Black Cultivars Research Articles

Phenolics in raspberry, blackberry and currant cultivars grown in Hungary

For prevention of non-infectious diseases such as cancer, and cardiovascular disorders consumption of more and more fruits and vegetables is highly advised. Fruits of Ribes and Rubus species are very popular in Hungary. Antioxidant properties of these fruits are well known, but the values of the characteristics depend on several factors including species, cultivars, soil and climate conditions, water and nutrition supply, and so on. Phenolics in several cultivars of raspberry, blackberry and currants grown in Hungary were measured. Total polyphenols and anthocyanins were detected by spectrophotometric methods while flavonoids including apigenin, luteolin, kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin and also ellagic acid were quantified by RP-HPLC technique. Total polyphenol contents of raspberry (yellow and red cultivars), blackberry and currants (white, red and black cultivars) were 219, 244, 379, 333, 192 and 533 mg/100 g, respectively. The concentrations of anthocyanins in the same order were 1.0, 41.9, 145, 0.2, 46 and 354 mg/100 g. Apigenin, luteolin and kaempferol could not been detected in any of the samples. Ellagic acid (2.0 to 23.7 mg/100 g) could be measured in white and red raspberries, in blackberries, and in some red and white currant cultivars. Quercetin could be detected in all berry species ranging from 0.1 to 14.4 mg/100 g. Measurable amount of myricetin was observed only in black currant cultivars between 1.5 and 7.7 mg/100 g. Polyphenols including flavonoids and anthocyanins in berry fruits are important forms of natural antioxidants. These molecules play essential role in the prevention of diseases in the pathomechanism of which free radicals are involved. Berry fruits are good sources of antioxidants consumed either in fresh or in processed forms because of great susceptibility of polyphenols to heat and other physicochemical processes.

Improving the production of radish (Raphanus sativus L.cv. local black) by Fe-EDDHA and carrots (Daucus carrota L. var. sativus cv. nates by indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)

Seeds of local black radish cultivar (experiment 1) were sown in plots, then plants were sprayed twice after thinning 2 weeks latter by Fe-EDDHA at rates of 0, 20, 30 or 40 mgL-1. Whereas, seeds of nates carrot cultivar (experiment 2) were sown on plots and furrows, then plants were sprayed twice after thinning and once more at the commencement of root swollen after 3 months by indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at rates of 0, 20, 30 or 40 mgL-1. The objective of this investigations were to improve growth, yield and yield quality of radish and carrot irrigated whenever 25% of soil available water capacity (AWC) is depleted to a depth of 25 cm. Radish required 146.25 mm supplementary irrigation besides 254.3 mm rainfall incidences during the growing season. Radish yield was substantially increased, as plants sprayed by Fe-EDDHA especially, with 40 mgL-1 rate which gave the highest yield (45.47 kgm-2). Yield was linearly responded to iron rates, and yield responses to Fe-EDDHA rates could be estimated from the following equation: yield (kgm-2) = [30.0178 + 0.3004 (iron rate)]. Carrots required 175.5 mm supplementary irrigation in addition to 254.3 mm rainfalls. Plot cultivation (11.8 kgm-2) substantially exceeded its corresponding furrow cultivation (8.7 kgm-2) in term of root marketable yield. Yield was quadratically responded to varying IBA rates and could be estimated by the following equation: yield (kgm-2) = [10.0482 – 0.0558358 (IBA rate) + 0.0019168 (IBA rate)**2]. The highest marketable yield (12.6 kgm-2) was obtained from plot cultivated plants sprayed by IBA rate of 40 mgL-1. Key words: Radish, carrot, IBA, Fe-EDDHA, supplemental watering.

