Black Kidney Research Articles

Extraction and separation of acetanilide herbicides in beans based on metal-organic framework MIL-101 (Zn) as sorbent

ABSTRACTAn extraction method based on metal-organic framework has been developed and applied to acetanilide herbicides, including metazachlor, propanil, pretilachlor, and butachlor, in black beans, red beans, and kidney beans. The acetanilide herbicides are extracted with a mixture of ethyl acetate and n-hexane. The extract solution is absorbed and purified with metal-organic framework MIL-101 (Zn). The separation and determination of four acetanilide herbicides were implemented by high-performance liquid chromatography. The experimental parameters were evaluated by a univariate method and orthogonal experiments. The presented method can obtain effective extraction and purification. The detection limits for metazachlor, propanil, pretilachlor, and butachlor were 0.58, 0.90, 1.78 and 1.18 µg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries of the acetanilide herbicides at spiked concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 µg/kg ranged from 86.9% to 119.0%, and relative standard deviations were equal to or lower than 2.80%.

Dyskalemia, its patterns, and prognosis among patients with incident heart failure: A nationwide study of US veterans.

BackgroundAlthough hypokalemia has been viewed as a significant concern among patients with heart failure (HF), recent advances in HF management tend to increase the risk of hyperkalemia.ObjectiveTo characterize contemporary data regarding correlates and prognostic values of dyskalemia in patients with HF.Design, setting, and participantsIn cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, we studied 142,087 patients with newly diagnosed HF in US nationwide Veterans Administration database from 2005 through 2013.ExposuresDemographic characteristics, laboratory variables, comorbidities, and medication use for the analysis of correlates of dyskalemia as well as potassium level in the analysis of mortality.Main Outcomes and MeasuresDyskalemia and mortality.ResultsHypokalemia (<3.5 mmol/L) at baseline was observed in 3.0% of the population, whereas hyperkalemia (≥5.5 mmol/L) was seen in 0.9%. An additional 20.4% and 5.7% had mild hypokalemia (3.5–3.9 mmol/L) and mild hyperkalemia (5.0–5.4 mmol/L). Key correlates were black race, higher blood pressure, and use of potassium-wasting diuretics for hypokalemia, and lower kidney function for hyperkalemia. Baseline potassium levels showed a U-shaped association with mortality, with the lowest risk between 4.0–4.5 mmol/L. With respect to potassium levels over a year after HF diagnosis, persistent (>50% of measurements), intermittent (>1 occurrence but ≤50%), and transient (1 occurrence) hypo- and hyperkalemia were also related to increased mortality in a graded fashion regardless of the aforementioned thresholds for dyskalemia. These dyskalemic patterns were also related to other clinical actions and demands such as emergency room visit.ConclusionsPotassium levels below 4 mmol/L and above 5 mmol/L at and after HF diagnosis were associated with poor prognosis and the clinical actions. HF patients (particularly with risk factors for dyskalemia like black race and kidney dysfunction) may require special attention for both hypo- and hyperkalemia.

Reassessing the risk of kidney organ donation: Researchers are taking a closer look at the long-term health risks that living kidney donors may face to refine the informed consent process and improve follow-up care.

Reassessing the risk of kidney organ donation: Researchers are taking a closer look at the long-term health risks that living kidney donors may face to refine the informed consent process and improve follow-up care.

Effects of particle size on physicochemical and functional properties of superfine black kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) powder

Black kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) powder (BKBP) with particle sizes of 250–180, 180–125, 125–75, 75–38, and <38 μm was prepared by using coarse and eccentric vibratory milling, respectively. Physicochemical properties, cholesterol adsorption, and antioxidant activities of powders were investigated. Size and scanning electron microscopy analyses showed that particle size of BKBP could be effectively decreased after the superfine grinding treatment, and the specific surface area was increased. Flow properties, hydration properties, thermal stability, and cholesterol adsorption efficiency significantly improved with the reducing of particle size. The superfine powder with sizes of 75–38 or <38 μm exhibited higher antioxidant activity via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl, hydroxyl radical-scavenging, and ferrous ion-chelating assays. The results indicated that the BKBP with a size of <38 μm could serve as a better potential biological resource for food additives, and could be applied for the development of low-cholesterol products.

