Black Dye Research Articles

Low-cost magnetic carbons-based rubber seed husks materials for highly efficient removal for reactive black 5 and reactive blue 19 textile dyes from wastewater

ABSTRACT Suitable and cost-effective magnetic carbons (CA-HP-FeII/FeIII) were prepared from biobased rubber seed hull materials by chemical activation with phosphoric acid and ferric ions. Physical and chemical properties of the materials were investigated using XRD, FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM analysis, N2 adsorption/desorption, Raman analysis and EDX/EDX-mapping. Magnetic carbons were used to remove reactive black 5 and reactive blue 19 textile dyes in aqueous solution. The pH of the solution, the mass of magnetic carbons and the initial concentration of dyes were investigated. The activated carbon obtained has a surface area of 110 m2.g−1 with an amorphous structure. A maximum removal efficiency of 76.27% for reactive black dye 5 and 94.44% for reactive blue dye 19 was achieved, at optimum pH 2. Kinetic studies showed that non-linear Elovich’s model accurately describes the adsorption mechanism, which assumes an energetically heterogeneous magnetic carbon surface. The two-parameter non-linear models for the adsorption isotherms revealed that the adsorption of reactive black 5 and reactive blue 19 on CA-HP-FeII/FeIII satisfied the Temkin isotherm, demonstrating the exothermic nature of the adsorption process. The three-parameter adsorption isotherm reveals that the magnetic carbons have a heterogeneous surface with energetically diverse adsorption sites. Magnetic carbons were found to be attractive and suitable for the purification of these dyes.

An experimental investigation of textile dyeing wastewater using modified electro Fenton process with optimization by response surface methodology

AbstractElectro‐Fenton oxidation may improve wastewater biocompatibility. In this investigation, steel flakes were used as a novel catalyst in the Enhanced Electro Fenton procedure, in place of the traditional Electro Fenton Process. A degradation study of textile dyeing effluent has been conducted using the Modified Electro Fenton process. In 60 min of reaction time in the Electro‐Fenton process, 98.57%, 95.38%, and 94.93% of color removal was achieved for reactive blue, reactive yellow, and reactive black dyes respectively. From the Laboratory‐scale feasibility studies on the Electro‐Fenton process, the utmost color and COD elimination efficiency of 93% and 70% correspondingly observed at a catalyst dosage of 1 g/L, H2O2 dosage of 132 mM at pH 3. In this study, the average coefficient of correlation was 0.9978, indicating that the framework could describe 99.78% of the variability in response. The Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the quadratic regression analysis shows that the model is incredibly substantial, as displayed by the Fisher F‐test (F model = 347.52) with the lowest probability value (p model > F = 0.0001). The predicted results from Response Surface Methodology (RSM) closely agreed with the experimental results obtained during the optimization studies and hence confirmed the results obtained.

Characterization and Comparison of DSSCs Fabricated with Black Natural Dyes Extracted from Jamun, Black Plum, and Blackberry

In this report, natural dyes extracted from three different, black-colored fruits were used as photosensitizers for the construction of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The natural dyes were extracted from the dark-colored peels of jamun (also known as Indian black plum), black plum, and blackberry fruit. These natural dyes contain polyphenolic compounds—most prominently anthocyanins—which interact strongly with titanium dioxide (TiO2) semiconductors and accordingly enhance the efficiency of DSSCs. The natural dyes extracted from the various fruits were characterized utilizing UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The interaction between the dyes and TiO2 was monitored with FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The fabricated DSSCs were characterized via current–voltage measurements and electrochemical impedance analysis. DSSCs fabricated with jamun produced the highest efficiency of 1.09% with a short-circuit current of 7.84 mA/cm2, an open-circuit voltage of 0.45 V, and a fill factor of 0.31. The efficiencies of the DSSCs from black plum and blackberry were 0.55% and 0.38%, respectively. The flow of charge occurring at the interfaces between the natural dye and the TiO2 layers were investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to directly compare three distinct types of black DSSCs. Computation analysis was also carried out utilizing SCAPS-1D software (version 3.3.07), which revealed how the type of defects in the devices impacts their performance.

