Black Mountain Research Articles

Wrapped hb-skewed laplace distribution and its application in meteorology

In this paper,we introduce a new circular distribution called Wrapped Holla and Bhattacharya’s (HB) Skewed Laplace distribution.We obtain explicit form for the density and derive expressions for distribution function, characteristic function and trigonometric moments. Method of maximum likelihood estimation is used for estimation of parameters. The methods are applied to a data set which consists of the wind directions of a Black Mountain ACT and compared with that of wrapped variance gamma distribution (WvG) and generalised von Mises (GvM) distribution.

Fifty shades of grey: black beech and mountain beech are genetically distinct but locally admixed

ABSTRACTNothofagaceae (southern beech) dominate two-thirds of the remaining indigenous forest of New Zealand. Four of the five species indigenous to New Zealand belong to the genus Fuscospora, and the remaining species to Lophozonia. Two species, Fuscospora cliffortioides (mountain beech) and Fuscospora solandri (black beech), are characterised by their small, entire leaves, characters not found in other species of the genus. Their taxonomic status and rank have been a persistent problem. While individuals of each species are often well differentiated by leaf shape and growth habit, intermediate plants and populations are common. They have been described as constituting a cline with morphological variation correlated with both elevation and latitude, and have been treated by many botanists as varieties of a single species. We assessed relatedness among populations of the two taxa by NeighborNet analysis and model-based inference of population structure using simple sequence repeat data. Two gene pools corresponding to the two taxa can be recognised, and these co-exist at a regional scale. The strongest correlations between environmental variables and membership of modelled populations corresponding broadly with mountain and black beech were with mean annual temperature, elevation, and longitude. Although past (and presumably ongoing) gene flow between them has occurred in areas of contact, the hybrid zone appears to be narrow, at least in some areas. It is appropriate to recognise these recently diverged taxa at species rank, despite local gene flow.

Debating Wholesale Telecommunications Reforms

Papers in the June 2018 issue of the Journal cover what to do with the National Broadband Network when the rollout is completed, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle communications, energy efficient mobile ad-hoc network communications and a historical look at the Black Mountain Tower in Canberra. With the completion of the National Broadband Network rollout in coming years, there will be an opportunity for substantive wholesale telecommunications reforms to occur that will shape the telecommunications industry for decades to come. Central to this debate is the future of the National Broadband Network: it is important that this debate commence now, so that there will be time to explore the options and for the telecommunications industry, government, business and consumers to come to a consensus on what should happen next and what the expected outcomes of the wholesale telecommunications reforms should be. The Journal welcomes contributions.

Debating Wholesale Telecommunications Reforms

Papers in the June 2018 issue of the Journal cover what to do with the National Broadband Network when the rollout is completed, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle communications, energy efficient mobile ad-hoc network communications and a historical look at the Black Mountain Tower in Canberra. With the completion of the National Broadband Network rollout in coming years, there will be an opportunity for substantive wholesale telecommunications reforms to occur that will shape the telecommunications industry for decades to come. Central to this debate is the future of the National Broadband Network: it is important that this debate commence now, so that there will be time to explore the options and for the telecommunications industry, government, business and consumers to come to a consensus on what should happen next and what the expected outcomes of the wholesale telecommunications reforms should be. The Journal welcomes contributions.

Black Mountain Tower Canberra

Two historic papers from a special issue of the Journal in 1981 featuring the new Black Mountain telecommunications tower in Canberra.

Black Mountain Tower Canberra

Two historic papers from a special issue of the Journal in 1981 featuring the new Black Mountain telecommunications tower in Canberra.

Mauzoleum Apaka Hodży w Kszgarze jako symbol tożsamości Ujgurów (1640–2015)

