Black Pine Wood Research Articles

The manufacture of particleboards using mixture of peanut hull ( Arachis hypoqaea L.) and European Black pine ( Pinus nigra Arnold) wood chips

This research was conducted to investigate the suitability of peanut hull to produce general purpose particleboards. A series of panels were produced using peanut hull and mixture of peanut hull and European Black pine wood chips. Particleboards were manufactured using various hull ratios in the mixture (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). Urea formaldehyde adhesive was utilized in board production and boards were produced to target panel’s density of 0.7 g/cm 3. Panels were tested for some physical (water absorption and thickness swelling), chemical (holocellulose content, lignin content, alcohol-benzene solubility, 1% NaOH solubility, hot water solubility and cold water solubility) and mechanical (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bond) properties. The main observation was that increase in peanut hull in the mixture resulted in a decrease in mechanical and physical properties of produced panels and panel including 25% hull in the mixture solely met the standard required by TS-EN 312 standard. Conclusively, a valuable renewable natural resource, peanut hull could be utilized in panel production while it has been mixed to the wood chips.

The effects of heat treatment on physical and technological properties and surface roughness of Camiyanı Black Pine ( Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana var. pallasiana) wood

Heat treatment is often used to improve the dimensional stability of wood. In this study, the effects of heat treatment on physical properties and surface roughness of Camiyanı Black Pine ( Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana var. pallasiana) wood were examined. Samples obtained from Yenice-Zonguldak Forest Enterprises, Turkey, were subjected to heat treatment at varying temperatures and for varying durations. The physical properties of heat-treated and control samples were tested, and oven-dry density, air-dry density, and swelling properties were determined. The mechanical properties of heat-treated and control samples were tested, and compression strength, and Janka-hardness were determined. A stylus method was employed to evaluate the surface characteristics of the samples. Roughness measurements by the stylus method were made in the direction perpendicular to the fiber. Four main roughness parameters, mean arithmetic deviation of profile ( R a), mean peak-to-valley height ( R z), root mean square roughness ( R q), and maximum roughness ( R y) obtained from the surface of wood were used to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the surface characteristics of the specimens. Significant difference was determined ( p = 0.05) between physical and technological properties, and surface roughness parameters ( R a, R z, R y, R q) for three temperatures and three durations of heat treatment. Based on the findings in this study, the results showed that density, swelling, compression strength, Janka-hardness and surface roughness values decreased with increasing treatment temperature and treatment times. Increase in temperature and duration further diminished technological strength values of the wood specimens. Camiyanı Black Pine wood could be utilized by using proper heat treatment techniques without any losses in strength values in areas where working, stability, and surface smoothness, such as in window frames, are important factors.

Influence of Pulping Conditions on the Properties of Anatolian Black Pine (Pinus Nigra Arnold SSP. Pallassiana) Kraft Pulps

ABSTRACTAnatolian Black Pine wood chips were pulped using kraft method in laboratory scale batch digester. A series of experimental kraft pulping was carried out according to Central Composite Design (CCD) to investigate the pulping process and to study the effect of its variables (active alkali rate, sulphidity rate and Vroom's H-factor combining temperature and time) on pulp quality and yield. Second order polynomial regression equations using three independent process variables, were found to be approprite for describing kraft pulping of Anatolian Black Pine wood fibers. The derived equations were able to predict the kappa number, viscosity, yield, holocellulose and α-cellulose content of the pulp with adjusted R2 values of 96.1%, 96.8%, 86.3%, 62.5%, 96.1% and 92.2% respectively. H-factor level and the active alkali charge are the most strongly influcing all the dependent variables. In order to obtain acceptable levels of the pulp properties, high sulphidity rate (45%), medium H-factor (1600) and medium alkali concentration (18%) can be used in kraft pulping of Anatolian Black Pine woods.

Radial trends of wood density and components in Pinus nigra Arn. of Iberian Peninsula

Radial trends of wood density, earlywood density, latewood density and latewood proportion in Pinus nigra Arn. are fitted in juvenile wood and mature wood by means of a cubic-linear segmented regression model. This method allows to compare radial trends and to estimate the transition age between juvenile and mature wood. Latewood density and latewood proportion determine wood density and peculiar technologic characteristics of European black pine wood. None significant effect are found between two analyzed provenances (Serranía de Cuenca and Sierras de Cazorla-Segura), but some differences between sites were related to genetic or environmental factors. Site index has a more significant influence on wood density and latewood proportion than earlywood density and latewood density. This unknown effect in bibliography is discussed and the importance of latewood proportion on radial and axial wood patterns is showed.

Cyclohexane extracts of black pine wood naturally grown in eastern Thrace

var. pallasiana, naturally grown in eastern Thrace, were analyzed by means of GC-MS with regard to tree growth rate and chemotaxonomic purposes. High amounts of sterols but less resin acid content are distinctive for slow growing wood. Compared to extractives of Anatolian black pine, Thracian wood yields greater amounts of resin acids but somewhat less sterols suggesting that it can rather be considered as an ecotype. Pinifolic acid, manoyl oxide and cembrene were detected in Thracian specimens, but their existence in Anatolia black Pine is unknown.

Volatile wood extractives of black pine ( Pinus nigra Arnold) grown in Eastern Thrace

The volatile wood extracts of three black pine trees two of which from afforestation stands (Demirkoy, Topcular) and the third one from a natural stand (Kastro), all in Eastern Thrace (Turkey), were comparatively studied by means of GC/MS. The woods of two trees from the afforested stand (Demirkoy) and natural stand located close to the Black Sea exhibit greater similarity in composition and contain especially sesquiterpenes, while the tree from the afforested stand (Topcular) in the country is rich in monoterpenes. There are also few compounds present only in the black pine wood from the Topcular stand. Thus, the black pine of Topcular could belong to a different taxon of Pinus nigra.

Vivienda en Düsseldorf-Himmelgeist - Alemania Federal

The design of this house for a couple of scientists is outstanding, as a result of the advantages offered by the site surrounded by a river. The floors are stepped, according to their own function. The house also comprises a basement intended for services, a little swimming-pool and a sauna. On the ground floor are the entrance, drawing-room with chimney, dining-room, kitchen, studio, guests toilet, guests bedrooms, two garages, and two suites of rooms built against the main dwelling with their own entrance. A mezzanine houses a bathroom, W.C., wardrobe for the double bedroom placed just above, on the first floor, forming a tower which stands out from the lower mass of the building. The floors are vertically connected by means of spiral-stairs. Walls are made of brick, coated with white cement mortar internally and externally. Circular coloured tiles are used for dining and bathroom floors; wood floor for bedrooms; blue vitrified tiles for the swimming-pool, Rhin gravel mixed with cement mortar for the hall and chimney room; polygonal slates for the drawing-room, studio and terrace; finally, the exterior path is paved with large paving-stones arranged according to the house perimeter. Black pine wood is used for exterior carpentry. Interior wardrobes and doors are of makoree. Heating is by ducted warm air.