Blackhead Research Articles

Growth and mortality in sheep and goats under high tsetse challenge in Kenya.

Trypanosomosis is a major impediment to livestock production and economic development in those areas of Africa where it is endemic. Although small ruminants appear to perform better than cattle in various agro-ecological zones, the importance of trypanosomosis has not been extensively investigated in these livestock. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of trypanosomosis in sheep and goats in an endemic area and to evaluate the performance of different breeds under high tsetse challenge and the potential role of chemoprophylaxis in the control of the disease. The results showed that tsetse flies feed readily on small ruminants, and that these animals are susceptible to trypanosomosis. The Small East African goats acquired fewer infections than the Black Head Persian and Dorper sheep used in the study. In both sheep and goats, chemoprophylaxis with isometamidium chloride (Samorin, Rhone Merieux, Annecy, France) was protective, resulting in fewer infections and higher body weight gain. Trypanosomosis caused anaemia in both sheep and goats, and animals whose PCV fell below 15% rarely recovered, even with trypanocidal drug treatment. The peak transmission period was between 1 and 3 months after the peak tsetse fly density, which raises the possibility of effective strategic prophylaxis.

New evidence on the von Mercklin class of rhyta: a black-gloss rhyton from Agrileza, Laureion, Attica

From the 1997 excavations at a Lavrion silver-mine ore washery, Agrileza Compound B, datable to the fourth century BC, came a fragmentary black gloss ram head rhyton of the so-called von Mercklin Class. The rhyton from Agrileza is at present the only known example of this group with a well-defined archaeological context, and is therefore taken as the basis for a review of the regional and chronological attributions of von Mercklin rhyta in several European museums. A discussion of the relationship of these rhyta to the much more common and better known Attic red-figure animal-head vases sketches the background against which the rare occurrence of pouring vessels with animal foreparts in the repertoire of mainland Greek potters has to be seen.

Effect of delayed mating on reproductive biology of the Oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

AbstractThe effect of delayed mating on the reproductive biology of females of the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), was studied in the laboratory. Expected reproduction, defined as t-th day survival rate × percent successful mating × total viable eggs, was reduced by 13, 36, and 74%, respectively, after a 2-, 5-, and 10-d delay in pairing with a male compared with females that were paired with a male on their day of emergence. Female fertility (percentage of females laying fertile eggs), fecundity (total number of eggs laid), egg fertility (percentage of eggs developing to black head stage), and egg hatch (percentage of eggs hatching) were reduced by delays in mating. The pre-oviposition period of females mated within 24 h of emergence was longer than that of females mated 2, 5, or 10 d after emergence. The duration of the oviposition period declined with delays in mating. Female longevity increased with delays in mating and was greatest in virgin females. The number of eggs laid per day was similar in females paired with a male 2, 5, and 10 d after their emergence. Commencing 2 d after pairing, females paired on their day of emergence exhibited a daily oviposition rate similar to that of females paired 2–10 d after emergence. These observations suggest that the successful control of the Oriental fruit moth using sex-pheromone-mediated orientation disruption (mating disruption) is more likely accomplished by preventing mating than by delaying mating.

From Black Quare Studies or Almost Everything I know about Queer Studies I learned from My Grandmother

My grandmother lives in western North Carolina. When I went to live with her to collect her oral history for my dissertation, she spent a considerable amount of time catching me up on all of the new residents who had moved into her senior citizens' community. Dressed in her customary polyester cut-off shorts and cotton makeshift blouse, loosely tied sheer scarf draped around her dyed, jet black hair, legs crossed and head cocked to the side, my grandmother described to me, one by one, each of the new residents, detailing, among other things, their medical histories and conditions, the number of children they had, their marital status and, perhaps most importantly, whether they were "pickles" or not. She uses the term euphemistically to describe people who she believes are "not quite right in the head." There was one resident in particular, David, in whom my grandmother had a particular interest. I soon learned that David was a seventy-four year-old white man who had to walk with the support of a walker, and who had moved to my grandmother's community from across town. But that was not the most important thing about David. My grandmother revealed to me what that was one day: "Well, you know we got one of them 'homalsexuals' living down here," she said, dryly. Not quite sure I had heard her correctly, but also afraid that I had, I responded with, "A what?" "You know, one of them 'homalsexuals'," she said again just as dryly, but this time her voice was tinged with impatience and annoyance. Curious, a bit anxious about the turn the conversation was taking (I am not out to my grandmother), I stupidly pursued the issue further: "Well how do you know the man's a homosexual, Grandmama?" She paused, rubbed her leg, narrowed her eyes and responded, "Well, he gardens, bakes pies, and keeps a clean house." (She might not have gone to school, but she could most definitely READ!) Like a moth to the [End Page 120] flame, I opened the door to my own closet for her to walk in and said, "Well, I cook and keep my apartment clean." Then, after a brief pause, "But I don't like gardening. I don't like getting my hands dirty." As soon as the words "came out" of my mouth, I realized what I had done. My grandmother said nothing. She simply folded her arms and began to rock as if in church. The question she dare not ask sat behind her averted eyes: "You ain't quare are you, Pat?" Yes, Grandmama. Quare, indeed.