Cellular Composition and Proliferation Levels in the Hematopoietic Tissue of Black Scorpionfish (Scorpaena porcus L.) Head Kidney and Spleen During the Spawning and Wintering Periods.

To identify cells and analyze proliferative activity of hematopoietic tissue, black scorpionfish head kidney and spleen cells were characterized by light microscopy and flow cytometry. Hematopoiesis of black scorpionfish head kidney was formed by the following series: erythropoietic, granulopoietic, lymphopoietic, and thrombopoietic. Flow cytometric analysis allowed dividing blood cells in hematopoietic organs into subpopulations differing by size, granularity, and proliferative activity. Three distinct subpopulations were observed during the wintering period. The number of small low-granulated cells, identified as lymphocytes and thrombocytes, was 41% ± 4% in both wintering and spawning fish. Proliferating subpopulation of blast (high-granulated) cells amounted to about 36% of the total cell count with 50% ± 5% of proliferating cells; the largest low-granulated cells (10% of total cells) comprised maturing white blood cells, monocytes, and macrophages. The spawning period was accompanied with an increase of maturing neutrophils and enhancement of blast cell proliferation. In the spleen three distinct subpopulations were observed. The subpopulation of small low-granulated cells comprised lymphocytes and thrombocytes similar to the head kidney and amounted 33% ± 4%. Other cells with larger diameter were identified as red blood cells. No proliferation was observed during the wintering period in the spleen, however, spawning induced cell proliferation of erythroblasts (small granulated cells) with the number of dividing cells 84% ± 1%. Anat Rec, 302:1136-1143, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Prolonged-Release vs Immediate-Release Tacrolimus Capsules in Black vs White Kidney Transplant Patients: A Post Hoc Analysis of Phase III Data

BackgroundBlack kidney transplant patients experience inferior outcomes compared with other ethnicities. Because scrutiny is required when immunosuppressant drugs are used in such at-risk populations, we report the first large-scale clinical efficacy data assessing prolonged-release tacrolimus (PR-T) in black de novo kidney transplant patients. Methods and materialsWe used logistic regression and proportionate hazards to compare a composite outcome measure (biopsy-proven acute rejection, graft loss, mortality, and loss to follow-up) in black and white patients in treatment groups longer than 24 weeks, from 3 large Phase III randomized controlled trials. Secondary endpoints included tacrolimus trough concentration, dose, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. ResultsThe study included 2162 patients whose treatments belonged to two categories (immediate-release tacrolimus: 77 black patients, 721 white patients; and PR-T: 87 black patients, 1277 white patients). Despite demographic factors generally predictive of worse outcomes, efficacy failure among black patients who received PR-T was non-inferior to that among white patients who received either therapy. Compared with immediate-release tacrolimus, black patients who received PR-T achieved stable tacrolimus concentrations 2.5 times faster (21 vs 56 days, P = .04), and more achieved stable target concentrations (76.7% vs 69.3%). Treatment-emergent adverse events were consistent with those reported separately in pivotal trials. ConclusionsOverall, black patients who received PR-T achieved non-inferior outcomes compared to white patients, despite higher pretransplant risk among black patients. Moreover, PR-T improved the time to achieve, and the likelihood of reaching, stable therapeutic concentrations among black patients, suggesting that PR-T could improve the consistency of tacrolimus exposure in this patient population.

Racial disparity in kidney transplant survival relates to late rejection and is independent of steroid withdrawal.

Black kidney transplant recipients have more acute rejection (AR) and inferior graft survival. We sought to determine whether early steroid withdrawal (ESW) had an impact on AR and death-censored graft loss (DCGL) in blacks. From 2006 to 2012, AR and graft survival were analyzed in 483 kidney recipients (208 black and 275 non-black). Rates of ESW were similar between blacks (65%) and non-blacks (67%). AR was defined as early (≤3months) or late (>3months). The impact of black race, early AR, and late AR on death-censored graft failure was analyzed using univariate and multivariate Cox models. Blacks had greater dialysis vintage, more deceased donor transplants, and less HLA matching, yet rates of early AR were comparable between blacks and non-blacks. However, black race was a risk factor for late AR (HR: 3.48 (95% CI: 1.87-6.47)) Blacks had a greater rate of DCGL, partially driven by late AR (HR with late AR: 5.6; 95% CI: 3.3-9.3). ESW had no significant interaction with black race for risk of early AR, late AR, or DCGL. Independent of ESW, black kidney recipients had a higher rate of late AR after kidney transplantation. Late AR was highly predictive of DCGL and contributed to inferior graft survival in blacks.

