Black Plastic Film Research Articles

이랑폭과 피복재에 따른 도라지의 입모율 및 수량특성

This study was carried out to investigate the seedling establishment and yield of direct-sown Platycodon grandiflorus seeds cultured by three ridge width, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 m and four mulching materials, rice straw, rice bran, black plastic film, and no mulching in upland. Seedling establishment rate (70%) was the highest in rice straw mulched plot of 500 seeds/㎡ sowed and root yield after one year was also the highest in rice straw mulched treatment and followed by rice bran, no mulching, and black plastic film treatment. In this result, ridge width 120㎝ and rice straw mulching combined treatment was best for getting the highest seedling establishment ratio and seedling numbers per area. However, ridge width and mulching materials should be considered soil moisture content and weed population for saving labor cost.

Soil enzyme activity in spring potato fields under different mulching practices in double rice cropping area

An experiment was designed to explore the effects of different surface mulching practices on soil β-glucosidase, arylamidase, alkalinephosphatase, arylsulfatase and dehydrogenase activities in spring potato fields in double rice cropping areas. Surface mulching practices included zero mulching (CK), rice straw mulching, non-woven fabric mulching, rice straw plus non-woven fabric mulching, black plastic film mulching, and rice straw plus black plastic film mulching. The results indicated that surface mulching significantly affected soil enzyme activity. Compared with CK, the activities of alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase and dehydrogenase significantly increased (P0.05) respectively by 17.55%, 24.77% and 87.2% under rice straw mulching. Arylamidase and dehydrogenase activities increased significantly (P0.05) by 8.03% and 71.05%, respectively under rice straw plus non-woven fabric mulching. Black plastic film mulching also significant increased (P0.05) the activities of β-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase and dehydrogenase by 23.44%, 22.70%, 37.43% and 146.30%, respectively. Similarly, rice straw plus black plastic film mulching significantly improved (P0.05) the activities of β-glucosidase, arylamidase, alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase and dehydrogenase by 34.76%, 19.31%, 19.03%, 51.98% and 125.62%, respectively. In conclusion therefore, the activities of soil enzymes related to soil nutrient cycling were significantly enhanced by rice straw plus black plastic film mulching, which in turn enhanced soil fertility and quality.

Effects of Mulching with Black Plastic Film and Rice Straw on Moisture and Temperature in Soil in Mekon Delta

Effects of Mulching with Black Plastic Film and Rice Straw on Moisture and Temperature in Soil in Mekon Delta

Coberturas do solo e crescimento da macieira na implantação de um pomar em sistema orgânico de produção

O uso de coberturas é uma estratégia de manejo do solo que pode influenciar no desenvolvimento de plantas de espécies frutíferas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento da macieira, na fase de implantação de um pomar, em resposta ao uso de diferentes materiais e plantas de cobertura de solo. O pomar foi implantado em 2003, em Vacaria-RS, com a cv. Galaxy, sendo conduzido no sistema de produção orgânico. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, envolvendo os seguintes tratamentos nas linhas de plantio: testemunha (sem manejo da cobertura do solo), capina, plástico preto, sombrite, serragem de pínus, acícula de pínus, palha de capim-rabo-de-burro, azevém, aveia-preta, aveia-preta + ervilhaca, aveia-preta + nabo-forrageiro, azevém + trevo-branco + espécies espontâneas e roçada. A cobertura do solo por plantas espontâneas foi avaliada mensalmente no período de primavera-verão, durante dois anos, sendo relacionada com o desenvolvimento da macieira. Os tratamentos capina, plástico preto, acícula de pínus e palha de capim-rabo-de-burro mantiveram a cobertura do solo por plantas espontâneas inferior a 20 %. A altura e o diâmetro das plantas de macieira diminuíram à medida que aumentou a cobertura do solo por plantas espontâneas, evidenciando competição entre ambas.