The pederin family of antitumor agents: structures, synthesis and biological activity.

In 1775 the Danish entomologist Johann Christian Fabricius (1745-1808) first described the genus Paederus, which at that time included only two species. In the ensuing two centuries, over 600 species have been identified, including Paederus fuscipes, whose natural history deserves some mention (Frank and Kanamitsu 1987). Paederus fuscipes is about 8 mm long with a black head and abdominal apex, an orange thorax and abdominal base and iridescent blue elytra (wing case). It inhabits riverbanks, marshes, and irrigated fields, where it feeds mainly on insects, mites, soil nematodes, and decaying vegetable matter. Like most members of the genus, Paederus fuscipes is a predator of the fly population, but it is also a pest to man. The insect does not sting or bite, but a toxin in its hemolymph causes severe dermatitis when it is crushed on the skin, and the eyes are particularly sensitive though the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet are resistant. In addition to the lesions, severe symptoms such as fever, edema, neuralgia, arthralgia, and vomiting are observed with erythema persisting for several months. It has been suggested (Frank and Kanamitsu 1987) that both the affliction and its causative agent were known to Chinese medicine over 1200 years earlier. An insect called ch’ing yao ch’ung was described by Ch’en in 739 A.D.: “It contains a strong poison and when it touches the skin it causes the skin to swell up. It will take the skin off one’s face and remove tattoo marks completely. It is used as a caustic for toxic boils, nasal polypi, and ringworm.”

Saisonale Einflüsse auf die Konzentration von Progesteron im Blutplasma von Müttern der Rasse Schwarzköpfiges Fleischschaf (Kurzmitteilung)

Abstract. Title of the paper: Seasonal influences on blood plasma progesterone concentration in ewes of Black head Mutton sheep breed (short communication) In 71 Black head mutton sheeps on pasturing and housing were determined from the year 1995 to 1997 and there in the period from March to October the concentration of blood progesterone for determination of onset of estrus. The level of blood progesterone reported, on literature also, no cycle on this period. The investigation of 6 of this sheeps with ultrasonography had the result of ovarian activity with follicles from 2 mm to 7 mm in diameter, but no cycle was determined. The progesterone level of minimum and maximum on all years differed from March to beginning of September between 0,33 ng/ml and 2,15 ng/ml blood progesterone, after this to October between 0,82 ng/ml and 4,25 ng/ml blood progesterone. The pregnant sheeps detected blood progesterone concentrations from 5,50 ng/ml to 13,55 ng/ml blood progesterone (twins). The corpus luteum activity may be is prevalent on the blood progesterone level up 2 ng/ml and pregnancy up 5 ng/ml blood progesterone. The detectability of blood progesterone and supplemented ultrasonography of ovary possess the possibility recording of onset cycle activity and early pregnancy diagnosis.

The ladybird's spots

Lana was a very smart ladybird. She had a shiny black head and a bright red body. She was particularly proud of her seven black spots. She turned her head to count them as she did every morning. Imagine her surprise when she saw all her spots had gone. ‘Where are my seven black spots?’ she cried.

The ladybird's spots

Lana was a very smart ladybird. She had a shiny black head and a bright red body. She was particularly proud of her seven black spots. She turned her head to count them as she did every morning. Imagine her surprise when she saw all her spots had gone. ‘Where are my seven black spots?’ she cried.