PEGylation may reduce allergenicity and improve gelling properties of protein isolate from black kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Effects of PEGylation with methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) on gelling properties of black kidney bean protein isolate (BKBPI) were investigated. PEG-protein conjugations were confirmed using SDS-PAGE, and a significant decrease of allergenicity was observed using an ELISA test. Gelling concentration and gelling properties of BKBPI and mPEG-BKBPI with various treatments, including the additions of NaCl and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) as well as a heat pretreatment were evaluated. Results showed that the critical gelling concentration of PEGylated BKBPI was 75 mg/ml, and the PEGylation resulted in a higher gelling strength and a shorter gelling time compared with the native BKBPI. The increases in gel strengths were observed both in BKBPI and mPEG-BKBPI with the addition of NaCl, and no obvious variations in storage modulus (G') were found after PEGylation even at a high NaCl concentration of 1 mol/l. Meanwhile, retardation of the G' was observed in the PEGylated protein with the addition of NEM. Furthermore, the G' increased significantly after preheating. Therefore, the results suggested that PEGylation was beneficial to the safety and gelling properties of BKBPI and served to extend applications of BKBPI.

Renal Transplantation of Discolored Kidneys from Donors with Rhabdomyolysis and Acute Kidney Injury

Background Rhabdomyolysis is common in trauma patients with acute renal injury (AKI). The kidneys from donors with rhabdomyolysis and AKI may show discolored appearance. The transplant surgeons may be unwilling to accept a kidney with AKI and black appearance, especially when the kidney is anuric. Method Fourteen discolored (from brown to glossy black) kidneys from 7 deceased donors with severe rhabdomyolysis and AKI (defined as Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) AKI Stage 1 - 3) were accepted for transplantation at our centers. Generally, we accept kidneys with a resistance < 0.4 mmHg/mL/min in pump perfusion when an preimplant biopsy excludes cortical necrosis and chronic lesions (>10% glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy). The kidney transplant results of 14 black kidneys from rhabdomyolysis donors were compared with those of 30 renal grafts from standard criteria donors (SCD). Results Two donors received continuous renal replacement therapy due to anuria. The peak serum creatinine kinase, myoglobin, and serum creatinine of the these donors was 27738 ± 7394 U/L, 76003 ± 50708 μg/L, and 442 ± 214 μmol/L, respectively. Pathological examination showed massive casts in the distal convoluted tubules. Immunohistochemically stained for myoglobin showed luminal myoglobin casts or prominent tubular epithelial cell reaction for myoglobin in the absence of luminal casts. Electron microscopy showed electron-dense casts consistent with myoglobin within tubular lumens. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (by the CKD-EPI Creatinine 2009 equation) at 1 years post-transplantation was similar between black kidneys from donors with rhabdomyolysis and SCD (69.8 ± 13.6 ml/min/1.73m2 vs. 71.2 ± 15.1 ml/min/1.73m2, P = 0.56). Conclusion If the rhabdomyolysis donor has a peak serum creatinine kinase level higher than 20 000 U/L and has tea- colored urine, the kidneys are likely to have a black appearance after in situ cold perfusion. Discolored kidneys from rhabdomyolysis donors with AKI can achieve excellent graft function, even when the kidneys are anuric. Routine screening for rhabdomyolysis should be performed in donors with AKI.

Atherosclerotic vascular disease and its correlates in stable black South African kidney transplant recipients.