The Khoja Apak Mausoleum is the holiest Muslim site in Xinjiang. However Apak Khoja (1626–1694) is Uyghur’s controversial hero.It should be noted that the sources and literature about Apak Khoja go beyond the functionality of devotional religious texts in the world of Islam. Examining the sources about the history of Apak Khoja, the evolution of his worship and also the bitter criticism of his adversaries, one should take into consideration not only the facts but also the importance and meaning of these facts among the Uyghurs. The great meaning of Apak proves that, regardless of the system of values, Apak is a reference point in the history of Uyghurs and the whole history of modern East Turkestan. The presented analysis leads to the following conclusions:Firstly, Apak’s reputation depends on the political and social context. For example, the negative image of this khoja caused opposition within Sufism Nakshbandiya in Altishahr (the strong competition between Aqtaḡlïq – Nakshbandi sufis from the “White Mountains” and Qarataḡlïq – Nakshbandi order from the “Black Mountains”), which provoked critical literature by Apak’s opponents. In the 20th century Apak did not also have good reputation in the People’s Republic of China, which propagated a sharp criticism on the basis of dialectical materialism during the Mao rule to 1978.Secondly, the importance of Apak depends on the form of Islam. Uyghurs usually were under the influence of the traditional Maliki sunnism. Although many of them accepted beliefs about the saint Sufis, a part of their community preferred the idea of the salafiya, e.g. the return to the sources of Islam, which – according to salafiya – is only Koran and sunna. From this point of view, Sufism is a heresy, impure Islam. Apak and his kind of Nakshbandiya is automatically the enemy of this group. In turn, the followers of popular Islam in villages refer with great reverence to the sacred heroes of the past. The mausoleums such as Apak’s monument in Kashgar are sources of their identity.Thirdly, the personality of Apak is an object of emotional discussion between his supporters and opponents. The ambiguous interpretation of the activity of Apak is consequently developed since the 18th century. An attempt to reach a balanced modern and independent interpretation of the facts must take into consideration the diverse range of sources.Finally, the continuation of the Apak worship and the national function of his mausoleum in the turbulent history of East Turkestan has produced the literary genre of maqāmāt/manāqib and taẕkiras. They confirm once again the age-old truth of historical analysis that not only facts but also the importance of the events for the community is the key to the understanding of many historical phenomena.It is quite obvious that history consists of facts and interpretations. This mechanism of interpretation of facts in the taẕkiras caused the popularity of Apak and continuity of his worship, despite the criticism of his adversaries.

Rheological inheritance: lessons from the Death Valley region, US Basin and Range Province

Abstract Rheological inheritance occurs when older metamorphic and deformational fabrics impact the mechanics of younger tectonic provinces, such as occurs in extensional provinces developed on sites of previous orogenesis. The Funeral and Black Mountains from the Death Valley region of the US Basin and Range provide the opportunity to study such rheological inheritance. The Funeral Mountains expose shear zones containing high-grade metamorphic fabrics and evidence for synkinematic, decompression-driven melt of Late Cretaceous, orogenic origin. Quartz < c >- and [ a ]-axes patterns from the shear zones correlate with high-temperature slip systems. The quartz microstructures were formed via grain-boundary migration, and these are overprinted by high-strain layers of mixed-phase aggregates that underwent grain boundary sliding. Reaction textures from the Funeral Mountains illustrate that much of the fabric development post-dates melting, but locally involved melt–rock reactions. In contrast with the Funeral Mountains, the basement complex in the Black Mountains preserves few peak-metamorphic textures, largely owing to the overprinting by Cenozoic magmatism and deformation. However, local relicts of high-grade deformational fabrics yielding Late Cretaceous-through-Eocene magmatic zircon ages are overprinted by greenschist grade fabrics. Using outcrop and microstructural (including electron backscatter diffraction) observations, and thermodynamic modelling, we detail how segregation of melt products during orogenic partial melting resulted in chemically isolated compositional domains, favouring localization via the formation of fine-grained retrograde fabrics. We propose a conceptual model that builds on our results wherein the heterogeneous distribution of peak, orogenic metamorphic phases and melt products governs lower crustal strength and fabric evolution during extension. The Wilson Cycle may be sensitive to rheological inheritance as the width of continental margins formed during rifting will be sensitive to the fabrics and compositions formed during collision.

The Evolution of the Fuller Geodesic Dome: From Black Mountain to Drop City

Conventional views of R. Buckminster Fuller’s geodesic domes suggest that domes were a naturally occurring form that was made usable through Fuller’s unique intuition and engineering know-how. However, geodesic domes were actually the outcome of a long-standing fascination with spherical geometry and multiple collaborations with individuals, universities, and military partners. This paper traces the evolution of R. Buckminster Fuller’s geodesic domes from the late 1940s to the 1970s with specific reference to collaborative projects. In addition, this article also comments upon why geodesic domes proved to be such a flexible architectural form, housing everything from radar equipment to radical back-to-landers.