Le Mouton de Troie: Changes in Quebec Cultural Symbolism

Tuons saint Jean-Baptiste! Brulons le carton-pate des traditions avec lequel on voulu mythifier notre esclavage. Apprenons l'orgueil d'etre hommes. Affirmons fortement notre independance. Et ecrasons de notre liberte robuste le paternalisme compatissant ou meprisant des politiciens, des papas-patrons et des predicateurs de defaites et de soumissions.... --Pierre Vallieres, Negres blancs de l'Amerique (58) In late June of 1990, the Meech Lake Accord, the most controversial clause of which would have confirmed Quebec's status distinct society under the umbrella of the Canadian constitution, failed. Two days after the failure, estimated two hundred thousand Montrealers took to the streets to watch the traditional Saint-Jean-Baptiste parade. Among the eleven elaborate floats depicting aspects of 30 ans de puissance tranquille (Nicalse 1992), the first in particular drew great deal of attention because of its attempted complex commentary on changes in Quebec's self-definition: holding blue-and-white streamers, twenty-four young Saint John the Baptists pulled along three-story high (a sheep its black head pointedly indicated) while, behind, young people from multiethnic backgrounds emerged from inside the gaping ribs of the animal to pass large cardboard fleurs-de-lys along into the audience. Le Devoir conceded that the lamb lent itself to multiples interpretations, but among these the newspaper stressed aura of self-confidence: this lamb n'en fait qu'a sa tete! (Cauchon 1990). The proverbial meaning of the Trojan horse (the model on which the Trojan lamb is based) refers to someone or something intended to or from within (Webster's). By analogy, the self-assured Quebecois lamb seeks to undermine or subvert the fortress of federalism, all with the cheerful cooperation of Quebecois from all ethnic backgrounds. To Le Devoir, the Trojan lamb amounted to une vision novatrice du defile (Cauchon 1990), combining it did amusing parody of traditional Saint-Jean-Baptiste imagery with conciliatory perspective on changing provincial demographics. By contrast, the Anglophone press, responding with the mixture of contempt and fear that it often reserves for ardent displays of Quebec nationalism, read the allegory conveying message that was ludicrous and threatening at once, namely a child's nightmare, with the head of black snake and the skeletal ribs of lost ram that perished in high-country blizzard three winters back (Todd 1990). These divergent responses may be nothing new, but the history of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste parade reveals that the represents one facet of semiotic system rather more complex than can be captured in this simple bifurcation. Over time, the parade has served to highlight conservative and progressive goals well exclusive and inclusive visions of Quebec society. To Canadian federalists and separatists alike, la Saint-Jean has become increasingly important barometer of separatist sentiment; depending on their respective affiliations, the media will report with alarm or satisfaction on any flagging participation, diminishing fervor, and decreasing financial support for the event. The attention focused on Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day is such that, in recent effort to promote federalist symbolism across the country, Heritage Minister Sheila Copps suggested that the day be made an integral part, not separate part, of celebrating Canada, plan ill-received by Bloc Quebecois MPs who read it as attempt to steal the sovereignists' fete nationale (Winsor 1996). (1) Such responses and the cultural symbolism that provoked them are predicated on the notion of two founding races, that is two societies, each essentially homogeneous, pitted against each other. The failure of Meech Lake and, more recently, the role of the ethnic and Native votes in the 1995 Referendum have proven this notion to be no longer true, if indeed it ever was. …

Notes on Identification and Ecology of Tumbling Flower Beetles (Mordellidae) from Ossabaw Island, Georgia