Synthesis of Adenosine 5-monophosphate monohydrate functionalized mesoporous Ag/CuO/MCM-41 nanostructures for enormous mineralization of insistent organic contaminants and photoinhibition of bacteria

An important potential threat for both individuals, as well as the environment, is organic pollution and microbes in water from waste. Numerous industries, such as paper, food processing, cosmetics, plastics, textile, and others, need a lot of colors. Dyes discharged into water bodies have caused several problems for human beings because dyes are not biodegradable. The apparent and unattractive extremely small dye concentration (1 mg/L) also significantly influences a water body. In a manner analogous to this, healthcare-related infections in hospitals have a significant cost impact on healthcare systems. Drug-resistant or multi-drug-resistant microorganisms are the main causes of nosocomial infections. The creation of novel antibacterial materials has proven to be one of the largest challenges in the development of a new technique for preventing the spread of ailments associated with healthcare. To get around these obstacles, it is therefore desirable to come up with new techniques and materials. A unique hydrothermally produced mesoporous CuO/MCM-41 nanostructure was created in this context. Additionally, Ag was deposited to create the CuO/MCM-41 nanostructure, and Adenosine 5-monophosphate monohydrate (A-5-MM) was used to functionalize it. Additionally, incredible photocatalytic activity was achieved under visible light irradiation by rapidly degrading eriochrome black (EB) and bromothymol blue (BTB) dyes. More than 80% of the said dyes were degraded in 60 min. The said result was much lower in dark condition. Furthermore, it was discovered that the A-5-MM-Ag/CuO/MCM-41 nanomaterials exhibited notable antibacterial activity in light against Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), with respective zones of inhibition of 17 ± 0.2 mm, and 21 ± 0.3 mm.

Quintinite: A Mg–Al-layered double hydroxide as an efficient amido black dye adsorbent

Through this work, we show the potency of Quintinite (Mg–Al-Layered Double Hydroxide with Mg/Al ratio ∼2) as an efficient toxic dye (Amido Black 10B) adsorbent. Our strategy involves a facile, scalable synthesis of Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) with magnesium as divalent and aluminium as trivalent ions in Mg/Al ratio ∼2 that forms a layered structure of metal hydroxides balanced by anions which develops a net positive charge on the surface in an aqueous medium. Adsorption behaviour examined via UV–Visible Spectrometry showed rapid dye adsorption for low dye concentrations (∼99% in 2 min) and displayed a high adsorption capacity of 207 mg/g at higher dye concentrations. These adsorption results were one of the highest reported ever to date with quintinite or any pristine Mg–Al-LDH processed below 100 °C. The mesoporous adsorbent surface together with a net positive charge in an aqueous medium provided an additional advantage in possessing more active adsorbing sites on the adsorbent (Mg–Al-LDH). We attempt to unravel the fact that, the LDH with appropriate preparation conditions can deliver maximum efficiency without any additional modification.

Tuning of spectral response in dye-sensitized solar cell by co-sensitization of black dye with small organic photosensitizers

Tuning of spectral response in dye-sensitized solar cell by co-sensitization of black dye with small organic photosensitizers

Amine-Functionalized MWCNTs for the Removal of Mordant Black 11 Dye

In this study, amine-functionalized MWCNTs (f-MWCNTs) have been investigated as potential material for the removal of Mordant black dye 11 (MBD 11). To evaluate the optimal condition and adsorption capability of the adsorbents (f-MWCNTs), the effect of temperature, pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time on adsorption rate are examined. The study shows a stronger interaction between the dye and f-MWCNTs. The highest removal efficiency is observed in acidic medium (pH 2) with an initial dye concentration of 50 mg L−1, where 99% of the dye is adsorbed from the medium in 40 min using 0.05 g of f-MWCNTs. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies reveal that adsorption occurs by the Langmuir adsorption model and pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics. According to the thermodynamic parameters, the adsorption exhibits endothermic and spontaneous behavior.Graphical

Optimising Wastewater Treatment: Acinetobacter sp. IrC1 as a potential multi-resistant bacterium for copper accumulation and dyes decolourisation.

