Black Migrants Research Articles

Racial Sorting and the Emergence of Segregation in American Cities

Residential segregation by race grew sharply during the early twentieth century as black migrants from the South arrived in northern cities. Using newly assembled neighborhood-level data, we provide the first systematic evidence on the impact of prewar population dynamics within cities on the emergence of the American ghetto. Leveraging exogenous changes in neighborhood racial composition, we show that white flight in response to black arrivals was quantitatively large and accelerated between 1900 and 1930. A key implication of our findings is that segregation could have arisen solely from the flight behavior of whites.

Brokering Servitude: Migration and the Politics of Domestic Labor During the Long Nineteenth Century

Abstract Historians have long noted the exploitation of domestic workers in different times and places. They have also demonstrated the occupation’s embeddedness in American racial and gendered hierarchies. In his dense new book, Andrew Urban places the history of domestic work in transnational scope, tying together the histories of different groups of workers over time and space. He argues that domestic employment brokers commodified immigrant and migrant labor, calling on and adding to cultural narratives of these workers as racially fit for servitude. Domestic work, meanwhile, offered a way to govern what many Americans viewed as unruly populations: single immigrant women, Chinese immigrants, and black southern migrants. In explaining how particular workers were channeled into domestic service positions and then compelled to stay, Urban complicates ideas about “free labor” that late nineteenth-century Americans held so sacred.

Exposure and Black Migrancy in Teju Cole

Abstract Through a reading of Teju Cole’s novel Open City (2011), this article argues that the exposure of black migrants constitutes the principal organizing conceit of global literary culture and knowledge production. The novel’s protagonist, a Nigerian emigre named Julius, is faced with ceaseless scrutiny as he traverses urban spaces in the US, Europe, and West Africa, meeting other migrants. In staging Julius’ encounters with others, the novel allegorizes a structure of racialized subjection continuous with the modern history of western epistemology and glaringly present in the contemporary. Yet it also provides grounds for a recursive ethic of opacity, which Julius eagerly endorses. The article surveys critical studies of race, migration, infrastructure, and world literature, in addition to Cole’s writings on photography. The aim is not only to uncover the logics of racialization at play in the enactment of culture, but also to conceive of culture itself as a historical infrastructure of privation and control.

Abstract P078: Racial Differences in the Association Between Diabetes and Length of Residence Among African Migrants to the US

Background: In the US, length of residence has been shown to increase diabetes risk in migrants. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of research on the topic for African migrants especially as it relates racial differences. However, the prevalence of diabetes is higher in North Africa compared to sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, the goal of our study was to assess the effects of race on the association between the length of residence and diabetes among African migrants. Hypothesis: There is a positive association between length of residence and diabetes among non-Black African migrants compared to Black African migrants. Methods: Data from the 2010-2017 NHIS (National Health Interview Survey) were analyzed. The initial sample selected 1911 individuals, 18 years or older, whose birthplace was Africa and who answered questions about diabetes diagnosis. After selecting on non-missing values, the final sample included 1899 African migrants. Chi-square tests and logistic models were used to assess the association between race, length of residence divided into less than 10 years vs 10 years or more and, diabetes. Results were weighted to account for the complex sampling design. Results: The prevalence of diabetes in the selected population was 5.9 % (95% CI: 4.8%-7.1%). The prevalence was significantly higher (p=0.027) for non-Black migrants (8.2%, 95% CI: 5.7-11.6%) compared to non-Black migrants (5.1%, 95% CI: 4.1- 6.3%). Additionally, a larger proportion of non-Black migrants (74.5%, 95% CI: 69.9-78.5%) had resided in the US for 10 years or more compared to Black migrants (58.6%, 95% CI: 55.6-61.6%; p<0.001). The age-and gender-adjusted regression analysis revealed there was no significant association between diabetes and length of residence (OR= 1.41, 95% CI: 0.78-2.55) in the general African migrant population. While the association remained non-significant among non-Black African migrants (OR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.15-1.92), the age-and gender-adjusted model revealed that Black Africans who had lived in the US for 10 years or more were twice more likely to be diabetic compared to those who had lived in the country for less than 10 years (OR=2.02, 95% CI: 1.09-3.77). Conclusions: In conclusion, in the US, the association between length of residence and diabetes was significant for Black Africans and non-significant for non-Black Africans. These results suggest the need for diabetes prevention programs that acknowledge the racial and cultural diversity of African migrants.

