionic films extend the shelf life of the fried shrimp up to 12 days.

Improved corrosion resistance of EP coating on Mg alloy through GO hybridization and silica-based superhydrophobic surface

Epoxy resin (EP) coating has high hydrophilicity and poor long-term corrosion resistance. In order to improve its protection ability, an EP-graphene oxide (GO)/SiO 2 multifunctional coating is fabricated on Mg-Zn-Ca alloy in this study, through a spin/spray assisted self-assembly technique. The morphologies and microstructures of the coated samples were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and atomic force microscope (AFM). Hydrophobicity and self-cleaning property of the composite coating were tested by an optical contact angle meter and black graphite powders. The stability of the superhydrophobic surface was tested by rubbing with sandpaper and immersing in corrosion solution. The corrosion resistance of coated samples was tested in 3.5 % NaCl solution using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The GO sheets are uniformly dispersed in EP coating. EP-GO acts as a dense bottom layer, effectively promoting its adhesion with the superhydrophobic SiO 2 coating, and the water contact angle (WCA) values range from 158° to 168°. After stability testing, the WCA value of the superhydrophobic coating remains at a high level (115°–155°). The R ct of this composite coating was remarkably increased to 1.0 × 10 22 Ω/cm 2 , implying that the corrosion resistance was improved by eighteen orders of magnitude compared to bare substrate. These results show that the combination of the labyrinth effect and the hydrophobic surface extend the corrosion path and reduce the contact area of the corrosion solution with the coating, which strengthens the barrier effect of the composite coating. The composite coating exhibits superior corrosion resistance durability and self-cleaning property. • EP-GO/SiO 2 coating exhibits superior anticorrosion/self-cleaning properties. • Labyrinth and superhydrophobic effects improve the barrier ability. • Superhydrophobic top layer possesses good stability.

자색당근 분말을 첨가한 국수의 품질특성

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effects and quality characteristics of noodles made with the addition of black carrot powder at concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2%. The water absorption ratio, volume expansion, and turbidity of the noodles increased with the addition of the black carrot powder. There was a significant increase in the hardness, chewiness, cohesiveness, and gumminess as the proportion of black carrot powder increased in the wet noodles. The L and b values of the cooked noodles decreased as more black carrot powder was added. The sensory evaluation results showed that the noodles with the 1% addition of black carrot powder received the highest preference in terms of overall acceptability, including color, taste, and flavor. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and total polyphenol content increased significantly as more black carrot powder was added to the cooked noodles. Thus, this study proved that black carrot is a good ingredient and can be used to enhance the characteristics of noodles as a functional health food.

Effects of dietary supplementation of turmeric and black cumin powder on performance and blood parameters of native chickens

This study was conducted to determine the effect of supplementation of a mixture of turmeric and black cumin powder on the production performance, blood parameters, and quality of native chicken eggs. Ninety-six female native chickens aged 17 weeks were randomly allocated in a completely randomized design into four treatments. The four treatments were differentiated based on the level of supplementation of a mixture of turmeric (TP) and black cumin powder (BCP), namely T0: Control (without a mixture of TP and BCP); T1: (2.5 g TP + 2.5 g BCP)/kg ration; T2: (5 g TP + 5 g BCP)/kg ration and T3: (7.5 g TP + 7.5 g BCP)/kg ration. Each treatment was repeated 3 times, using 8 native chickens. The variables measured were blood parameters including Hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit, total red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), blood cholesterol and triglycerides; and also, the performance variables of feed consumption, egg production (HDA), body weight at 34 weeks, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion, yolk weight, shell weight, shell thickness, yolk color index, cholesterol, LDL and HDL of yolks. The Data were collected for 16 weeks and analyzed by variance analysis. The results showed that supplementation with a mixture of TP and BCP increased feed consumption; HDA; body weight; egg mass; shell weight, thickness, and yolk color (P<0.05). Egg weight and yolk weight were not significantly different. TP + BCP supplementation significantly reduced feed conversion, cholesterol level, HDL, and LDL. Increased TBCP supplementation increased Hb, hematocrit, red blood cells and white blood cells and significantly decreased cholesterol, lipoproteins, and triglycerides in the blood (P<0.05). It was concluded that TBCP mixture supplementation could improve production performance, some of blood parameters, and quality of native chicken eggs.

Synthesis, Structure, and Characterization of 4,4'-(Anthracene-9,10-diylbis(ethyne-2,1-diyl))bis(1-methyl-1-pyridinium) Bismuth Iodide (C30H22N2)3Bi4I18, an Air, Water, and Thermally Stable 0D Hybrid Perovskite with High Photoluminescence Efficiency.

4,4'-(Anthracene-9,10-diylbis(ethyne-2,1-diyl))bis(1-methyl-1-pyridinium) bismuth iodide (C30H22N2)3Bi4I18 (AEPyBiI) was obtained as a black powder by a very simple route by mixing an acetone solution of BiI3 and an aqueous solution of C30H22N2I2. This novel perovskite is air and water stable and displays a remarkable thermal stability up to nearly 300 °C. The highly conjugated cation C30H22N2 2+ is hydrolytically stable, being nitrogen atoms quaternarized, and this accounts for the insensitivity of the perovskite toward water and atmospheric oxygen under ambient conditions. The cation in aqueous solution is highly fluorescent under UV irradiation (emitting yellow-orange light). AEPyBiI as well is intensely luminescent, its photoluminescence emission being more than 1 order of magnitude greater than that of high-quality InP epilayers. The crystal structure of AEPyBiI was determined using synchrotron radiation single-crystal X-ray diffraction. AEPyBiI was extensively characterized using a wide range of techniques, such as X-ray powder diffraction, diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies, thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), elemental analysis, electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS), and photoluminescence spectroscopy. AEPyBiI displays a zero-dimensional (0D) perovskite structure in which the inorganic part is constituted by binuclear units consisting of two face-sharing BiI6 octahedra (Bi2I9 3- units). The C30H22N2 2+ cations are stacked along the a-axis direction in a complex motif. Considering its noteworthy light-emitting properties coupled with an easy synthesis and environmental stability, and its composition that does not contain toxic lead or easily oxidable Sn(II), AEPyBiI is a promising candidate for environmentally friendly light-emitting devices.