Effect of plastic-film mulching on leaching of nitrate nitrogen in an upland field converted from paddy

A lysimeter experiment was conducted to examine the effects of plastic film mulching on the leaching rate of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) from chemical fertilizer that was applied to an upland field that had been converted from paddy rice production. Leaching was monitored in two lysimeters filled with sandy loam soil, which contained low soil organic matter content, under different surface mulch conditions. One was mulched only on the ridge (ridge-mulch treatment) and another one was mulched fully, including the furrow, with black plastic film (full-mulch treatment). Chemical fertilizer was mixed into the top 0.2 m of soil in the two lysimeters before installing the mulch. After transplanting broccoli, the amount of subsurface discharge water and the NO3-N concentrations in the discharge water were measured every day. Larger NO3-N discharges occurred in the ridge-mulch treatment for three days after heavy rainfalls in which cumulative precipitation exceeded 10 mm, and the daily NO3-N load was twice as large as the full-mulch treatment. The differences in the amount of subsurface discharge water and NO3-N discharged between treatments were not significant when there was no rainfall. Cumulative NO3-N loads for the ridge- and full-mulch treatment during the last month of the experimental period were 0.246 and 0.195 g m−2, respectively. The effect of mulching on the reduction of NO3-N discharge rate was higher for the full-mulch treatment. This result showed that a plastic-film mulching system would be effective as an appropriate fertilizer management to reduce nitrate-leaching losses.

Effects of Mulch and Irrigation System on Sweet Onion: I. Bolting, Plant Growth, and Bulb Yield and Quality

Sweet onions (Allium cepa L.) are typically grown on bare soil and irrigated with high-pressure systems such as sprinklers or center-pivots. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of irrigation system and mulch on bolting, bulb yield and bulb quality over 3 years. The experimental design was a split plot, where the main plot was irrigation system (drip or sprinkler) and the subplot was the type of mulch (bare soil, black plastic film or wheat straw). The results showed that individual bulb weight and bulb yields under drip irrigation were similar to those under sprinkler irrigation. Plants grown on bare soil had the highest total yield during the three seasons and among the highest marketable yield. There were no consistent differences in the bulb number or yield of plants on plastic film mulch compared to those of plants on wheat straw mulch. Plants on wheat straw mulch had reduced foliar nitrogen content. Variability in yields among mulches and seasons was partly explained by changes in seasonal root zone temperature and soil water potential. Total and marketable yields and weight of individual bulbs increased with increasing root zone temperatures up to an optimum at 15.8 °C, followed by reductions in yields and individual bulb weight at >15.8 °C. Onion bolting increased with decreasing foliage nitrogen content, with plants on wheat straw having the highest bolting incidence. Bolting also increased with decreasing root zone temperatures for the season. Total and marketable yields increased with decreasing mean seasonal soil water potential down to -30 kPa. Irrigation system and mulches had no consistent effect on the soluble solids content or pungency of onion bulbs.

Effect of Ultraviolet-reflective Mulches on Tomato Yields and on the Silverleaf Whitefly

Field studies were conducted for three seasons, Fall 1994, Spring 1995, and Fall 1995, on the effect of ultraviolet (UV)-reflective films (mulches) on the silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring), the incidence of tomato mottle virus (ToMoV), and on fruit yields of staked, fresh-market tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). The UV-reflective mulches were metallized aluminum (aluminum) and painted aluminum (silver) on either black or white plastic film. The aluminum and silver mulches were evaluated with and without a white (fall) or black (spring) 25-cm-wide painted band in the bed center. Controls were the conventional white (fall) or black (spring) polyethylene mulches. Highest reflected energy (μmol·m–2·s–1) to the plants at 15 cm from the mulch surface was measured on the aluminum mulch with or without a white painted band. Lowest energy was reflected from the white or black controls and from silver on black mulches with or without a black painted band. Whitefly populations in the fall were lower (P ≤ 0.05) on the aluminum than on the silver mulches. In the spring, when whitefly populations were low, whiteflies were more numerous on the black control and silver on white, than on the aluminum mulches. In the fall seasons, the proportion of plants with symptoms of ToMoV transmitted by the silverleaf whitefly were higher on the controls than on the aluminum mulch. In the spring, the proportion of plants with symptoms was not affected by mulch treatments. Yields in the fall were similar with UV-reflective or white control mulches. In the spring, fruit size and marketable yields were greater (P ≤ 0.05) on plants with silver on white mulch than on the control black mulch.