The Performative Effects of the European War on Migrants. Masculinities and Femininities at the Moroccan-Spanish Border

This article ethnographically explores how Central and West African masculinities and femininities are shaped and reshaped at the Moroccan-Spanish border in the context of the increased securitisation and politicisation of migrations from the global South to the global North. Apart from the migration regime at the outer border of the European Union, it also examines the role of the humanitarian regime in policing black migrants' gender identities. It aims to address an important aspect of the mobility experiences and bordering effects that tends to go under-researched. Drawing on long-term fieldwork, which was carried out between 2015 and 2017, it presents detailed ethnographic examples of the construction of masculinities and femininities at the border and asks how these work to help or prevent mobility. Analysis of the intersections of the gender regime and the racialised migratory regime reveals the coloniality of security migration policies.

GREAT MIGRATION POLITICS

AbstractThe Great Migration fundamentally reshaped Northern electorates. Millions of Black voters, who had been unable to vote in the South, became eligible to vote through their resettlement in the North. In many instances, parties and politicians believed that Black voters were the balance of power in elections. This belief led them to change their approaches and make specific appeals to Black voters in an effort to win their support. Although scholars of American politics have revised the dominant narrative about the development of the Democratic Party on issues related to race, they fail to account for the role of Black voters in contributing to the Party’s change. The goal of this work is to describe how the Great Migration influenced Democratic Party interactions with Black voters in presidential elections from 1948–1960. I argue that increasing competition between the Democratic and Republican Parties, coupled with Black migrants’ location in electorally important states, made Black voters an important target of presidential campaign strategy in the post-war era.

Migration Networks and Location Decisions: Evidence from U.S. Mass Migration

This paper examines the effects of birth town migration networks on location decisions. We study over one million long-run location decisions made during two landmark migration episodes by African Americans from the U.S. South and whites from the Great Plains. We develop a new method to estimate the strength of migration networks for each receiving and sending location. Our estimates imply that when one randomly chosen African American moves from a birth town to a destination county, then 1.9 additional black migrants make the same move on average. For white migrants from the Great Plains, the average is only 0.4. Networks were particularly important in connecting black migrants with attractive employment opportunities and played a larger role in less costly moves.