Variation and Correlation Analysis of Flavonoids and Carotenoids in Korean Pigmented Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars

Flavonoids and carotenoids of pigmented rice ( Oryza sativa L.), including five black cultivars and two red cultivars, from Korea were characterized to determine the diversity among the phytochemicals and to analyze the relationships among their contents. Black cultivars were higher in flavonoids and carotenoids than the red and white cultivars. The profiles of eight phytochemicals identified from the rice grains were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) to evaluate the differences among cultivars. PCA could fully distinguish between these cultivars. The Heugjinjubyeo (BR-1) and Heugseolbyeo (BR-2) cultivars were separated from the others based on flavonoid and carotenoid concentrations. Flavonoid contents had a positive correlation with carotenoid contents among all rice grains. The BR-1 and BR-2 cultivars appear to be good candidates for future breeding programs because they have simultaneously high flavonoid and carotenoid contents.

DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF KERNELS OF BLACK WALNUT (JUGLANS NIGRA L.) AND PERSIAN WALNUT (J. REGIA L.)

Two types of walnuts are valued for their nuts, the Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) and eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra L.). While there is a well-established market for Persian walnuts, there is a relatively small, but increasing demand for black walnuts in the United States. In spite of their availability in the marketplace, their similarities in sensory characteristics of kernels, as well as their unique attributes have not been explored. The objective of this study was to characterize selected Persian and black walnut cultivars using aroma, flavor, and texture sensory attributes. Twenty-two terms were used for descriptive analysis of walnut kernels. All but two attributes (fruity and painty/rancid) were common to black and Persian walnut kernels. Black walnuts were distinguished from Persian walnuts by their overall aroma and fruity and musty flavors. Overall aroma, fruity, woody, musty, and sweet flavors also varied among the kernels of some black walnut cultivars. Kernels of Persian walnuts generally had higher ratings of nutty, woody and astringent flavors than those of most black walnut cultivars. This study demonstrated that Persian and black walnut kernels share common sensory attributes, but also have unique characteristics. The aroma and fruity flavor of black walnuts can be promoted in the marketplace, which will distinguish them from Persian walnuts.

Progress In Breeding Diploid Genetic Stocks Of Banana With Resistance To Black Sigatoka

Selected genetically related diploid Musa materials of the base, first, and second generations of the breeding programme in the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) high rainfall station, Onne were evaluated for black Sigatoka resistance and agronomic performance. This was done in order to assess the progress made over time in the breeding programme. The results obtained showed that progress has been made from the base generation to generation 1 and from generation 1 to generation 2 in the improvement of the yield attributes of the highly black Sigatoka resistant diploid Musa cultivars- Calcutta 4 and pisang lilin. The diploid hybrids selected in generations 1 and 2 were not as resistant to black Sigatoka disease as the parents. However, improvement at generation 2 has succeeded in bringing together, productivity and resistance traits which seemed to oppose each other in generation 1 as revealed by the biplots. The clones, 2625-5, 9007-4, 1518-4, and 2829-62 from the crosses between Bobby tannap and Calcutta 4 in generation 1 were strongly associated with index of non-spotted leaves in the biplot. The clones, 25291-S26, 25291-S32, 25291-S62, and 25291- 1A from the double-cross (BT x C4) x (TL x PL) were associated with most of the yield, disease response and phenological traits. The clones, 25291-S89, 25291-S26, 25291-S32, 25291-S62, 25291- S58, 25233-S3, and 27398 had combination of positive and relatively high heterosis both for black Sigatoka resistance and productivity traits. Key words: Genetic progress, black Sigatoka resistance, agronomic performance, diploid bananas