Comparison of Cabbage Seedling Growth in Four Transplant Production Systems

“Float-bed” (FB) is a simple hydroponic system used by the tobacco industry for transplant production. “Ebb-and-flood” (EF) is a modified FB system with periodic draining of the bed to limit water availability and control plant growth. Field-bed cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. gp. Capitata) transplant production was compared with FB, EF, and overhead-irrigated plug-tray greenhouse systems. Plants were produced in May and June and transplanted in a field near Blacksburg, Va., in June and July of 1994 and 1995, respectively. Beds for FB and EF production consisted of galvanized metal troughs (3.3 × 0.8 × 0.3 m) lined with a double layer of 0.075-mm-thick black plastic film. In 1994, both EF and FB seedlings were not hardened before transplanting, were severely stressed after transplanting, and had higher seedling mortality compared with plants from other systems. Plug-tray transplants showed the greatest increase in leaf area following transplanting and matured earlier than seedlings produced in other systems. In 1995, EF- and FB-grown cabbage plants were hardened by withholding water before transplanting, and seedlings had greater fresh mass and leaf area than plug-tray or field-bed seedlings 3.5 weeks after transplanting. Less succulent cabbage transplants were grown in EF and FB systems containing 66 mg·L-1 N (40% by nitrate) and 83 mg·L-1 K. Compared with the FB system, the EF system allowed control of water availability, which slowed plant growth, and increased oxygen concentration in the root zone. Both EF and FB systems are suitable for cabbage transplant production.

Effect of UV-reflective Mulches on Tomato Yields and on the Silverleaf Whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii (Bellows & Perring)

Field studies were conducted for three seasons, Fall 1994, Spring 1995, and Fall 1995 on the effect of UV-reflective films (mulches) on fruit yields and on the silverleaf whitefly [Bemisia argentifolii (Bellows and Perring)] of staked, fresh-market tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). The UV-reflective mulches were metallized aluminum (ALU) and painted aluminum (PAL) on either black or white plastic film. The AL and SL mulches were evaluated with and without a white (fall) or black (spring) 25-cm-wide painted band in the bed center. Controls were the conventional white (fall) or black (spring) polyethylene mulches. Highest reflected energy (μmol·m–2·s–1) to the plants at 25 cm from the mulch surface was measured on the ALU without white painted band or on PAL on white or black mulch with white painted band. Lowest energy was reflected from the white or black controls. Whitefly populations in the fall were lower on the ALU than on the PAL mulches. In the spring, when whitefly populations were low, number of whiteflies on tomato leaves were similar with all treatments. The proportion of plants with symptoms of the silverleaf whitefly transmitted tomato mottle virus (TMoV) were highest on controls. Yields in the fall were similar with UV-reflective or with white mulch. In the spring, fruit size and marketable yields were greater (P < 0.05) on plants with PAL on white plastic film without black band than on black control.

N Effects of Organic Manures on Leeks. Influence of Raised Beds and Mulching on N Availability

ABSTRACT In field experiments at six different sites in Sweden, leeks ere fertilized with farmyard and green manures. The sites were both at farms with ecological vegetable production and at research stations of the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Two of the manures were combined with raised beds and mulching with black plastic film and grass/legume material in order to study the effect of these management practices in relation to the effects of the manures on N availability. Net N mineralization was determined by measurements of N uptake in leeks and of changes in mineral N content in the soil. Net N mineralization during the growth period ranged from 10–130 kg N/ha at the different sites in unmanured soil cropped with leeks. Net N mineralization increased to 190 kg/ha when leeks followed persian clover and yellow sweet clover in the crop rotation in the soils with best productivity. Leeks grown on a raised bed had higher plant weights but the differences in area yield were small. Mulch of g...

Evaluation of groundnut response to early moisture stress during the rainy and the post-rainy seasons

The response of groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) to early moisture stress (EMS), imposed from emergence to initiation of pegs, was evaluated during the 1982 rainy season at the ICRISAT Research Center, Patancheru, India on a medium deep Alfisol, and was compared with the treatment responses during the 1982–1983 post-rainy season. EMS was imposed during the rainy season by covering the plots with black plastic film to keep off the rain while during the post-rainy season a line source sprinkler irrigation system was used. EMS reduced evapotranspiration with no apparent reduction in LAI, and pod and kernel growth during the rainy as well as the post-rainy seasons. Hence water-use efficiency was substantially higher for the EMS treatment as compared with the control during the two seasons. Despite the contrasting climatic conditions during the rainy and post-rainy seasons, groundnut response to EMS was fairly similar. The implications of these results for developing improved water management strategies for groundnut are discussed.