Introduction

Introduction Kalenda Eaton (bio), Michael Johnson (bio), and Jeannette Eileen Jones (bio) Buck: Which way are you ridin', Preacher? The Preacher: Well, that's not exactly settled in my mind yet. Buck: Well, you got three possibilities. The Preacher: Oh? Buck: North, south or east. The Preacher: What happened to west? Buck: We're going west.1 The 1972 film Buck and the Preacher tells the story of black migrants leaving the south in search of economic opportunity, self-determination, safety, and black power in the American West. Buck's (Sidney Poitier) declaration to the Preacher (Harry Belafonte) that he and his travel companions were "going west" (and implying that the Preacher should not accompany them) reads as a declaration and a provocation. As the film reveals, formerly enslaved Blacks imagined the West as a place where they could cut ties with the Old South and their former owners, and with the aid of Native Americans, establish all-black towns where they could thrive and escape Jim Crow. Blacks would go west and challenge anyone who attempted to thwart them. As a "black power" western in the revisionist tradition, Buck and the Preacher tapped into an over 100-year tradition of black performances and representations of the Black West as a site of resistance and becoming. Black communities and individuals occupied, defined, imagined, and deployed the Black West to their own ends, ever mindful that their presence in the West provided counter-narratives to the mythic Wild West [End Page 5] replete with white cowboys, pioneers, gunslingers, homesteaders, sex workers, and marauding "savage" Indians. In doing so, they not only demanded that their presence be acknowledged in Western narratives, but also critiqued the dominant white framing of the West as a utopian space for rugged individuals and frontier democracy. The cultural work performed by Buck and the Preacher and other black westerns echoed that of novels, museums, plays, paintings, photographs, nonfiction texts, and other mediums dedicated to preserving histories and articulating visions of the Black West. In the academy, the study of the Black West has primarily included historians, many of whom are concerned with correcting narratives of Western settlement featuring cowboys, Indians, and intrepid "pioneers." Interest in black cowboys, "black Indians," black homesteaders, and the famed Buffalo Soldiers fueled historical scholarship beginning in the 1970s. Kenneth Wiggins Porter's The Negro on the American Frontier and William Loren Katz's The Black West: A Documentary and Pictorial History both appeared in 1971. A year earlier, the University of Nebraska's PBS station NET had released a four-part documentary series "The Black Frontier" that sought to place Blacks firmly in the histories of the West. Nell Irvin Painter's Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas after Reconstruction (1976) and Robert Athearn's In Search of Canaan: Black Migration to Kansas, 1879-80 (1978) offered more critical analyses of black migration westward. Historians were not alone in paying attention to the black presence in the West in the 1970s, as the aforementioned Buck and the Preacher (a clear narrative break from John Ford's 1960 revisionist western Sergeant Rutledge) and several blaxploitation westerns—Soul Soldier (1970), The Legend of Nigger Charley (1972), and Boss Nigger (1974), to name a few—sought to place Blacks (primarily men) at the center of cinematic Westerns. Documentaries like Black Rodeo (1972), narrated by Woody Strode the star of Sergeant Rutledge, drew on black cowboy histories to explain the significance of the New York rodeo invitational. The 1990s became the most significant decade for literary production, particularly by Black women, in the genre of western historical fiction. Writers produced reinterpretations of historical spaces, geographic migrations, and the realities of social relationships in the "new" frontier. Examples include Pearl Cleage, Toni Morrison, Jewell Parker Rhodes and others who turned their attentions westward in an attempt to reconstruct prosperous and thriving communities destroyed by white capitalism, racism, and terror. Other authors like Octavia Butler frequently positioned the west as a platform for Afrofuturism and reimagined black power.2 During this same period scholars produced multiple critical histories of blacks in the West—that is, histories that did not focus solely on including Blacks in Western historiography, but rather...

The Libyan/Trans-Mediterranean Slave Trade, the African Union, and the Failure of Human Morality

In this article, I argue that the recently exposed slave trade in Libya involving Black African migrants seeking opportunities in Europe is not merely a crime against humanity that has been justly condemned by the international community, but is also a serious indictment on the failings of the African Union’s leadership. It is a reflection of the duplicitous nature of Europe’s commitment to human rights and exposes the African leaders’ moral and leadership deficiencies. Through the use of the Hamitic hypothesis and the cultural racism theory, I discuss some causal factors that have led to the abuse of sub-Saharan Africans migrating to Europe and also the African response to the migrant crisis. Finally, I draw parallels between what I term the New Slavery and the evolving narrative of racism and conclude that poor African leadership is the Achilles’ heel in the restoration of African dignity.

The World According to Fannie Davis: My Mother's Life in the Detroit Numbers by Bridgett M. Davis