Dry Edible Bean Class and Cultivar Response to Dimethenamid and Metolachlor

Dry edible bean class and cultivar response to dimethenamid and metolachlor was investigated in the greenhouse and field. Kidney and cranberry cultivars, as well as a small red cultivar, were not injured by dimethenamid applied PRE at 2,100 g ai/ha in the greenhouse, whereas pinto bean tolerance varied and navy and black bean cultivars were injured by this rate. Injury to navy bean was greater in the greenhouse when dimethenamid and metolachlor were placed in the zone above and including the seed, compared with placement in the seed, root, or root plus seed zone. In an application timing field study, dimethenamid at 1,300 g/ha applied at the crook or unifoliate growth stage caused injury to navy bean, delayed maturity, and reduced seed yield. Metolachlor at 1,400 g ai/ha delayed maturity when applied at the unifoliate growth stage but did not reduce seed yield. Dimethenamid or metolachlor PRE, at 1,300 or 2,800 g ai/ha, respectively, injured navy and black bean cultivars, but seed yield was not reduced in a cultivar tolerance field study. In a planting date study, dimethenamid PRE at 2,300 g/ha reduced leaf area and delayed maturity compared with the nontreated control when pooled over five planting dates and cultivars in each of 2 yr. Metolachlor PRE at 2,800 g/ha reduced leaf area in 1 yr and delayed maturity in both years when pooled over planting dates and cultivars. If weed control and herbicide costs are comparable, metolachlor at a standard use rate is a safer choice than dimethenamid for use in navy and black bean production.

Changes in growth variables and potassium content in leaves of Black Barley in response to NaCl

Much attention is being focused on the Black barley (Hordeum distichum L.) as a local cultivar offering good model for a cereal crop has traits of resistance to drought and salinity during vegetative growth stages. Although Black was sensitive to salt stress during germination, it developed gradual tolerance with age and proved very tolerant during growth and development stages. The data of study clearly revealed how this cultivar was superior over Arivat (Hordeum vulgare L.) in many physiological aspects such as leaf growth variables (i.e. rate and duration) and processes (i.e. cell division), tiller production and potassium content. Black barley had more tillers, faster rate and longer duration of growth processes which was accompanied with potassium accumulation, as sodium chloride concentration increased in the growth medium. Thus, the ability of Black cultivar to accumulate K+ could have promoted growth variables (i.e. faster rate and longer duration of growth processes). Arivat, on the other hand, might have suffered from K+ deficiency; which could explain the adverse effect of salt stress on leaf growth variables and processes. Moreover, the relative water content (RWC) and proline can clearly distinguish the two cultivars; RWC was higher and proline concentration was lower in leaves of Black as compared with Arivat. Therefore, Black barley proved efficient in maintaining growth, ion homeostasis, and might sacrifice less in growth under osmotic stress conditions. The possible mechanism of the effect of sodium chloride on potassium accumulation in Black barley is discussed.

HPLC ANALYSIS OF POLYPHENOLS IN PEEL AND PULP OF FRESH FIGS

It is well known that fruits contain a considerable amount of non-nutritive compounds, which can help to keep man’s health and prevent chronic diseases. In this context, the fig fruit has been scarcely investigated so far. In particular, to our knowledge, any extensive study has been published on the fig phenolic fraction, which plays a key role in health-promoting action. A study was carried out on two fig cultivars, a black and a white. Fresh fruits were peeled and phenols extracted separately from peel and pulp. The extracts were subjected to HPLC-DAD analysis, by monitoring at four wavelengths, 280, 316, 365 and 520 for catechins, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols and anthocyanins, respectively. Results showed that phenols are concentrated almost exclusively in the peel, with black cultivar having the highest content. In particular the peel was rich in flavonols, with amounts from 723 to 1450 mg/kg (fresh basis) for white and black figs, respectively. The peel of black figs showed an appreciable content of anthocyanins, which were the only polyphenolic compounds detected in the pulp. No catechins were found.

A PCR-based diagnostic tool for distinguishing grape skin color mutants

Berry skin color mutants are phenotypically different from their original cultivars, but they show identical molecular profile if analysed by using microsatellite markers. This work gives an easy, inexpensive and quick diagnostic tool to discriminate these somatic variants. We distinguished some grape ( Vitis vinifera L.) skin color mutants from white to red or pink and from black to grey, pink or white and we investigated their molecular bases by single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP), single base primer extension and coding sequence analysis of anthocyanin biosynthetic enzyme genes and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of VvmybA1 regulatory gene. Analyses of structural genes did not reveal polymorphisms between wild type and mutant cultivars but only among different varieties, whereas the study of VvmybA1 regulatory gene has given important outcomes for color mutants characterisation. The discrimination between white wild type and its derived colored mutant and between black wild type and white mutant has been obtained through a simple test of amplification for presence/absence. The discrimination between black wild type and less colored mutant has occurred through a quantitative result on agarose gel confirmed by real-time PCR analysis: the amount of functional allele in less colored somatic variants genome was about one-fourth of the correspondent quantity in original black cultivars genome.

