Black Leg Research Articles

Pleospora bjorlingii . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Pleospora bjorlingii [Pleospora betae] . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Beta spp. DISEASE: Black leg of sugar beet and mangold. Also root rot and leaf rot or heart rot (45, 1243), storage decay (41: 188) and clamp rots (45, 2655). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (north & south); Asia, Australasia, Europe, N. America. (CMI Map 427, Ed. 1, 1967). TRANSMISSION: On seeds and in decayed host material or soil.

Simple Method of Differentiating Erwinia carotovora Variety ‘Atroseptica’ from E. carotovora and E. carotovora Variety ‘Aroideae’

IN Northern Ireland black leg and tuber rot of the potato are caused by Erwinia carotovora variety ‘Atroseptica’ (van Hall) Holland, but two other soft rot coliforms, namely, E. carotovora (Jones) Holland, and E. carotovora variety ‘Aroideae’ (Townsend) Holland, are also involved, particularly in the tuber rotting phase of the disease. The same three organisms have also been found to bo associated with the disease in Romania1. The isolation of soft rot Erwiniae (Pectobacteria) has recently been simplified by the introduction of selective media2,3. These media utilize as a diagnostic characteristic the ability of the bacteria to liquefy pectate gel and therefore do not differentiate between E. carotovora, E. carotovora variety ‘Aroideae’, and E. carotovora variety ‘Atroseptica’.

Bolrot van lelies, veroorzaakt doorSclerotium wakkeri (zwartbenigheid)

Wilting plants of variousLilium species showed a striking black leathery rot of the bulbs accompanied by a black discolouration and rottening of the stem bases. The cause of this disease appeared to beSclerotium wakkeri, the black leg fungus of tulips and bulbous irises.

Plumage Descriptions and Age Data for Canada Goose Goslings

Eight stages of plumage development and the equivalent age in days are presented for goslings of great basin Canada geese (Branta canadensis moffitti), which permit the field-aging of Canada geese broods between the time of hatching and the time of flying. This paper presents plumage descriptions and age data that permit the aging of broods of great basin Canada geese from the time of hatching until they fly. The data have been worked out on the basis of seven male and five female hand-reared geese representing three populations. Six geese were reared from eggs taken at Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge, Washington, in 1952; three were reared at the Lapwai Idaho State Game Farm from eggs taken from nests on the Snake River in southwest Idaho in 1952; and three were taken from the wild at Tule Lake National WildThis content downloaded from 157.55.39.132 on Thu, 15 Sep 2016 04:32:37 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms FIELD-AGING YOUNG CANADA GEESE 0 Yocom and Harris 875 Table 1. Development of Canada goose goslings as viewed under field conditions.* PLUMAGE CLASS SUBCLASS DESCRIPTION I a Bright ball of fluff-Body color a bright citron with Downy young only a scattering of grey-black. No distinct patterns. no feathers visible Shiny black bill and legs. Age, 1-7 days; midpoint, 4 days (Fig. 1, A). b Darkening ball of fluff-Citron color being progressively replaced by a greyish black color from top of body downward. Crown turns dark at approximately 10 days of age. Will hold a size No. 5 band. Age, 8-15 days; midpoint, 12 days (Fig. 1, B). c Gawky-downy-Mostly greyish black. Citron color left only on flank, breast, and head. Body and neck elongate. Legs and feet appear much too large for such a small bird. In hand, first trace of primary and tail feather growth shows. Will hold a size No. 7 band. Age, 16-25 days; midpoint, 21 days (Fig. 1, C). II a First feathers-First noticeable feathers appear at Partly feathered scapular, tail, and on flanks. Primaries and secboth down and feathers ondaries begin to appear but are still completely in visible under field consheaths. ditions Age, 26-33 days; midpoint, 29 days (Fig. 1, D). b Half feathered--Underparts well feathered with no down apparent. Breast feathers appear. Black neck color begins to appear under down. White tail coverts barely begin to show. Primaries and secondaries conspicuously broken from sheaths. Back generally downy except for scapulars. Head still noticeably downy and generally light colored. Age, 34-40 days; midpoint, 37 days (Fig. 1, E). c Mostly feathered-Body feathered except on back (under folded wings), rump, neck, and head. White cheek patch barely begins to show. Black neck still partly obscured by down. White upper-tail coverts form a conspicuous band against the black tail. Primaries approximately half grown. First honkinglike sound uttered. Age, 41-46 days; midpoint, 43 days (Fig. 1, F). d Last down-Folded wing completely covers entire back so no down is visible on back under field conditions. Head pattern and black neck conspicuous, but still with noticeable persistent down present. Primaries three-fourths grown. White tail band still evident. Age, 47-55 days; midpoint, 51 days (Fig. 1, G). III Feathered-flightless-Essentially fully feathered. Fully feathered Last trace of down may show on back of head and flightless upper neck of some birds and under exceptionally good field conditions. Primaries cross each other over the base of the tail when folded, thus obscuring the white upper-tail coverts. Age, 56-65 days; midpoint, 60 days. Flies well at 65-70 days (Fig. 1, H). * Organization of table modified from Gollop and Marshall (1954:6). This content downloaded from 157.55.39.132 on Thu, 15 Sep 2016 04:32:37 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 876 Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 29, No. 4, October 1965