Book Reviews 157 Bridgett M. Davis. The World According to Fannie Davis: My Mother’s Life in the Detroit Numbers. New York: Little, Brown, 2019. Pp. 308. Bibliography. Illustrations. Cloth: $28.00. The World According to Fannie Davis: My Mother’s Life in the Detroit Numbers chronicles the Davis family’s involvement in “The Numbers,” or underground lottery, in Detroit from 1950s to the early 1990s. The author, Bridgett Davis, is both a novelist and Fannie Davis’s youngest daughter. The World According to Fannie Davis is her first memoir: a highly engaging, well-researched page-turner that diversifies our understanding of black social history and labor by moving beyond the auto industry. The book details Bridgett Davis’s mother and father’s postwar migration from Nashville to Detroit, her mother’s subsequent multidecade career as a black female numbers runner and banker, and the author’s coming-of-age story. A cross-generational “love letter” to her mother that, Davis explains, tells “her story, and mine,” Bridgett Davis stresses and chronicles her mother’s fearlessness, determination, and willingness to transgress the narrow boundaries placed on black women and families to “make a way out of no way” and provide her family with “a good life at great expense” (p. 14). As the book makes clear, Fannie Davis, one of only two black women numbers bankers in Detroit, commanded respect rather than respectability. While the author’s detailed account of her mother’s career in The Numbers is both well-crafted and fascinating, her ability to weave this story within the broader historical context of structural racism, black class identity and formation, and black history and culture stands out, providing a rich social history of postwar black migrants and black Detroit, particularly of the non-autoworking and non-professional segment of the black population that Davis refers to as “blue-collar bourgeoisie” (p. 94). The World According to Fannie Davis is divided into three sections. The first, “Hitsville, USA,” refers to the centrality of The Numbers to black life, culture, and survival in Detroit during the economic downturn of the 1950s and early ’60s and is told through the lens of the Davis family’s migration to Detroit from Nashville. The second section, “Hey, You Never Know,” explores rising black political consciousness, luck, prosperity, and spiritualism in working-class culture; Mrs. Davis’s economic success and the growth of her business; black economic nationalism; and backlash from the police and state as black Detroit and black numbers operators rose in prominence during the late 1960s and ’70s. The third and final section deftly documents Fannie Davis’s ability to adapt and maintain her business—which remained active but slowed 158 The Michigan Historical Review in the 1980s—despite law enforcement crackdowns, inflammatory, and racialized depictions of the illegal “Numbers racket,” and the legalization and expansion of the state lottery. This section, told through the author’s perspective, is interlaced with a discussion of her school years, burgeoning career, and her relationship to her mother’s secretive life story before and after Fannie Davis’s death in 1992. The World According to Fannie Davis sheds important new light on the history of black Detroit. While not a formal work of history, it uses the Davis family’s story to discuss how structural racism impacted black Detroiters’ daily lives and struggles as well as their multi-varied efforts to transcend these imposed limitations. The World According to Fannie Davis should appeal to anyone with an interest in Detroit, urban history, and African American history, and is perfectly suited for classroom use. David A. Goldberg Wayne State University James Berton Harris. Once upon a Time at the Opera House: Drama at Three Historic Michigan Theaters, 1882-1928. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2019. Pp. 240. Appendices. Bibliography. Illustrations. Index. Cloth: $54.95. The golden age of American opera houses wasn’t really about opera, James Berton Harris reminds us in Once upon a Time at the Opera House. Using the performance facilities in three small Michigan cities as a template, Harris recalls a time when a municipality’s “opera house” was merely its main theatrical space—a home for nonmusical plays, band...