Improper disposal of waste containing copper and dye is an environmental issue that must be resolved immediately due to its harmful, non-degradable and toxic properties. Bioremediation efficiency can improve by cultivating copper and dye multi-resistant bacteria to remove various pollutant types simultaneously. This study aims at establishing the multi-resistance of Acinetobacter sp. IrC1 to copper and dyes. The effects of copper concentration on growth were determined using a spectrophotometer, while accumulation was analysed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Bacteria-mediated dye decolourisation dyes were observed based on clear zone formation around bacterial colonies, while decolourisation percentage was calculated using a spectrophotometer. Results demonstrate that Acinetobacter sp. IrC1 resisted up to 8 mM CuSO4 and accumulated up to 292.93 mg/g dry weight of copper cells. Acinetobacter sp. IrC1 isolates were also resistant to 500 ppm Methylene Blue, Malachite Green, Congo Red, Mordant Orange, Reactive Black, Direct Yellow, Reactive Orange, Remazol, Wantex Red and Wantex Yellow dye, successfully removing up to 68.35% and 79.50% Methylene Blue and Basic Fuchsine in a medium containing 3 mM CuSO4, respectively. Further investigations are required to analyse the genetic composition of multi-resistant bacteria to optimise the effectiveness of indigenous bacterial isolates as bioremediation agents.

Efficient photodegradation of fast sulphon black and crystal violet dyes from water systems using locust bean gum (LBG)-encapsulated zirconium-based nanoparticles and antibacterial activity

Efficient photodegradation of fast sulphon black and crystal violet dyes from water systems using locust bean gum (LBG)-encapsulated zirconium-based nanoparticles and antibacterial activity

Emulsion Nanofibres as a Composite for a Textile Touch Sensor.

The combination of a nanofibre net and textile support represents an interesting composite capable of conferring various properties. Nanofibres are so thin that they can be easily damaged by human touch. In this study, we hypothesised that dyeing nanofibres with different colours from their textile supports would result in a colour difference upon their degradation, providing evidence that the composite has been touched and acting as a touch sensor. Two different methods were studied: directly inserting the dye into the polymer via electrospinning or creating a coloured liquid emulsion encapsulated by the polymer via electrospinning. Two black dyes were studied. Colour index (CI) Acid Black 194 was added directly to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the polymer. Sage oil was used for CI Solvent Black 3. The nanofibre nets were conveniently electrospun on a white polyester fabric; the fabrics were then characterised by colour coordinate analysis, FTIR, and SEM. The results showed that the dyed solution in oil was encapsulated, and the black colour could only be observed when rubbed, whereas the dyed polymer showed a black colour that was removed when rubbed. Therefore, the hypothesis was confirmed, and both samples demonstrated the desired touch sensor behaviour.

Corrosion resistance multi-functional chemical conversion coating on Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloy with high absorbance and electrical conductivity

In this work, a new design of phosphate chemical conversion coating with low electrical contact resistance and high light absorption (C-E-PCC) on Mg-Gd-Y-Zr (Mg-RE) alloy was proposed. The conversion coating was stained with black dye aiming to blacken PCC, and post-treated with silane loaded nano-Ag wire, achieving low electrical contact resistance (ECR) due to the overlapping network of Ag wires on the surface of PCC. The experimental results indicated that the hydrogen evolition volume of C-E-PCC was 2.54 ± 0.09 ml/cm2 immersion 3.5 % wt NaCl for 120 h. The absorption in the visible light range of C-E-PCC was 30%. Moreover, the ECR of C-E-PCC was 11.00 ± 0.47 Ω. The aforementioned results implied that the PCC not only with high absorbance and low ECR but also with high corrosion protection.