Antitumor-Promoting Effects of Polyphenolic Extracts from Seedless and Seeded Indian Grapes

Grapes, the widely consumed fruits, are rich in polyphenols. The biological and chemopreventive activities of grape seed polyphenols have been demonstrated, while similar information regarding crude polyphenolic extracts from whole grapes and their components (pulp plus skin, seeds), particularly the seedless varieties, is lacking. Cancer chemoprevention can be achieved by inhibition of either initiation or promotion/progression stages of carcinogenesis. This study involves the determination of the polyphenolic content extracted from green (Pandhari sahebi, Thompson seedless) and black cultivars (Bangalore blue, Sharad seedless) of Indian grapes and their components (whole grapes, pulp plus skin, and seeds). Comparative evaluation of antitumor-promoting effects of seedless and seeded grape polyphenolic extracts (GPEs) was carried out in carcinogen-initiated and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-promoted S/RVCri-ba mouse skin and stomach, as well as esophagus of ICRC mice. The yield of crude polyphenolic extracts from whole grapes and their components varied between 3% and 51%. The total polyphenolic content expressed as mg catechin equivalents/g crude polyphenolic extract ranged from 0.47 to 701 in seeded grapes and 1.49 to 28.30 in seedless varieties. Both seedless and seeded GPEs possessed antitumor-promoting activity in target tissues of mice as is evident from their ability to delay tumor formation along with a significant decrease in tumor multiplicity and incidence. Marked and sustained epidermal hyperplasia observed in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-initiated and TPA-promoted mice was greatly reduced on pretreatment with GPE or catechin. The polyphenolic extracts from Sharad seedless and seeds of Bangalore blue showed the strongest suppressing activity comparable to catechin than the corresponding whole grapes. The results suggest that the chemopreventive activity of polyphenols extracted from seedless grape cultivars was as effective as that of the seeded variety and these may have beneficial effects in disease states, especially cancer.

Sensory Characteristics, Composition, and Nutraceutical Content of Juice fromVitis rotundifolia(Muscadine) Cultivars

Eight <i>Vitis rotundifolia</i> (muscadine) cultivars, including five black cultivars (Black Beauty, Ison, Nesbitt, Southern Home, and Supreme) and three bronze cultivars (Carlos, Granny Val, and Summit), yielded 58 to 74 kg/vine. Juice yields were 473 to 551 L/t with soluble solids (12.6 to 14.6%), pH (3.09 to 3.42), total phenolics (179 to 373 mg/L), and total anthocyanins (2.0 to 104 mg/L). Consumers and a trained descriptive panel evaluated the juices plus two commercial juices. Consumers rated Black Beauty, Granny Val, Ison, Southern Home, and Summit juices highest for overall liking. The descriptive panel created a sensory lexicon with major attributes identified as sweet, sour, cooked muscadine, cooked grape, and astringent. Correlation between consumer and descriptive data indicated overall liking correlated positively to sweetness and caramelized and correlated negatively to sour and green unripe. Consumers showed a preference for juice sweetness with soluble solids ≈ 14% and soluble solids/acid ratios of 26 to 31. The muscadine cultivars produced quality juices with potential nutraceutical impact to expand marketing of muscadine products.

Polyphenol composition of peel and pulp of two Italian fresh fig fruits cultivars (Ficus carica L.)