Gone Home: Race and Roots Through Appalachia by Karida L. Brown

Reviewed by: Gone Home: Race and Roots Through Appalachia by Karida L. Brown Selena Sanderfer Doss Gone Home: Race and Roots Through Appalachia. By Karida L. Brown. ( Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018. Pp. [xii], 252. $29.95, ISBN 978-1-4696-4703-6.) For much of the twentieth century, the study of Appalachia has been marred by voyeurism, geographic determinism, and charges of cultural pathology. Recent studies have begun to challenge this trend, emphasizing instead the region's history of liberalism, environmentalism, and organized labor. Karida L. Brown's work continues to complicate Appalachian history by surveying the lived experiences of black residents in Harlan County, Kentucky. She places her work solidly within the literature on identity and migration, while seeking to deconstruct "what it was like to grow up as a black person in a company-owned town in Appalachia in the era of Jim Crow segregation, and then to transform into an entirely new type of citizen by coming of age at the height of the civil rights movement and the African American Great Migration" (p. 6). Using the snowball method, the author conducted more than 150 interviews. Each chapter begins with a short literature review on a particular topic such as education or family life before interrogating the oral histories. Chapters 1 and 2 serve as introductions to the region's industrialization at the turn of the twentieth century and detail the wave of black southerners, mostly from the [End Page 725] coal-producing regions of Alabama, who migrated to Appalachia's coal towns before World War II. The vitality of black life, despite the limitations placed on these communities by Jim Crow, is assessed in chapters 3 and 4. Coal companies followed the South's racial order and supported segregated schools, housing, and community centers for both white and black employees. Not succumbing to the degradation embedded in these racial barriers, black residents found solace in nurturing family life, lively social organizations, and participation in cultural rituals such as separate Independence Day celebrations that cultivated racial solidarity and pride. Chapters 5 and 6 describe segregated education in the towns of Benham and Lynch, Kentucky. Brown finds that black students in Appalachia were given inferior textbooks and underfunded facilities compared with their white counterparts. However, she also finds a community that valued learning and encouraged its children to pursue higher education. Marked feelings of nostalgia for the loss of community schools and the cultural sanctuaries that they provided before desegregation are present in many interviewees' sentiments. In the last chapter, Brown, whose own family hails from Lynch, poignantly recognizes the declining number of black residents since the 1950s and interprets this departure as part of a larger story where the progeny of first-generation immigrants move in search of greater educational and employment opportunities. Claiming great affinity for Appalachia, the author concedes that the region "belongs to no one" and laments that somehow black families knew that "it was never really theirs" (p. 161). In chapter 2, "The Great Migration Escape," Brown characterizes black relocation to Appalachia as escape and, in doing so, overlooks the literature that grounds black migrations as organized movements. Recounting stories of impulsivity ignores the forethought, planning, and deliberateness of those choosing to migrate. This one portrayal, however, is a quibble. The personal stories of black Appalachians provide useful data for seasoned researchers. The author has deposited the interviews in their entirety in the Southern Historical Collection at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. A monumental contribution to black southern history, the Eastern Kentucky African American Migration Project's collection of interviews, ephemera, and photos is currently available to researchers wishing to conduct detailed investigations of black Appalachian life. Selena Sanderfer Doss Western Kentucky University Copyright © 2019 The Southern Historical Association

Introduction: A Scene of New Worlds

Introduction:A Scene of New Worlds Nicholas Forster (bio) and Michele Prettyman (bio) "Wow, New York—just like I pictured it. Skyscrapers and everything." —Stevie Wonder, "Living for the City," from the aLbum InnervIsIons This bit of spoken dialogue taken from Stevie Wonder's 1973 cautionary tale "Living for the City" provides the opening narration for a song chronicling the demise of a small-town Southern man bound for New York who, upon his arrival in the city, is entrapped and ruined by the perils of city life. Wonder evokes the familiar tropes of black life in "hard time Mississippi," painting a bleak portrait of overworked parents and children whose future is marked as much by danger as it is by any imaginative possibility. Despite these challenges, Wonder's dystopic vision is saved for New York, a far more dangerous place. In the song's climactic sonic montage the unsuspecting man arrives in New York on a bus, where he immediately finds himself out of his element. It isn't long before the environment ensnares him into drug deals, aggressive policing, and an eventual conviction and sentence of ten years in jail. This judicial decree is emblematic of a longer stint, where the man is forced to live his remaining days "walking the streets of New York City," a "place [that] is cruel, nowhere could be much colder." Wonder ends the seven-minute opus with the warning that "if we don't change, the world will soon be over." This scene, powerfully staged by Wonder, captures the anxieties of black migration alongside the inevitabilities of incarceration, despair, and a loss of selfhood. The North, once tentatively seen as an escape from the suffering and racial violence of the South and as the site of imagined freedoms and possibilities, becomes a scary, complicated place capable of stealing one's liminal freedoms, agency, and soul. Wonder's warning was not hyperbole in the 1970s as New York's fractured economic, sociopolitical, and cultural infrastructures threatened to implode. The city had long been an epicenter for radical black art, culture, and politics, but by the mid-1970s, it had [End Page 52] become a site of violence, crime, and sociocultural disenfranchisement in the national and cinematic imaginary. Images of black criminality and violence in films like The French Connection (dir. William Friedkin, 1971) and early Blaxploitation projects, spurred by a resurgence of film production in the city, belied the challenges faced by black people interested in getting films made or of even finding work in the industry. New York City on screen was not very pretty; industrial machinations and popular representations threatened to flatten the vibrant potential of black independent film and cultural production happening in New York. Beyond the filmic universe black and Latino youth, planting the seeds of early hip-hop culture, claimed parts of uptown Manhattan and the South Bronx explicitly, naming and reclaiming parts of the city left in ruins. Downtown and the Village were left to bands of rogue artists and filmmakers, what Fab Five Freddy would call "lost personalities" who were creating their own "downtown scene." And while Wonder's clarion call is not without hope, New York would have a contested relationship with its black and brown inhabitants, whose lives, aspirations, and filmic footprint were but a footnote in the broader cinematic imaginary. Building upon Wonder's migration elegy, we pose another scene of sorts, one that also exposes the ruptures, aspirations, and promise of urban and rural space, cultural reimagining, and spatial mobility. What we have termed "The New York Scene" is an attempt to describe a series of years in the late 1960s through the early 1980s that define an era demarcated by the end of the civil rights movement and the emergence of hip-hop cultural forms, but which exists before the Spike Lee era and the "New Black Aesthetics" of the 1980s. Characterized by independent, often experimental, narrative and documentary film production, innovations in writing styles creating hybrid genres of script and creative writing, and the convergence of poetic and political discourse, this scene was collaborative in nature, encompassing a network of figures. Some would be loosely affiliated, others...