Self‐Adaptive Colored Radiative Cooling by Tuning Visible Spectra

Traditional radiative cooling leads to overcooling in the winter season and increases the total energy consumption of buildings. And, the super white color limits its practical applications. In this work, a bilayer coating consisting of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)@thermochromic dye film as the top layer and a super white polytetrafluoroethylene film as the bottom layer is designed to achieve self‐adaptive colored radiative cooling by tuning visible spectra. The mass ratio of PDMS to the black thermochromic dye is 1: 0.04 to balance the solar heating and radiative cooling performances although the thermal emittance is constant (0.95). The designed black adaptive coating can achieve modulations of visible and solar reflectance from 0.36 to 0.91 and from 0.62 to 0.92, respectively. And its net power can switch from 331 W m−2 at −10 °C for heating to 70 W m−2 at 50 °C for cooling down. In the indoor and outdoor experiments, it is shown that adaptive coatings can achieve heating performance in a cold environment while cooling performance in a hot environment. Further energy consumption calculation indicates that adaptive coatings can save 5%−44% of energy consumption in different climates. Various colors and critical transition temperatures can be regulated by different thermochromic dyes for various scenarios.

Adsorption of Black MNN reactive dye from tannery wastewater using activated carbon of Rumex Abysinicus

Background A high concentration of Black MNN reactive dye in untreated tannery wastewater can cause adverse effects on public health and environmental sustainability. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the adsorptive performance of Rumex Abyssinicus-based activated carbon (RAAC) to remove Black MNN reactive dye from tannery wastewater.Method The stem of Rumex Abyssinicus was impregnated with 50 % diluted phosphoric acid at the ratio of 1:3 (w/w biomass to acid) and then it was carbonized in the muffle furnace at 600°C. The Box-Behnken experimental design of 34 was used to optimize the removal efficiencies under the response surface methodology.Significant findings Characteristics of the adsorbent were described by SEM for surface morphology with high cracks, FTIR spectrometry for multi-functional groups (OH at 3443.08 cm−1, aromatic C = C 1633.78 cm−1, vibrational and stretching motion of -OH 1205.65 cm−1and vibrational motion of CO-C 1045.46 cm−1), BET with specific surface area of 3619.7 m2/g, and X-RD with amorphous structure. The maximum dye adsorption of 99.9 % was observed at experimental conditions of 150 mg/L, 0.25 mg/100 mL, pH 2, and 90 min. The experimental data were evaluated in terms of Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Spis isotherms which showed the Langmuir model was found to be the best fit with the experimental data at R2 0.99. This shows that the adsorbent surface is homogeneous and monolayer. Furthermore, the kinetic study confirms that the Pseudo second-order model best describes the experimental data at R2 0.99. Finally, statistical analysis showed that the experimental values are almost the same as the predicted data which were indicated by the Adjusted R2 0.99 and predicted R2 0.97. In conclusion, Rumex Abyssinicus is a good precursor material for adsorbent development to remediate industrial and municipal wastewater.

Bioplastic (Polyhydroxyalkanoate) producing Indigenous Bacteria from Agricultural Soil Samples

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is the naturally occurring biopolymer produced by the microorganisms. It is biodegradable and having physicochemical properties similar to conventional synthetic plastics and it can be used as an alternative to plastics. PHA is produced by microorganisms including bacteria, archaea and fungi. It gets accumulated inside the microorganisms as crystal in the presence of excess source of carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, oxygen and limited source of other nutrients. In this study PHA producing strain was isolated from agricultural soil sample. All the isolates obtained were screened for PHA production by using Nile red and Sudan black dyes. The potential isolate was characterized by biochemical tests and identified using 16S rRNA sequencing. The isolate showed sequence similarity with Priestia aryabhattai B8W22 and was designated as Priestia aryabhattai VITJK01. For PHA production, seed culture was prepared and inoculated in mineral salt medium containing glucose as a carbon source. PHA was extracted from cell dry weight biomass using methanolysis. It produced polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) compounds including dodecane, penta decanoic acid, octadecanoic acid and heptadecanoic acid identified by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Based on the results, it can be concluded that Priestia aryabhattai VITJK01 is a potential source for PHA/PHB production.