An analytical study was carried out on phenols in two fig cultivars (Ficus carica L.), one black and one green. Fresh fruits were peeled and phenols were extracted separately from the peel and the pulp. The extracts were subjected to HPLC-DAD analysis, by monitoring at four wavelengths, 280, 316, 365 and 520 nm for catechins and benzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols and anthocyanins, respectively. Results showed that phenols are concentrated almost exclusively in the peel, with the black cultivar having the highest content. In particular, the peel was rich in rutin, with amounts from 527 to 1,071 mg/kg (fresh basis) for green and black figs, respectively. The peel of black figs showed an appreciable content of cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside. The pulp of both green and black cultivars contained only cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, while the cyanidin 3-O-glucoside was found only in the peel of the black figs. Chlorogenic acid and another cinnamic acid were detected in the peel of both cultivars, while benzoic acids and catechins were not present.

BRS 7762 Supremo - A black common bean cultivar with erect plant type

The black bean cultivar BRS 7762 Supremo developed by Embrapa Rice and Beans was released for cultivation in the States Santa Catarina, Parana, Goias and the Federal District. This cultivar is resistant to several rust pathotypes, to bean common mosaic virus and to four pathotypes caused by the anthracnose agent.

Heavy Metal and Nutrient Ion Accumulation by Two Black Gram Cultivars Treated with Copper and Lead

ABSTRACT A pot experiment was conducted to examine the uptake of nutrients (K+ (potassium) and Ca2+ (calsium)) and heavy metal (Cu2+ (copper) and Pb2+ (lead)) ions by leaves, seeds, and roots of two black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] cultivars, ‘Mash-95018’(V1) and ‘Mash-97’(V2) treated with copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) at 25mg L−1 and 50mg L−1. This study was conducted in a greenhouse in the Botanical Garden, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, during the spring of 2003. Heavy-metal treatments were applied 30 d after germination, and nutrient and heavy-metal ion uptake data were collected 10 d after treatment application. Both heavy metals in both cultivars substantially reduced nutrient ion accumulation and its translocation to seeds. Leaves had proportionately more K+ and Ca2+ than that recorded for roots and seeds after heavy-metal treatments. Nevertheless, both heavy metal (Cu2+ and Pb2+) ions ware predominantly sequestered in the roots, rather than in leaves and seeds, under their respective treatments. As the external concentrations of heavy metals increased, their uptake by the respective treated plants also increased, but nutrient ion (K+ and Ca2+) uptake was gradually reduced. This result suggests a concentration-dependent phenomenon. Overall, lead (Pb2+) showed more toxic effects on the uptake of essential nutrients compared with Ca2+, while ‘Mash-97’proved more sensitive to heavy metals than ‘Mash-95018.'

Produtividade e qualidade fisiológica de sementes de aveia preta em função da calagem superficial em plantio direto

The experiment carried out in Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, in dry conditions, aiming to evaluate the yield and physiologic quality of black oat seeds, under superficial liming in no tillage system. A randomized complete block design was used, with four replications. The treatments were superficial application of different dolomitic lime rates (R0 = zero – without lime; R1 = 1.8 t ha -1 – lime to increase the base saturation at 54%; R2 = 3.6 t ha -1 – lime to increase the base saturation at 68%, and R3 = 5.4 t ha -1 – lime to increase the base saturation at 80%), in October 2002. The black oat Common cultivar was sowed in April 2004, in second year, after the crop rotation of millet (spring), common bean (summer), black oat (autumn/winter). The results showed that the black oat physiologic quality seed was not affected by superficial liming. However, there was yield increase by this practice.

Controlled Atmosphere Storage of Fresh Black 'Gemlik' Olives

This study was carried out with fresh olives ‘Gemlik’ that were to be processed as a table black cultivar. Following harvest, the olives were transferred to a cold storage facility within a few hours and placed in plastic trays. The olives were stored at 5 ± 0.5°C and 90–95% RH for 9 weeks under different controlled atmosphere (CA) combinations in plastic cells. During the period, physical and chemical analyses were conducted on samples at 3-week intervals. Our results indicate that olives can be stored, with acceptable quality losses for 6 weeks especially under 2% CO2: 2% O2: 96% N2 CA. This situation may be beneficial for the prevention of chilling injury, the preservation of olives in the processing plant and the reduction of waste water.