Poéticas da migrância e ditadura: exílio e diáspora nas obras de Julián Fuks e Francisco Maciel

Resumo O artigo trata da questão dos exílios e das migrações, em relação à ditadura militar, em dois autores da literatura brasileira contemporânea: Julián Fuks e Francisco Maciel. O romance A resistência (Fuks, 2015) é analisado segundo os conceitos de pós-memória (Hirsch, 2008) e privatização do trauma (Seligmann-Silva, 2014). Este romance, em sua tentativa de construir a memória da família relacionada ao exílio de pais argentinos e à adoção de um filho, retrata, nas dificuldades formais de escrever o livro, os problemas políticos do processo de justiça de transição no Brasil, em comparação com a Argentina. Na obra de Francisco Maciel, a discriminação racial contra a população negra é um tema central. A repressão política considerava que o movimento negro representava ameaça contra a segurança nacional. O artigo analisa a questão das migrações dos negros na obra de Maciel em termos de diáspora (Hall, 2003), e explica como ela não se torna apenas tema, mas também forma literária, no romance Não adianta morrer (Maciel, 2018).

Sonic Settlements: Jamaican Music, Dancing, and Black Migrant Communities in Postwar Britain

Sonic Settlements: Jamaican Music, Dancing, and Black Migrant Communities in Postwar Britain

From Immigrants to Americans: Race and Assimilation During the Great Migration

How does the arrival of a new minority group affect the social acceptance and outcomes of existing minorities? We study this question in the context of the First Great Migration. Between 1915 and 1930, 1.5 million African Americans moved from the U.S. South to Northern urban centers, which were home to millions of European immigrants arrived in previous decades. We formalize and empirically test the hypothesis that the inflows of Black Americans changed perceptions of outgroup distance among native-born whites, reducing the barriers to the social integration of European immigrants. Predicting Black in-migration with a version of the shift-share instrument, we find that immigrants living in areas that received more Black migrants experienced higher assimilation along a range of outcomes, such as naturalization rates and intermarriages with native-born spouses. Evidence from the historical press and patterns of heterogeneity across immigrant nationalities provide additional support to the role of shifting perceptions of the white majority.

An Examination of Ethnic Hierarchies and Returns to Human Capital in the UK

This article focuses on the returns to human capital of migrants and minorities in the UK. The question of whether skills and qualifications are properly utilized is very pertinent given the global competition for skilled migrants and the aim of European and British markets to attract such workers. Using data from Understanding Society (2009 to 2017) we find that there is a clear evidence of ethnic hierarchies with black Caribbean and black African minorities generally most disadvantaged, while other white UK-born have the best outcomes compared to the white British. Western migrants generally do very well, but new EU migrants have high levels of employment, and low returns to their qualifications and relatively high levels of over-qualification. Foreign qualifications are generally discounted, and more so for migrants with less certain legal status or low language skills. Public sector employment plays an important role and is associated with the higher economic placement of migrants and minorities in the UK. There are some worrying trends however. Highly skilled migrants, particularly black migrants as well as those from Eastern Europe, come in with high qualifications, but their jobs do not match their skill levels.