A unique opportunity on April 25, 1995, to intensively search for mordellid beetles resulted in finding four species on Ossabaw Island, Chatham County, Georgia. This is the first report of their host plant associations and the sympatry of Mordellistena trifasciata and M. minuta. Historically, there has been confusion between these two species (Liljeblad 1945, Khalaf 1971) because their elytral color patterns are practically identical. I provide some overlooked distinctions between them. Mordellistena pubescens (Fabricius) (Fig. 1): 6 specimens on black cherry Prunus serotina (Rosaceae), sparkleberry Vaccinium arboreum (Ericaceae), and wax myrtle Myrica cerifera (Myricaceae). According to Liljeblad (1945), the color patterns of this species are quite variable. The dermal color of the Ossabaw specimens varies from reddish brown to black. There are three (sometimes four) dark spots surrounded by cinereous pubescence on the basal half (posterior) of the pronotum. Cinereous pubescence totally covers the anterior portion of the pronotum. The elytral markings of golden pubescence in the Ossabaw specimens are inconsistent with those illustrated by Liljeblad (1945). Because both base and apex are covered with golden pubescence, there appear four golden crossbands on the elytron. The lateral margins are heavily covered with golden pubescence that encloses three dark spots on the elytron. The middle dark spot is usually more or less a crossband. In one specimen, the apical dark spot is so heavily encroached by the apical and penultimate golden crossbands that it is almost obliterated. The short oblique ridges on the posterior tibia vary from 2-6 with the apical two obvious and the basal remainder rudimentary; the basitarsus has 2-4 ridges, again only the apical two are obvious; the second tarsal segment has only one ridge with a rudimentary second barely visible. These counts by Liljeblad (1945) are 3-4, 3, and 2, respectively. Determination of the number of ridges on the posterior leg is therefore highly subjective. Mordellistena andreae andreae Leconte (Fig. 2): 10 specimens on black cherry Prunus serotina (Rosaceae), sparkleberry Vaccinium arboreum (Ericaceae), wax myrtle Myrica cerifera (Myricaceae). Liljeblad (1945) named three varieties of this species. The form M. ancilla, regarded as a variety of M. andreae (Liljeblad 1945, Bright 1986), was said by Khalaf (1971) to have the penultimate segments of the anterior and middle tarsi truncated at apex. These segments on all Ossabaw specimens are slightly emarginate or notched at apex. This may be why Khalaf called ancilla a full species. Head and thorax are yellow in the male and black in the of M. andreae andreae. However, one from Ossabaw has a totally ferruginous head. Liljeblad (1945) also reported female with black head except a space in front of antennae which is yellowish. Apparently head color is variable in this form. Mordellistena trifasciata (Say) (Fig. 3 & Table 1): 2 specimens on red buckeye Aesculus pavia (Hippocastanaceae) and sparkleberry Vaccinium arboreum (Ericaceae).

A systems analysis of inter-annual changes in the pattern of sheep flock productivity in Tanzanian livestock research centres

Annual estimates of production traits over a 22 year period (1965–1987) for Black Head Persian sheep (BHP) from Malya and West Kilimanjaro research centres in Tanzania were utilized to analyse variation of flock productivity over time. Principal component analysis indicated major trends in the variation of trait combinations, while cluster analysis was used to identify years with similar patterns in the combination of traits. The paper discusses the historical pattern which is identified. It appears that productivity patterns were only weakly related to ecological changes, but were more strongly related to management factors. The approach and analytical technique employed are recommended as tools in livestock systems diagnostic research.

Efficacy of Registered and Experimental Insecticides for Control of European Corn Borer Under Artificial Infestation, 1996

Abstract Corn was planted at the Shaw Foundation Farm, Champaign, IL in rows 30 inches wide on 17 Jun. A RCB design was used, and each treatment was replicated four times. Two untreated controls were used per replication and averaged for the analysis. Each plot was 4 rows wide X 60 ft long. Insecticides were applied to the middle 2 rows of each plot; the 2 outside rows were left untreated. Treatments were applied with a modified John Deere 6000 high-clearance vehicle (HCV) with a rear-mounted boom. Granules were applied through Noble units mounted in brackets on the rear of the HCV. The Noble units were driven with electric motors, and the granules were applied over the whorls in a 7-inch band. Liquid insecticides were broadcast over the center 2 rows of the 4-row plot with TeeJet even fiat-fan spray tips (8003VS) mounted in brackets on the rear of the HCV. The height of the nozzles was approximately 18 inches above the whorls. The liquids were delivered with a compressed-air system calibrated to deliver 11.0 gpa at 20 psi at a speed of 2.5 mph. Plants were artificially infested with ECB on 18 and 19 Jul. Two black head stage ECB egg masses were placed in the whorl of 15 consecutive plants in each of the middle 2 rows of a 4-row plot on each of the 2 infestation dates. On 26 Aug, 10 of the infested plants from each of the middle 2 rows in each plot were split with a corn knife for evaluation. The number of borer cavities and the total length of cavities per plant were recorded. The mean percentage of plants with cavities and percent control were determined for each treatment.