Synthesis of hydrogels from fractionated proteins of Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds for the treatment of water contaminated with black reactive dye 5

AbstractAs has been portrayed in the literature, the main proteins extracted from the seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam. have coagulant and clarifying potential in water treatment. However, when using them as coagulant agents, sludge formation occurs, which is an environmental problem. Thus, it was proposed to synthesize hydrogels from the main Moringa seeds proteins and use them as adsorbents. This work aimed to synthesize albumin hydrogels and globulin hydrogels and evaluate their efficiency as adsorbents to remove the reactive black 5 dye. Through FTIR spectrum it was possible to confirm that the synthesis of hydrogels occurred successfully. The kinetic data fit the pseudo‐second order model for both hydrogels. The equilibrium isotherms showed that adsorption occurs in multilayers, due to Freundlich fitting. The maximum adsorption capacity occurred at 298 K and was 1.19 mg g−1 for the albumin hydrogel and 10.06 mg g−1 for the globulin hydrogel. Through the results it is possible to state that globulin hydrogel was more favourable for adsorption since it has a more porous morphology and requires less mass compared to albumin hydrogel.

Cerium-Biochar composite for the adsorptive and oxidative removal of Sunzol Black dye from aqueous solutions

The toxicity of industrial dyes in water being a major concern due to their high levels of contamination is a pressing issue. We studied the potential of a mesoporous Cerium/Biochar (nZVCe/BC) Corn extract composite to remove Sunzol Black (SB) dye from water. Advanced physical techniques were used to characterize the composite and found that it had a very high crystallinity surface area. The morphology and structure of the newly synthesized composite were thoroughly studied through, Fourier–Transform Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), and Brunner–Emmett-Teller (BET). The morphology of the newly synthesized nanocomposite (nZVCe/BC) appeared to be highly dispersed and uniform. To increase its removal efficiency, to investigate the catalytic potential of the composite with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and found that the OH radical generated by this process significantly enhanced the degradation of SB. The degradation of SB was hindered by the presence of hydroxyl radical scavengers. Using a combination of H2O2 and Ce/BC, the removal of SB increased from 65 to 85% after 90 min when [Ce]⁰, [SB], and [H2O2] were set to 0.5 g/L, 10, and 40 ppm, respectively. This was attributed to the hydroxyl radical, which has a high degree of reactivity. The synthesized Ce nanocomposite had a high surface area (16.82 m2/g) and achieved 63 % removal of SB dye within 85 min, when the starting concentrations of Ce and SB were 0.5 g/L and 10 parts-per-million (ppm), respectively. The impact of the pH of an aqueous solution on the removal of SB through photocatalytic processes was studied. It was found that the degradation of SB was hindered at both highly alkaline and highly acidic pH levels. The results showed that almost 90% of the SB was removed. Additionally, the removal pattern of SB was determined and the nature of the degradation products was identified.

The effect of (In, Cu) doping and co-doping on physical properties and organic pollutant photodegradation efficiency of ZnO nanoparticles for wastewater remediation

In the present work, undoped, (Cu, In) doped and co-doped ZnO nanoparticles are successfully prepared by co‐precipitation technique. The molar concentrations of dopant elements are 2% for both Cu and In doping, and 1%–1% for the Cu/In co-doping. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirms the chemical composition of the prepared nanoparticles, and proves the effective introduction of dopant elements into the ZnO host lattice. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicates the formation of single-phase hexagonal wurtzite structure for the all synthesized samples. The morphological investigation shows change of ZnO nanoparticles from nanotubes to spherical shape under the effect of doping and co-doping. The reflectance spectra show red shift of the absorption edge as a result of Cu doping and Cu/In co-doping effect. The PL spectra confirm emission bands in the visible rage related to the presence of defects, such as oxygen vacancies, as well as shallow trap levels near the conduction band edge. These oxygen deficiencies have an important effect on the charge carrier transport, resulting in the enhancement of electrical conductivity in doped and co-doped ZnO. In addition, photocatalytic performance experiments prove that the photocatalytic activity of ZnO, in the degradation of amido black 10B dye, is significantly enhanced via (Cu, In) doping and co-doping.