Vegetable derived-oil facilitating carbon black migration from waste tire rubbers and its reinforcement effect

Three dimensional chemically cross-linked polymer networks present a great challenge for recycling and reutilization of waste tire rubber. In this work, the covalently cross-linked networks of ground tire rubber (GTR) were degraded heterogeneously under 150 °C due to the synergistic effects of the soybean oil and controlled oxidation. The degradation mechanism was discussed using Horikx theory and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the structural evolution of sol and gel parts, which indicated that the sols consisted of degraded GTR chains with low molecular weight, while the gels were mainly composed of bound rubber coated carbon black, which are separated from the cross-linked network of GTR in a high degradation degree. The degraded GTR compound demonstrated an excellent reinforcing effect on solution styrene-butadiene rubber (SSBR), due to the presence of core-shell structured carbon black. This work provide an efficient and economic approach to degrade GTR and transform it into useful products.

Autonomy, Erasure, and Persistence in the Urban Gardening Commons

AbstractCollective gardening spaces have existed across Lisbon, Portugal for decades. This article attends to the makeshift natures made by black migrants from Portugal's former colonies, and the racial urban geography thrown into relief by the differing fortunes of white Portuguese community gardening spaces. Conceptualising urban gardens as commons‐in‐the‐making, we explore subaltern urbanism and the emergence of autonomous gardening commons on the one hand, and the state erasure, overwriting or construction of top‐down commons on the other. While showing that urban gardening forges commons of varying persistence, we also demonstrate the ways through which the commons are always closely entwined with processes of enclosure. We further argue that urban gardening commons are divergent and cannot be judged against any abstract ideal of the commons. In conclusion, we suggest that urban gardening commons do not have a “common” in common.

Spiritualist Angels, Masonic Stars, and the Douglass Temple of Universal Brotherhood

Between 1900 and 1930, Los Angeles attracted thousands of white and black migrants from the Midwest and the South. Many had attachments to Protestant churches. But they also arrived with commitments to Freemasonry, Spiritualism, and social reform causes. This paper argues that these religionists in Los Angeles covered a broad spectrum of faiths, including Free Thought, innovative versions of Protestantism, and Freemasonry, and that traditional accounts of religion in the city have ignored these aspects of religious life and civic engagement. As World War I ushered in conservatism in every aspect of public life, the Los Angeles Times, the City Council, and the Protestant churches combined in an effort to squash these challenges to orthodoxy. In profiling two prominent Spiritualists, African American George W. Shields and white midwesterner Cynthia Lisetta Vose, this article illustrates the wide ranging civil and religious engagement of two committed Spiritualists. By the end of the 1920s, the fragmentation of Los Angeles neighborhoods and the growing racism of the city had nearly destroyed what had been a vigorous religion and a thriving commitment to progressive reform. Segregated white women's clubs and Freemasonry organizations turned the worship of California into a replacement for older forms of religious practice and civic engagement.

Migration and protest in the Jim Crow South

The Great Migration and the Civil Rights Movement were two pivotal events experienced by the southern African American population during the 20th Century. Each has received considerable attention by social scientists and historians, and a possible connection between the two phenomena has been speculated. However, no systematic investigation of the effect of migration on protest during the Jim Crow era has been conducted. In this study we use data for 333 southern communities to examine the relationship between youthful black migration between 1950 and 1960 and the occurrence of sit-ins early in 1960. We find a strong positive, non-linear, relationship between net-migration and the likelihood of a sit-in which can be explained by two sets of mediating influences: local demographic conditions and local organizational presence. Our findings offer strong empirical support for an association between southern black migration and protest during Jim Crow and suggest the value of considering the influence of demographic forces on collective action.