Leptosphaeria maculans the ascogenous state of Phoma lingam

Observations in 1956–1957 showed that Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ges. & de Not. was the ascogenous state of Phoma lingarn (Tode ex Fr.) Desm. in New Zealand and South Australia. This fungus is responsible for dry-rot and black leg disease of brassicas. Stem residues of Brassica oleracea which had been in flower in the summer of 1961 and had remained on the soil surface on Rothamsted (G.B.) allotment plots through autumn and winter bore numerous perithecia of L. maculans in the spring of 1962 on areas of the stem where pycnidia of P. lingam were also present. Single ascospore cultures from these perithecia and isolations from the pycnidia gave rise to identical colonies of a fungus with abundant immersed pycnidia typical of P. Ungam and easily distinguished from P. oleracea Sacc.

Pectobacterium carotovorum var.Atrosepticum (van Hall) Dowson the correct name of the potato black leg pathogen; A historical and critical review

Potato black leg was undoubtedly first described from Germany in the period 1878–1900, but all the descriptions are incomplete, so that the pathogens in particular cannot be identified with certainty.

A Selective Medium for the Isolation of Coliform Soft Rot Bacteria from Plant Tissue

DURING further studies on black leg disease of potato, difficulty was experienced in isolating the appropriate pathogens, which were identified as Erwinia atroseptica (van Hall) Jennison syn. Bacterium atrosepticum (van Hall) Burgwitz. Even using the screening methods of Noble and Marshall1, namely, seeding plates of meat infusion agar with contaminated material from infected stems and tubers, selection of the organisms was difficult owing to the growth of many other types of bacteria. MacConkey's lactose bile-salt neutral red agar was found to be more selective, but Pseudomonas spp. could not now be identified by fluorescence in ultraviolet light, although a number still grew on the plates. The selective pectate gels of Rudd-Jones2 and others were also tried, but proved to be difficult to prepare especially with limited facilities, and were often too soft to use for plating.