Gloria Richardson

In Watzlawick's (1974) book Change, theorist discusses therapeutic approach of paradoxical intervention. The idea behind approach of infusing a system with an unexpected change is to, in effect, blow system and provide an opportunity for traditional configuration to be disturbed, thus creating a window for deep and lasting change. In an examination of civil rights activist Gloria Richardson, this idea comes to mind recurrently. Whereas time after time writers of day asked, Why would relatively affluent Richardson become a violent Black activist? and Why would small northerntown of Cambridge, Maryland, explode? activist herself asks, Why not? Both Why? and Why not? are questions with which I approached task of examining this woman of civil rights movement-a woman who, for a short time, took her place among leadership of freedom movement. Richardson served as adult adviser to Cambridge Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (CNCC), a branch of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) from June 1962 until approximately August 1964. Identified by Giddings (1984) as the first woman to be unquestioned leader of a major movement (p. 290), Richardson's influence had more impact than its smalltown associations might suggest. Richardson's leadership took form of holding formal office in CNCC, where at one point she was only Black woman head of a local civil rights agency (Davis, 1981). But more importantly, Richardson helped to carve

Laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry in the study of natural and synthetic melanins. III. Human hair melanins

Four samples of natural melanin extracted from red, fair, black and brown human head hair were studied by both laser desorption/ionisation (LDI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) methods. Clear differences were found among the LDI and MALDI mass spectra of the four melanins. In red hair melanin, there was a major peak at m/z 842 attributed to an oligomeric cluster, together with lower-intensity peaks in the range 4000‐5000 Da. In fair hair melanin, only species with molecular masses from 300 to 600 Da were evidenced. In black hair melanin, clusters up to 25,000 Da were detectable, and in brown hair melanin, there were two main oligomeric clusters in the ranges 600‐900 Da and 3000‐5000 Da, respectively, and a large oligomer distribution from 11,000 to 16,000 Da. It is concluded that there is an increase in relative molecular masses of melanins on passing from fair to black hair, suggesting that in “dark” hair the colour is related to melanins with a higher degree of polymerisation.

The effects of tillage systems and crop rotations on soil chemical properties of a Black Chernozemic soil

The effects of zero (ZT), minimum (MT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems and three 4-yr crop rotations on soil total C and N, mineralizable N, NO3-N, P, K and SO4-S accumulation and distribution in the soil profile were determined after one 4-yr cycle of crop production on Black Chernozemic Indian Head heavy clay soil. The distributions of available P and K in the profile were not affected by tillage or rotation. Total C and N in the 0–5 cm depth was higher in the reduced tillage systems than in CT, but differences in the 5–10 cm and 10–15 cm depths were not significant. Nitrate concentration was higher in the 15–30 cm and 30–60 cm depths under CT than under reduced tillage. Inclusion of fallow increased accumulation of NO3-N in the deeper soil depths, while inclusion of winter wheat in the rotation reduced deep movement of NO3-N. Nitrate-nitrogen accumulation after field pea production was comparable to that after winter wheat, but a greater proportion of the NO3-N was present near the soil surface after winter wheat, reducing the potential for leaching below the rooting zone. Potential for movement of NO3-N below the rooting zone may be increased by fallow and decreased by production of winter wheat and by reduced tillage systems. Key words: Tillage, rotations, nitrate, sulphate

Rine Point, un cordon de galets et de sable de la baie de Galway (Comté de Clare, Irlande) et formes associées

ABSTRACT Rine Point is a 2,2 km gravel spit on the south coast of Galway Bay in Co. Clare, western Ireland. The spit is composed of Carboniferous Limestone either derived directly from marine erosion of the Burren Limestone cliffs around Black Head and] or from the shore platforms, or, indirectly, from local glacial deposits (mainly periglacial head). Clasts from these sources have moved east into Galway Bay under a unidirectional regime of decaying Atlantic swell. Initially, the material forms a 2 km fringing ridge made up of gravels, cobbles to boulders, but this passes alongshore into the Rine Point spit. The spit is divided into a series of small (up to 250 m) discrete cells or embayments. These are formed either as the spit tries to attain a local quasi-equilibrium with the incident swell (see Carter et al., 1987) or are associated with irregularities in the frontal rock platform. In several places the spit has been breached and the distal extremity has been beheaded, leaving two residual islands. A distinct cross-shore zonation is apparent. The rock platform and pebbles show excellent examples of bioerosion features. The beachface is formed of rounded gravels, with shell sand patches in the updrift parts of the cells. The ridge crest and back barrier slope are capped with a thin, stratified shelly sand, containing occasional molluscs. In places, small, high level storm breaches have occurred creating fan-shaped gravel washovers. The spit encloses a small tidal marsh, which drains east into a tidal flat. The present day sediment input to Rine Point is probably negligible. To the west, sediment suppy to the coast has been impeded by the building of the coast road and the longshore drift reduced after the building of a small harbour near Black Head in the late-nineteenth century. Much of the remaining cliffline is now naturally armoured with boulder deposits. The morphology of Rine Point suggests strongly that it is a mature feature, which may be entering a phase of decay and break-up.