Flowsheet development for selective Cu-Pb-Zn recovery at Rosh Pinah concentrator

Rosh Pinah Zinc Corporation (Pty) Ltd (RPZC) is operating an underground mine and lead–zinc concentrator in southern Namibia, the major valuable minerals being chalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite. Consistent ore characteristics over many years have demanded only minor process changes; this is set to change with ore being sourced from two new ore zones, namely the WF3 Zone 2 characterized by low Cu grades (0.09% Cu, 2.5% Pb, 6–7% Zn), and WF3 Zone 1 which is characterized by high Cu and low Pb grades (0.48% Cu, 0.31% Pb, 10–12% Zn). A laboratory flotation test campaign was therefore undertaken to (1) establish whether the Zone 2 (low-Cu) ore could be processed through the current plant and identify any flowsheet changes that would need to be made, and (2) demonstrate the conditions required to produce a separate concentrate from the Zone 1 (high-Cu) ore.The results of the low-Cu ore indicated that it could be processed via the current RPZ flowsheet and operating conditions, but that Pb rougher and Zn rougher concentrate re-grinds would be required. This would enable the Pb circuit to produce a grade of 65% Pb at 81% recovery, and the Zn circuit, a grade of 57% Zn at 97% recovery. Mineralogical analysis of the final Pb and Zn products confirmed the need for the re-grinds.For the high-Cu ore, the challenge was to produce three distinct Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrates. Whilst the initial approach of exploiting relative flotation kinetics using the current RPZC operating conditions did not achieve the desired Cu-Pb selectivity, a feasible flowsheet was developed based on a modified Black Mountain (Cu-Pb-Zn concentrator) processing route for the Cu circuit, and the existing RPZC route for subsequent Pb and Zn recovery. However, dilution of the Cu product by carbon and gangue minerals, and the Pb product showing high Zn and Fe levels, required further depressant and concentrate re-grind optimization.This paper details the development philosophy and operational benefits of the proposed flowsheets, including improved efficiency resulting from the cleaners operating at reduced circulating loads. Further work is recommended on the WF3 Zone 1, high Cu feed to optimize the operating conditions and define the process design criteria more closely.

Black‐backed woodpecker abundance in the Black Hills

ABSTRACTThe Black Hills population of black‐backed woodpeckers (Picoides arcticus) was petitioned, but deemed not warranted, to be listed as a threatened or endangered species under the Endangered Species Act and more information on their population size in the region is needed. Our objective was to map abundance and provide a population estimate of black‐backed woodpeckers in the Black Hills and Bear Lodge Mountains of South Dakota and Wyoming, USA. We conducted 3,666 and 3,384 5‐minute point count surveys from late‐March to late‐June in 2015 and 2016, respectively. We characterized vegetation around each point using geographic information system‐derived landscape variables and fit 3‐level hierarchical time‐removal models in R package unmarked using gmultmix. The global abundance model received the most support and included year, latitude, and percent area of green trees, beetle‐killed trees, dead trees, 1‐ to 2‐year‐old wildfire, 3‐year‐old wildfire, and 4‐ to 5‐year‐old wildfire. Points with high percent cover of beetle‐killed trees had the greatest density of black‐backed woodpeckers, followed by 1‐ to 2‐year‐old wildfires. After 4 years, areas burned by wildfire supported lower densities of black‐backed woodpeckers than undisturbed forests. Mean density was 0.528 birds/km2 in 2015 and 0.626 birds/km2 in 2016. There were an estimated 2,920 and 3,439 black‐backed woodpeckers in the Black Hills and Bear Lodge Mountains in 2015 and 2016, respectively. We suggest areas with high percent cover of beetle‐killed trees may support high densities of black‐backed woodpeckers and are important to sustaining populations when the availability of recent (<4 years old) wildfire is declining or scarce. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

ON RAY JOHNSON'S SEXUALITY, LOVES, AND FRIENDSHIPS

This interview was conducted with one of the closest friends of the visual artist Ray Johnson, the late photographer and writer William S. Wilson. Johnson was a fixture of the New York downtown art scene in the late 1940, 1950s, and 1960s. He was influenced by Expressionists and Pop artists alike, but was a true original, widely considered to be the founder of “mail art” and also an important collagist and performance artist. Wilson helped Johnson to formulate the idea of “mail art” as they exchanged correspondence, thoughts, ideas, experiences, and much else besides. In this interview, Wilson discusses Johnson's sexuality, sadomasochistic practice, and philosophy of friendship. He provides hitherto unknown details about Johnson's intimate relations with the artist Richard Lippold and life at Black Mountain College (one of the leading centers of the mid-twentieth-century literary and artistic avant-garde). Wilson also recounts details of Johnson's relation to women in terms of art, friendship, love, and sex. But more than anything, this interview captures the atmosphere of queer life in the middle decades of the twentieth century and Johnson's particular experiences of that era.