Effect of mulches on bacterial populations and enzyme activity in soil and vegetable yields

Mulches in five combinations of clear plastic, black plastic, and undecomposed leaves covered by or on top of black or clear plastic film to modify soil temperature, were used to study the enzyme activity of the soil and numbers of bacteria able to produce degradative enzymes. Yield of pepper and broccoli planted through the mulches was measured.

Consumption of working time in strawberry production

The results of an empirical study of the working time consumed in strawberry production on Finnish farms are reviewed. Forty growers participated in the study, which took place between 1977—80. The purpose of the study was to determine how much time was consumed in working the fallow ground and during the summer of planting, in the first fruiting year and in the next four or five growth periods. Two cultivation methods were treated separately. The whole strawberry cultivation area was 95,1 ha. In the method in which the earth surrounding the bushes was covered with a black plastic film, the total consumption of working time was 409,0 h/ha using a one-row system and 572,5 h/ha using a double-row system during the fallow period and the summer of planting. During the first fruiting year the figure was 492,5 h/ha and in the next fruiting years 1 348,5 h/ha, including the time spent on harvesting. Where mulch was applied, the corresponding averages were 235,5 h/ha, 612,5 h/ha 1 182,0 h/ha. Factors affecting the variation in the total working time between farms were studied by linear regression analysis. Factors such as e.g. total strawberry cultivation area, the number of plants per hectare and the number of the years the grower had been cultivating strawberries, did not explain the variation in the working time satisfactorily. The yield per hectare, percentage of the different varieties cultivated, planting system, cultivation and picking methods explained only 33 % of the variation in labour output of picking.

Methods of Growth Analysis in Field-Grown Soya Beans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)1

Investigations on the growth analysis of soya beans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) involved measurement of shoot and leaf growth by (a), classical equations, and (b) regression procedures. The experiments were carried out at the Western Iowa Experimental Farm, Castana, on Ida Silt loam soil during 1975 and 1976. Soil-water status in the experimental plots was altered by covering the inter-row strips with 4-mM black plastic film and by irrigation in 1976. Relative Growth Rate and Relative Leaf Growth Rate declined with age of the plant because the level of self-shading increased. Net Assimilation Rate and Crop Growth Rate, calculated by using the regression procedure for the uncovered plots, showed a marked increase in the latter part of the growing season due to a combination of decreasing leaf area and increasing dry weights. Classical methods of analysis fail to show this feature because of the non-linear relationship between leaf area and dry weight. It is proposed that in the future more attention should be paid to the use of the appropriate mathematical function describing the changes of leaf area and dry weight with time. Analysis of statistical parameters showed the superiority of using regression procedures

Effects of the day length on the flowering of dahlia. II

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of day-length on the flowering of dahlia in 1959. Each one variety was selected from four strains, Single, Decorative, Cactus, and Pompon. Three different conditions, long, natural and short, day lengths were given to each variety. Plants were illuminated by the incandescent lamp of 100 watt per 6m2 during night in the long day lot, and were covered with black plastic film from 5 p.m. to 9 a.m. in the short day lot. Tubers were planted in pots on April 15. The day-length treatment started on June 1, The plants of Single and Pompon varieties showed flower buds in every lot, while the plants of Cactus and Decorative showed few flower buds in the short day and natural day lot on June 22. On this day, all main and lateral shoots of each plant were curtailed. Then, the conditions of day-length were changed into the following combinations: L→L, L→N, L→S, N→L, N→N, N→S, S→L, S→N, S→S. After changing the condition, the observation of flowering was done. All plants of Single and Pompon varieties showed the flower buds by August 21. However, normal flowering was seen in Single strain alone. Among all the lots, the plants which were given short day-length before or after June 22 showed higher flowering percentages, while the plants Which were given N→L or L→L combination showed poor or no flower buds.