Direct ink writing of reaction bonded silicon carbide ceramics with high thermal conductivity

Silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic is one of the most used ceramic materials due to its excellent mechanical and thermal properties but the cost is high in production. Three-dimensional (3D) manufacturing of ceramic materials provides the possibility to fabricate ceramic components with unique geometry structures and can save time and cost in producing form and function parts. In this paper, reaction bonded silicon carbide (RBSC) ceramic was fabricated through direct ink writing (DIW) technology. Reaction bonded silicon carbide (RBSC) means infiltration of carbon containing porous green parts with melting silicon, leading to form β-SiC. Remaining pores are filled by residual free silicon. Silicon carbide (SiC) based inks with different carbon black content at solid content of 36 vol% were prepared. The inks consisted of silicon carbide powder as inner filler, carbon black powder and low content sodium alginate as the binder. The effect of carbon black content on rheological behavior was studied. The results showed that the carbon black content played an important role in adjusting the viscosity, modulus and yield point. With the increasing carbon black content, shrinkage of the printed green parts decreased. When the carbon black content reached 20 wt%, the final DIW RBSC ceramics had low residual Si content. The maximum density, flexural strength and thermal conductivity were 2.91 g/cm3, 229 MPa, and 132 W/(m·K), respectively. This study shows a bright prospect of this innovated 3D printing technology for flexibly producing complex and net-shaped RBSC ceramic parts.

Exploration of adulteration in common raw spices using antenna-based sensor

AbstractThe ability of food products to store and dissipate electromagnetic energy is determined by the material's dielectric properties. In relation to this phenomenon, a non-destructive technique is presented for food evaluation based on the shift in resonant frequency and reflection coefficient magnitude value of the proposed slot-loaded microstrip line-fed antenna-based sensor caused by the change in dielectric properties of the food material. In this work, a miniaturized antenna sensor of 10 × 10 mm2 size comprised of a dielectric substrate FR-4 with permittivity (εr) = 4.4 having ground plane at the bottom and a radiating element at the top is designed to operate at 13.3 GHz. Three samples of spices, i.e. red chilli powder, black pepper powder, and turmeric powder, are considered for quality monitoring whose relationship in terms of reflection coefficient, resonant frequency, and dielectric permittivity at 13.17, 12.61, and 13.09 GHz respectively is analyzed. Further, second-order polynomial model is derived to predict dielectric permittivity of the material under test with high accuracy. The experimental procedure of this proposed sensor is based upon the interaction of the sample food materials with the electromagnetic field owing to shift in resonant frequency as a function of dielectric permittivity of the samples. The proposed antenna sensor has a Q-factor of 409, showing significantly high sensitivity of 280 MHz with 98% accuracy and standard deviation less than the difference between unadulterated and adulterated values, giving resolution high enough to distinguish adulteration with an acceptable statistical accuracy.

The Effectiveness of Natural Plant Powder in Controlling Rice Weevils (Sitophilus oryzae)

The rice industry today, very depends on synthetic pesticides to protect against losses. However, synthetic pesticides pose toxicity and give a negative effect on humans, animals, and the environment. Thus, this study aims to observe the effectiveness of natural powders such as neem (Azadirachta indica) and black pepper (Piper nigrum) in controlling rice weevil (Sitopylus oryzae) during rice storage. Treatments included in this experiment comprised control where no plant powder was applied (T0), black pepper powder (T1), neem leaves powder (T2), and a combination of neem with black pepper (T3). All treatments were conducted on different types of rice, Malaysia (local) and Thailand rice. 30 g of dosage for all treatments were applied to 100 g of rice with 20 weevils introduced. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 32 samples. The finding shows natural plant powder was significant (P= 0.000) in controlling rice weevil. Meanwhile, neem leaves powder (T2) was more effective in controlling rice weevils during storage due to the lowest survival rate (Local: 78.75%, Thailand: 55%) and the highest mortality rate (Local: 21.25%, Thailand: 45%) of rice weevils for both types of rice. Besides, neem leaves powder also showed the lowest rice damage data (Local: 20.75%, Thailand: 20.35%) compared to other treatments. Study findings can help to meet current health, environment, and safety standards.

The Application for Using Grain Colloid Reagent and Traditional Methods to Detect the Latent Fingerprint on non-pours Surfaces

Abstract: To distinguish the fingerprints we utilize numerous strategies a portion of these are checked and obviously, the unique finger impression can demonstrate the wrongdoing and perceive the crook, in this paper research we foster another strategy by utilizing GCR colloid fluid, which contains a blend between zinc carbonate and some unique surfactants with crystal violet The GCR it was applied on the non-pours surface, this method it was effective for developing the latent fingerprint on another side we have developed latent fingerprint on the non-pours surfaces by using some chemical materials like black Ferric oxide powder and white powder (Talcum).

Decrypting the Influence of Axial Coordination on the Electronic Microenvironment of Co-N 5 Site for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Reaction

Decrypting the Influence of Axial Coordination on the Electronic Microenvironment of Co-N ₅ Site for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Reaction