BackgroundDespite remarkable improvement in renal function attributable to kidney transplantation, the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) remains high in the post-transplant period. Aggressive use of statins in KTRs may make lipoprotein ratios correlate better with atherosclerotic vascular disease (AsVD) when compared with traditional lipid profile parameters. We therefore evaluated the clinical and echocardiographic correlates of AsVD among non-diabetic, stable, black KTRs in South Africa.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study of 41 adult (18–65 years), non-diabetic, stable KTRs and 41 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on participants’ sociodemographic and cardiovascular risk factors. Anthropometric parameters were measured. Urine and blood samples were obtained and analyzed. Echocardiography was performed and carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) was assessed in both right and left carotid arteries. Spearman’s rank correlation and binary logistic regression were performed to determine the relationship between CVD risk factors and AsVD.ResultsAsVD was present in 46.3% of KTRs compared to 17.1% of healthy controls (p = 0.004). Left ventricular hypertrophy was present in 92.7% of the KTRs. There were statistically significant differences in waist–hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, urine albumin–creatinine ratio, serum fibrinogen, serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, left atrial diameter, left ventricular mass (LVM), and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) between KTRs and controls. A positive relationship was seen between CIMT and certain risk factors for CVD including LVM, LVMI, and mitral valve deceleration time, (p < 0.001). Castelli index 2 and lipoprotein combine index (LCI) showed positive correlation with CIMT. On multivariate analysis, increasing age and kidney transplant status were independent predictors of AsVD after controlling for other risk factors.ConclusionAsVD was common among KTRs. Older age and kidney transplant status independently predicted AsVD. Castelli index 2 and LCI correlated with AsVD better than serum lipid parameters.

Treatment for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Predominantly Minority Urban Cohort of Kidney Transplant Recipients

Background: Given the increased incidence of post-transplant diabetes and the high cardiovascular burden in transplant recipients, glycemic control and other cardiovascular risk factors such as blood pressure and cholesterol should be targeted aggressively. We aimed to analyze management of predominantly Hispanic and non-Hispanic black kidney transplant recipients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and new onset diabetes after transplant (NODAT). Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of all recipients of kidney transplant from June 01, 2012 until December 31, 2014 in a large university center. Recipients with type 1 diabetes or pancreas transplant were excluded. NODAT was defined by the ADA criteria. Results: The study included 304 individuals. Fifty percent had T2D and another 36% developed NODAT during a follow-up of 37 (22-52) months. Individuals with T2D, compared to NODAT and non-DM, were more frequently treated with statins (76% vs. 65% vs. 39%, respectively, p&amp;lt;0.001). At 6, 12, and 24 months posttransplant individuals with T2D, compared to NODAT, had higher levels of A1c (7.9 ± 1.8 vs. 6.5 ± 1.2%, 8.1 ± 1.8 vs. 6.6 ± 1.3%, 8.6 ± 2.1 vs. 6.6 ± 1.1%, respectively, p&amp;lt;0.0001 for all comparisons) and less frequently reached goal of &amp;lt;7% (33 vs. 80%, 26 vs. 71%, 14 vs. 79%, respectively, p&amp;lt;0.0001 for all comparisons). Most frequent glucose-lowering treatment in T2D was insulin (92%), followed by metformin (20%), DPP-4 inhibitors (19%) and sulfonylurea (11%), while NODAT was treated most frequently with diet only (43%), followed by metformin (20%) and DPP-4 inhibitors (20%). Conclusions: While metabolic control was better in NODAT than T2D, both groups were predominantly treated with older glucose-lowering medications and had a significant number of individuals with suboptimal glucose and lipid management. Earlier and more aggressive treatment with cardio-protective and newer glucose-lowering agents is warranted in this high-risk population. Disclosure E. Tsomos: None. S. Aleksic: None. S. Zahedpour Anaraki: None. E. Japp: None. L. Upadhyay: None. M. Ajaimy: None. J. Zonszein: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc.. Advisory Panel; Self; Merck &amp; Co., Inc.. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.. E. Akalin: None.

Long-Term Dietary Changes after Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Swedish Women: Data from a Population-Based Cohort.