A Note on Sterna hirundo

In the Palaearctic, Sterna hirundo ranges from Europe (hirundo), Turkestan (turkestanica), Mongolia (minussensis) to Siberia (longipennis).The western races have red bill and legs and pink breast, the eastern having black bill and legs and greyish breast, and minusseusis intergrades to the western races or the eastern race on both sides of its range (Stegmann, '36).The young of European race has orangish bill and legs, and the author found, by examining the specimens in Yamashina Museum, that the young of longipennis have also orangish bill and legs, while the one he obtained had the webs of feet mottled with orange and brown. These facts suggest that the ancestral form of S, hirundo would have had orangish bill and legs, and red color became predominant in the western and black color in the eastern population.The anthor attempts to explain this genetically by considering that, concerning the color of bill and legs, all the populations of this tern have a basic gene for orange, as well as the red and black-modifiers. Under European climatic conditions, the former (red) dominates the latter (black) giving also a pinkish tinge on the breast (which is the case in some European birds), while in Siberia the reverse takes place. This color change mechanism by change of dominance of modifiers under climatic factors might further be applied to explain the Gloger's rule, and is also considered to be affected by bird's seasonal physical condition (hormones), as in the change from summer to winter plumase. In hirundo the red bill becomes black in winter.The winter plumage often resembles that of the juvenile, which would be the primitive coloration based on a series of genes, An. Then, a primitive form can be expressed by An An. The adult plumage would be the result of mutations during the phylogenetical history and this mutant series of genes can be expressed by Bn. The present forms of birds, therefore, have the genes, An Bn, and An is considered to be dominant during the young stage (An bn), while as the bird matures, the change of dominance would, occur under physical (hormones) control (an Bn).In S. hirundo, for example, the orange-gene corresponds An, and with the growth, the European birds obtain the color Bn1 affected by red-modifier and the Siberian birds Bn2 by black-modifier. The spotted webs in the authors specimen would show a partial irregular change of dominance from An to Bn2.In the case when sexes are different, Bn can be divided into Fn (_??_) and Mn (_??_), and Fn is often similar to An.Further complicated cases can be explained by such an idea, but future experimental proof is needed.

Further investigations of potato black leg

(1953). Further investigations of potato black leg. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 103-112.

The “Canker” or “Black Leg” Disease of Cabbages and Cauliflowers

The “Canker” or “Black Leg” Disease of Cabbages and Cauliflowers

The effect of seed treatment on Black-Leg

Seed treatments, as at present applied on farms, reduce but do not altogether control Black Leg.

A NEW GYMNOPTERNUS FROM OREGON. (DOLICHOPIDAE, DIPTERA)

The Dolichopod herewith described belongs to a genus containing a large number of species having very similar form. The new form is related to tristis Loew but is readily distinguished by the wholly black legs.

The effects of seed treatment on black leg

The effects of seed treatment on black leg

Immunisation Against Black Leg by Means of Filtrate of Artificial Cultures of the Bacillus

Immunisation Against Black Leg by Means of Filtrate of Artificial Cultures of the Bacillus

Black Leg or Phoma Wilt of Cabbage: a New Trouble to the United States Caused by Phoma oleracea Sacc.

Black Leg or <i>Phoma</i> Wilt of Cabbage: a New Trouble to the United States Caused by <i>Phoma oleracea</i> Sacc.

Immunity, Protective Inoculations in Infectious Diseases, and Serum-Therapy.

The uppermost topic of the day is that of serum-therapy and protective inoculations. We have here a book by America's foremost bacteriologist, in which the question is impartially reviewed from a bacteriologic standpoint. The book is divided in two parts, of which the first is given to natural and acquired immunity, and the second to protective inoculations and serum-therapy. The diseases anthrax, chicken cholera, cholera, diphtheria, foot-and-mouth disease, glanders, hog cholera, hog erysipelas, hydrophobia, influenza, influenza of horses, pleuropneumonia of cattle, pneumonia, rinderpest, smallpox, swine plague, streptococcus infection, symptomatic anthrax (" black leg"), tetanus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever and yellow fever are separately treated. In regard to natural immunity, the author apparently makes good his claim to priority to the theory so well supported by Metschnikoff, of phagocytosis, but yields readily to the view that the leucocytes are probably not the principal agency in the destruction of bacteria in living tissues. Buchner's

"Black Leg" in Cattle Above Two Years of Age

"Black Leg" in Cattle Above Two Years of Age