Thisby Thestoop and the Black Mountain by Zac Gorman

Reviewed by: Thisby Thestoop and the Black Mountain by Zac Gorman Wesley Jacques Gorman, Zac Thisby Thestoop and the Black Mountain; illus. by Sam Bosma. HarperCollins, 2018 [336p] Trade ed. ISBN 978-0-06-249567-9 $16.99 E-book ed. ISBN 978-0-06-249570-9 $8.99 Reviewed from galleys Ad Gr. 4-7 A dungeon filled with the most terrible beasts and monsters known to man is housed within the Black Mountain of Nth, and would-be heroes from far and wide arrive each day in search of treasure and glory just to end up eaten by ogres, ghouls, and assorted were-creatures. For much of her life, Thisby Thestoop (a misreading of the note left behind when she was abandoned at the mountain as a baby, "Found This By The Stoop") has been the "gamekeeper," responsible for maintaining the dungeon and caring for its abominable residents. It's a job as thankless as it is dangerous, but when Thisby and Princess Iphigenia must work together to thwart a plan to conquer Nth, Thisby's experience turns out to be useful. While the realization that both girls have made perhaps their first ever friend is endearing, the bad guys' plan seems as forced and convoluted as the history of Nth proves to be, and it becomes difficult for readers to pick sides in the impending war between the relatively good yet enslaved monsters of the dungeon and the relatively bad yet enslaved monsters of the "Deep Down." While there's no reason to believe circumstances have improved for anyone by the conclusion—the Deep Down is again dubiously secured; despite her brother's attempt on her life, Princess Iphigenia is still in line for a throne she's indifferent to; and Thisby turns down a promotion to continue caring for the dungeon—the strength of this first novel of a planned series is certainly its menagerie of familiar and unfamiliar monsters, which Thisby helms as a young and extraordinary zookeeper. Black and white chapter headpieces and slightly cartoonish full-page illustrations add entertainment value. WJ Copyright © 2017 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Physicochemical Processes in the Magma Chamber under the Black Mountain Porphyry Cu-Au Deposit, Philippines: Insights from Mineral Chemistry and Implications for Mineralization

The Black Mountain porphyry Cu-Au deposit in the Baguio district, Northern Luzon (Philippines) is associated with late Miocene to Pliocene intrusive rocks that retain primary crystallization signatures, providing an excellent natural laboratory to study the details of magma chamber processes. Each igneous phase contains disequilibrium textures, including resorptive textures in plagioclase and distinct core rim textures in amphibole. High crystallization temperatures and pressures in felsic (~880°C and ~2.8 kbar) and mafic (~1,030°C and ~7.7 kbar) rocks recorded by amphibole phenocrysts reflect crystallization in the magma chamber. Amphibole in felsic rocks aged 6.39 ± 0.49 to 2.83 ± 0.23 Ma have similar crystallization temperatures and pressures, suggesting a long-lived and hot felsic magma chamber under the Black Mountain deposit. Four independent oxybarometers, including amphibole, coexisting magnetite-ilmenite, magmatic anhydrite, and zircon, consistently show a high oxidation state of >NNO+1 for the felsic magma and ~NNO+0.7 for the mafic magma. Element profiles across phenocrystic plagioclase display repeated oscillatory variations of Ca, Fe, and Sr contents with large anorthite variations and a positive correlation between CaO and FeO. The amphibole is classified as group 1 Mg hornblende to tschermakite-hornblende in felsic rocks and group 2 Mg hastingsite in mafic rocks. The group 1 amphiboles show a variety of major and trace element variations from core to rim in disequilibrated grains and transitional compositions to group 2 Mg hastingsite. Both mineral textures and chemistry recorded by phenocrysts of plagioclase and amphibole indicate repeated mafic magma recharge in the felsic magma chamber. The common occurrence of rounded or elongated sulfide inclusions in the megacrystic amphibole from the mafic rocks (2.81 ± 0.15 Ma) suggests a greater enrichment of Cu in mafic rocks relative to the ore-forming porphyries (2.91–2.83 Ma). This is also consistent with higher Cu contents (3.4 ± 0.9 ppm) in the megacrystic amphibole from the mafic rocks relative to amphibole in felsic rocks (1.0 ± 0.2 ppm) and may indicate up to 3.4 times higher Cu in the mafic magma relative to felsic magma. Therefore, large-scale mafic magma recharge (particularly at ~2.8 Ma), likely introduced ore-forming metals to the long-lived felsic magma chamber, further contributing to the fertility of the felsic rocks and ultimately to Cu-Au mineralization at the Black Mountain deposit.