Objective To investigate long-term dietary changes after rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diagnosis in Swedish women, compared to women without RA. Methods This study included 21,602 women from the Swedish Mammography Cohort (SMC), who completed dietary questionnaires in 1997 and 2009. Between 1997 and 2009, 191 women were diagnosed with RA. Dietary changes after RA diagnosis were analyzed based on intake of 82 food items. Statistical analysis included linear mixed models. Results Women with RA, compared to women without RA, had significantly lower intake (mean servings per week) of animal products such as black pudding, egg, kidney, and liver paste (2.94±2.73 versus 2.45±1.82, p=0.010) and dairy products (35.14±20.02 versus 28.42±16.10, p=0.040) in 1997 and of cereals and grains (31.01±15.54 versus 28.00±14.98, p=0.009) in 2009. However, multivariable adjusted changes in dietary intake from 1997 to 2009 did not show any significant difference in intake. Nevertheless, women without RA increased their intake of whole wheat bread, wheat/oat bran, and rice more than women with RA. Conclusion Women who had been diagnosed with RA had similar dietary patterns over time as the general population; these women did not remarkably change their diet over time due to their disease. Dietary recommendations for RA patients are needed.

Successful Transplantation of “Black Kidneys” Due to Myoglobin Nephropathy

Four kidneys from 2 young donors suffering from rhabdomyolysis were rejected for transplantation at the time of procurement because of their severely bruised and black gross appearance. A frozen section revealed a focal tubular injury filled with granular pigmented casts which an immunohistochemistry confirmed to be myoglobin. The 4 kidneys were transplanted successfully and all recipients recovered normal renal function with no delay. These cases indicate that kidneys with patchy black gross appearance caused by myoglobin casts secondary to rhabdomyolysis is not a contraindication for transplantation.

PEGylation of black kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) protein isolate with potential functironal properties.

In this work, we investigated PEGylated black kidney bean protein isolates (BKBPI) by PEG succinimidyl carbonate (PEG-SC), PEG succinimidyl succinate (PEG-SS) and PEG succinimidyl propionate (PEG-SPA) conjugation. The functional properties, thermodynamic stability, in vitro digestion stability, and hemagglutination activity of the modified products were evaluated. The degree of PEGylation was measured, and FTIR analysis revealed that protein-PEG conjugations were formed, and that no obvious changes in water- and fat-holding capacities were observed. The solubility, emulsifying property, and foaming property were all improved through the modification, while, higher thermodynamic stability was achieved with the increase in Td values and reduction of ΔH. The PEGylated proteins were found to be more resistant to in vitro digestion, and the hemagglutination activity was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased, indicating the higher safety of the protein isolate. The results showed that the functional properties, thermodynamic stability, and biological safety of BKBPI were improved by PEGylation, which could serve to increase the applications for this protein.

Do outcomes after kidney transplantation differ for black patients in England versus New York State? A comparative, population-cohort analysis

ObjectivesInferior outcomes for black kidney transplant recipients in the USA may not be generalisable elsewhere. In this population cohort analysis, we compared outcomes for black kidney transplant patients in England...

Comparative Anatomy and Histology of Black Pomfret (Formio niger) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Kidney

Black pomfret and nile tilapia are belonging to order Perciformes. Both fish are live in different habitat. Black pomfret is marine water whereas nile tilapia is in freshwater. The purpose of the study was to determine anatomy and histology of the kidneys structures in both fishes. Histological preparations were done using paraffin method, with &lt;em&gt;Hematoxylin-Eosin&lt;/em&gt; (HE) staining. The results, showed that Black pomfret and nile tilapia have y-shape kidney. Nile tilapia has darker red colour and softer texture than black pomfret kidney. Histologically, black pomfret and nile tilapia kidneys have a distal tubule, proximal tubule, glomerulus and lymphoid tissue. Glomerular diameter of nile tilapia (69,22 µm) was larger than pomfret (61,25 µm). It can be concluded that differences between anatomical and histological structure of kidney are affected by habitat differences.

Transplanting a Black Kidney from a Albino – First Case Report

Our case report is the only reported case in literature of transplanting a black coloured kidney successfully from a albino donor. Oculocutaneous albinism is similar to hermansky–pudlak syndrome and chediak higashi syndrome and could lead to more widespread lysosome excretory defects. These defects could lead to accumulation of some intra cellular material, leading to the gross discolouration of the kidney. Hermansky pudlak syndrome is a triad of albinism, platelets lacking dense bodies and storage of ceroid like material in tissues. The manifestations of storage disease are variable and include granulomatous colitis, restrictive lung disease, kidney failure and cardiomyopathy. The autofluorescent material stored in the hermansky pudlak syndrome contains dolichols. Our patient was a living related donor who was having oculocutaneous albinism. Her kidneys were normal functioning but on exposure was black coloured. Post transplant the graft showed ATN and parenchymal dysfunction which later recovered.