Fritz Pollard: pioneer in racial advancement

This is the inspiring story of an African American whose athletic and entrepreneurial achievements -- from being the first black quarterback and head coach in the National Football League to founding one of the first all-black investment securities companies -- were equaled by his courage in confronting racial barriers.

Irrigation effects on European corn borer - maize water relations

This study examined the impact of irrigation water on certain aspects of an insect-plant relationship in the field including the assessment of plant-mediated water effects on an herbivore's development, survival, and behavior, and plant damage parameters and host tissue water status. Maize (Zea mays L.) plants were arranged in a randomized complete block design in the field over two years in North Carolina (NC). Four blocks were subjected to three different irrigation treatments initiated ca. one week before anthesis: optimal, intermediate, deficit water supply. Each plant was infested with one (1986) or two (1987) black head stage, E-race European corn borer [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübn.)] (ECB) egg masses at tasselling. ECB development, tunnelling site, and survival as well as plant tissue water status (tissue % water contents [θ] & leaf water potentials [Ψ]) were recorded through July. The irrigation effect on ECB parameters was slight and variable. Internal stalk temperatures of optimal plants were consistently cooler than their deficit counterparts (1 day-degree/day). With degree-days included as an explanatory variable in the analyses, there were no significant irrigation effects on the ECB parameters, except for total proportion of ECB's bored into maize plant parts. More ECB's bored into drier plants than in optimal plants; however, this trend was not significant in 1987. Plant water indices showed that though responded to irrigation, there were only minor changes in tissue θ, particularly in view of the larger diurnal tissue changes observed and the relatively high, sustained stalk θ levels seen over all treatments. Examination of ECB pupal θ confirmed that dietary water changes were minor or non-limiting to the insects' developmental physiology, because pupal θ was not sensitive to the irrigation treatments. Though water supply changes have drastic developmental and agronomic consequences for the maize plant, little or no changes were seen in the ECB feeding environment. Furthermore, a plant damage model was developed whereby the total % of ECB's tunnelled into maize was related to the mean larval age. The implications of this model on the understanding of ECB tunnelling behavior, damage potential, and pest management is noted.

First Generation European Corn Borer Control on Sweet Corn, 1991

Abstract Excellency' sweet corn was planted 23 May. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated four times. Treatments consisted of 40-ft single row plots with 30-inch row spacing separated by single border rows. Whorls of V6-stage corn were hand-infested with two black head stage European corn borer egg masses on 25 Jun. Whorls were treated 27 Jun. Granular formulations of insecticides were applied in a 14-inch band with a Noble insecticide applicator. Liquid formulations were applied in a 7-inch band with a COa pressurized backpack sprayer fitted with one 8004 Teejet nozzle delivering 32 gal/acre at 30 psi. Ten stalks per plot were dissected 8 Aug from one inch above the soil line to the tassel. Cavities were counted. Tunnels of at least one inch in length were considered one cavity.

Control of European Corn Borer in Whorl Stage Corn, 1991

Abstract The experimental design was randomized complete block with 16 insecticide treatments and a control replicated 3 times. Single row plots were 16.6 m in length. Granular insecticides were applied with cone belt distributors mounted on a Hahn Hi-Boy. Application date was 28 Jun. Two days prior to insecticide application 6 black head ECB egg masses were attached to marked plants for later evaluation. On 27 Jul, 10 marked plants in each replicate were dissected from tassel to ground, examined, and the number of corn borer cavities recorded.