Las mujeres en el Black Mountain College. Una exploración de su rol en la comunidad universitaria (1933-1957)

In 1933, Black Mountain College was established as an educational community, based on a liberal art program with a transforming aim, where the artistic and creative experience was the center of the learning process. An innovative educational project set up in North Carolina that became well-known for the different professionals of various fields that joined this college until it closed in 1957. A mythologized environment has been created around this college, where the leaders were the faculty and students involved, in a legacy that has placed in a secondary role women faculty and female students. This text has its origin in a personal research that has delved into the archives and tries to review the role of women in the fields of design and architecture. Women that collaborated actively and were committed in the sustainability of the educational program.

A NEW SETTLEMENT BELONGING TO KARAZ- EARLY TRANSCAUCASIAN CULTURE IN EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION. ALUCRA-GAVUR KALESİ, GİRESUN

Karaz culture was an influential culture in the region that includes Transcaucasia Azerbaijan and Northwestern of Iran throughout the late chalcolithic and Early Bronze Ages. At the same time this culture spread to Black Sea Mountains in which part of eastern Black Sea region is located. Karaz culture was defined as early Transcaucasia culture and many suggestions were made about its terminology. It was also called as Kura-Aras culture. The stonewares of this culture, which were seen in Syria-Palestine in the transition stage from Early Bronze Age to Middle Bronze Age, were believed to spread the zone as a result of migration or a foreign culture. We are on the opinion that Gavur Kalesi settlement which is located in eastern Black Sea region- Giresun- Alucra is in the effect zone of stoneware of Karaz culture. We also believe that the result of ongoing Archeological surface survey in the region will reveal more accurate results about the spread of Karaz culture in the future.

Dorothea Rockburne and Max Dehn at Black Mountain College

Dorothea Rockburne and Max Dehn at Black Mountain College

Evolution in Australia’s mesic biome under past and future climates: Insights from a phylogenetic study of the Australian Rock Orchids (Dendrobium speciosum complex, Orchidaceae)

The Australian mesic biome spans c. 33° of latitude along Australia’s east coast and ranges and is dissected by historical and contemporary biogeographical barriers. To investigate the impact of these barriers on evolutionary diversification and to predict the impact of future climate change on the distribution of species and genetic diversity within this biome, we inferred phylogenetic relationships within the Dendrobium speciosum complex (Orchidaceae) across its distribution and undertook environmental niche modelling (ENM) under past, contemporary and projected future climates.Neighbor Joining tree inference, NeighborNet and Structure analyses of Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) profiles for D. speciosum sampled from across its distribution showed that the complex consists of two highly supported main groups that are geographically separated by the St. Lawrence gap, an area of dry sclerophyll forest and woodland. The presence of several highly admixed individuals identified by the Structure analysis provided evidence of genetic exchange between the two groups across this gap. Whereas previous treatments have recognised between one to eleven species, the molecular results support the taxonomic treatment of the complex as a single species with two subspecies.The ENM analysis supported the hypothesis that lineage divergence within the complex was driven by past climatic changes. The St. Lawrence gap represented a stronger biogeographic barrier for the D. speciosum complex during the cool and dry glacial climatic conditions of the Pleistocene than under today’s interglacial conditions. Shallow genetic divergence was found within the two lineages, which mainly corresponded to three other biogeographic barriers: the Black Mountain Corridor, Glass House Mountains and the Hunter Valley. Our ENM analyses provide further support for the hypothesis that biogeographic barriers along Australia’s east coast were somewhat permeable to genetic exchange due to past episodic range expansions and contractions caused by climatic change resulting in recurrent contact between previously isolated populations. An overall southward shift in the distribution of the complex under future climate scenarios was predicted, with the strongest effects on the northern lineage. This study contributes to our understanding of the factors shaping biodiversity patterns in Australia’s mesic biome.

The Lichens and Allied Fungi of Mount Mitchell State Park, North Carolina: A First Checklist with Comprehensive Keys and Comparison to Historical Data

ABSTRACT A total of 171 species of lichens and allied fungi are reported from the spruce-fir forests of Mount Mitchell State Park, in the Black Mountains of North Carolina, based on both historical and modern records. Comparison of the modern baseline with the historical macrolichen baseline generated in the 1970s revealed potential losses of high-elevation southern Appalachian endemics (2 species), cyanolichens (5 species), species typical of exposed rock outcrops (1 species), and widespread species typical of hardwood substrates at high elevations (8 species). In addition to a checklist and summary of lichen biodiversity, dichotomous keys are provided that include all reported species.

バウハウスからブラック・マウンテン・カレッジへ : ヨーゼフ・アルバースの合衆国移住と基礎デザインの意味

バウハウスからブラック・マウンテン・カレッジへ : ヨーゼフ・アルバースの合衆国移住と基礎デザインの意味