A Comparative Effectiveness Analysis of Early Steroid Withdrawal in Black Kidney Transplant Recipients.

There is continued debate whether early steroid withdrawal is safe to use in high-immunologic risk patients, such as blacks. The goal of this study was to use comparative effectiveness methodology to elucidate the safety of early steroid withdrawal in blacks with kidney transplants. Our cohort study used United Network of Organ Sharing data including all adult black kidney transplant recipients from 2000 to 2009 followed through 2014. Propensity score matching was used to equalize baseline risk between continued steroid and early steroid withdrawal groups. Interaction terms were used to assess if the effect of early steroid withdrawal on outcomes varied by baseline and post-transplant factors. Of 26,582 eligible black patients with kidney transplants (5825 [21.9%] with early steroid withdrawal), 5565 patients with early steroid withdrawal were matched to 5565 blacks on continued steroid use. Black patients with early steroid withdrawal had similar risk of graft loss (hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.92 to 1.04; P=0.42) and lower risk of death (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.84 to 0.99; P=0.02), primarily driven by a late mortality advantage (>4 years post-transplant). Delayed graft function, cytolytic induction, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate significantly modified the effect of early steroid withdrawal on outcomes (P<0.05). Acute rejection rates were slightly higher in the continued steroid group (13.0% versus 11.3%, respectively; P<0.01), but this was not associated with graft or patient survival. Overall, early steroid withdrawal in black kidney transplant recipients was not associated with graft loss but seemed to be associated with better long-term patient survival. Early steroid withdrawal in blacks not receiving cytolytic induction, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate or those with delayed graft function was associated with higher risk of graft loss and death.

Purification and characterization of the carbonic anhydrase enzyme from Black Sea trout (Salmo trutta Labrax Coruhensis) kidney and inhibition effects of some metal ions on enzyme activity.

In this study, the carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme was purified from Black Sea trout (Salmo trutta Labrax Coruhensis) kidney with a specific activity of 603.77EU/mg and a yield of 35.5% using Sepharose-4B-l-tyrosine- sulphanilamide affinity column chromatography. For determining the enzyme purity and subunit molecular mass, sodiumdodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was performed and single band was observed. The molecular mass of subunit was found approximately 29.71kDa. The optimum temperature, activation energy (Ea), activation enthalpy (ΔH) and Q10 values were obtained from Arrhenius plot. Km and Vmax values for p-nitrophenyl acetate of the purified enzyme were calculated from Lineweaver-Burk graphs. In addition, the inhibitory effects of different heavy metal ions (Fe(2+), Pb(2+), Co(2+), Ag(+) and Cu(2+)) on Black Sea trout kidney tissue CA enzyme activities were investigated by using esterase method under in vitro conditions. The heavy metal concentrations inhibiting 50% of enzyme activity (IC50) were obtained. Finally Ki values and inhibition types were calculated from Lineweaver-Burk graphs.

Evaluation of physical properties of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

The research work was conducted on the physical properties of three species of kidney bean (White speckled kidney bean, Red small kidney bean and Black kidney bean). Length, width, thickness varied between 1.04-1.7, 0.66-0.79, 0.49-0.58 cm for three species of kidney bean, respectively. Arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, square mean diameter and equivalent diameter were 0.73-1.00, 0.70-0.96, 1.23-1.62, and 0.88-1.19 cm 2 , respectively. Sphericity and aspect ratio ranged between 0.56-0.67 and 0.45-0.64 for kidney bean, respectively. Porosity (%) as a function of bulk density and true density were 2.21-9.07(%), respectively. Volume, surface area and shape factor varied between 0.20-0.58, 1.53-3.47 and 0.88-1.015 cm, respectively. Thousand kernel mass (M 1000 ) were lowest for red small kidney bean (240 g) and highest for black kidney bean (499 g). The angle of repose of three varieties of kidney bean ranged between 21.74 to 23.79 0 .