Treatment of real textile wastewater by coagulation/flocculation integrated with direct contact membrane distillation

ABSTRACT This study investigated the water recovery of real textile wastewater by Coagulation/Flocculation (CF) integrated with Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD). The proof-of-concept tests were studied with synthetic solutions of reactive and disperse black dyes at different concentrations, and real textile wastewater from the discharge machine and the equalization tank. Results showed that CF-DCMD exhibited higher permeate fluxes (up to 40%) than single DCMD and maximum color rejection rates (100%). Moreover, CF-DCMD enabled water reclamation from cotton and polyester dyeing wastewater which was not possible by MD (Membrane Distillation). The integrated system showed excellent chemical oxygen demand removal capacity, total suspended solids, turbidity, conductivity reduction, and removed any signs of toxicity from the tested wastewater. The coagulation/flocculation process prior to the MD reduced the fouling factor for all wastewater, highlighting the equalization tank where a reduction of around 72% was observed, achieving the goal of reducing fouling and increasing the efficiency of the MD. Membrane characterization indicated that CF-DCMD confirmed less fouling of membranes than single DCMD. Thus, this study allows to understand the potential and robustness of the CF-DCMD process in the treatment of textile wastewater and that it is possible to develop alternative technologies to treat complex wastewater effectively.

Experimental study with thermal and economical analysis for some modifications on cylindrical sector and double slope, single basin solar still

Solar stills are considered one of the most thermally eco-friendly and promising solutions for producing potable water in sunny and arid regions. However, they suffer from a disadvantage in terms of their low productivity. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the performance of cylindrical sector solar stills and compare them with double-slope solar stills. The study also presents the enhanced performance of a thermo-economic system by integrating cost-effective and readily available materials. The experiments were conducted in Egyptian climate conditions, with a water depth of 2 cm in the stills basin, using different materials. Under the same operating conditions, the results showed that the accumulated productivities of the cylindrical sector solar stills (CSSS) and double slope solar stills (DSSS), using black fiber and black dye, were 3514 ml/m2 and 3029 ml/m2, respectively, representing an increase of 16.01%. Furthermore, the daily thermal efficiency of the CSSS and DSSS, using black fiber and black dye, were 30.42% and 26.32%, respectively, showing an increase of 15.58%. The cost per liter (CPL) of potable water produced by CSSS, using black dye with black natural-fiber, was approximately 0.0119 US$/L, while it was 0.0137 US$/L for DSSS. Additionally, the payback periods for CSSS and DSSS were 92 days and 106 days, respectively. In all scenarios studied, the daily accumulated productivities and thermal efficiency of CSSS were greater than those of DSSS.

Syntheses and dyeing properties of novel water‐soluble reactive sulphur black dyes

AbstractThe practical application of a sulphur black dye relies on its ability to dye cotton fibres with pure black colour and maintain the colour with high light fastness. Here, we report a synthesis method to prepare a novel water‐soluble reactive sulphur black dye. The approach involves the reduction of CI Sulphur Black 1 to its leuco form and subsequent reaction with a water‐soluble intermediate containing reactive groups synthesised from amino acid and cyanuric chloride. The optimal carboxyl and reactive group content of the water‐soluble reactive sulphur black dye is 141 mmol/100 g, and the water solubility can reach 92 g/L. The fixation of the reactive sulphur black dye on cotton reaches 89% in a pad dyeing process without using sodium sulphate. The reactive sulphur black dye can achieve a light fastness of grade 6‐7, a dry rub fastness of grade 4 and a wet rub fastness of grade 2, comparable or higher than the conventional CI Sulphur Black 1. The dyeing results showed that the novel water‐soluble reactive sulphur black dye has excellent performance and good application prospects.