Responses of Dry Beans to Flumioxazin

There is little information on the sensitivity of dry beans to flumioxazin. Tolerance of eight cultivars of dry beans representing four market classes (black, cranberry, kidney, and white beans) to preplant incorporated (PPI) and preemergence (PRE) applications of flumioxazin at the rate of 52.5, 70, and 140 g ai/ha were studied in three field experiments in Ontario in 2002 and 2003. There were no differences (P &lt; 0.05) between two cultivars within a market class in their responses to flumioxazin. However, the four market classes differed in their responses to flumioxazin. Black and white beans were more sensitive to the PRE application of flumioxazin than cranberry and kidney beans. Flumioxazin applied PRE at 140 g/ha caused as much as 34% visual injury and reduced plant height by 23 to 28%, shoot dry weight by 35 to 39%, and yield by 20 to 30% in black and white bean market classes. Flumioxazin-applied PPI did not injure any market class. On the basis of this research, there is an acceptable margin of crop safety in these black and white bean cultivars only when flumioxazin is applied PPI. The two cranberry and kidney bean cultivars were tolerant to all rates of flumioxazin applied both PPI and PRE.

Yield, Quality, and Nutraceutical Potential of Selected Muscadine Cultivars Grown in Southwestern Arkansas

A muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia) planting was established in 1996 at the Southwest Research and Extension Center in Hope, Ark., to provide information on the performance of muscadine grape cultivars in a region where cold hardiness is not a major limitation. This research evaluated harvest parameters, fruit and juice quality, and nutraceutical potential of selected muscadine cultivars grown in southwestern Arkansas. The cultivars evaluated were `Black Beauty', `Carlos', `Cowart', `Doreen', `Early Fry', `Fry', `Granny Val', `Ison', `Jumbo', `Late Fry', NC67A015-17, NC67A015-26, `Nesbitt', `Scarlett', `Southern Home', `Sterling', `Sugargate', `Summit', `Supreme', and `Tara'. Muscadine cultivars differed in productivity and fruit quality. In 2002 and 2003, juice was produced from `Carlos', `Granny Val', `Ison', `Nesbitt', `Southern Home', `Summit', and `Supreme' grapes. `Black Beauty' was also produced into juice in 2003. In 2002, `Nesbitt' grapes had the highest juice yield, 520 L·t–1 (124.6 gal/ton). `Ison' and `Supreme' juice had the highest soluble solids level. In 2003, `Granny Val' grapes had the highest juice yield, 551 L·t –1 (132.0 gal/ton). `Southern Home' juice had the highest soluble solids. The press materials of muscadine grapes were a potential source of high levels of nutraceutical compounds. Dried seeds had the highest total phenolic and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) levels followed by the dried skins, the grapes, and then the juice. The skins of the black cultivars had the highest total anthocyanins level. `Supreme' seeds had the highest total phenolic and ORAC levels while `Ison' skins had the highest total anthocyanin levels. Based on yield, harvest, and juice quality, cultivars recommended to growers in southwestern Arkansas and other areas with a similar climate include `Black Beauty', `Carlos', `Fry', `Granny Val', `Nesbitt', `Southern Home', `Summit', and `Supreme'.

Evolution of the contents in soluble phenolic compounds, in proanthocyanic tanins and in anthocyanins of shot grape berries of &lt;em&gt;Vitis vinifera&lt;/em&gt; L. during their development

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The skin of berries of black, red, grey and pink cultivars of &lt;em&gt;Vitis vinifera&lt;/em&gt; L. contain anthocyanins and tanins. High pression liquid chromatographic studies of anthocyanins in normal berries of black cultivars (Cabernet- Sauvignon and Merlot noir) permit to show clearly that the synthesis of these pigments starts early in the skins, about three weeks before veraison. Acylated anthocyanins are also present at this stage and they have a similar evolution than no acylated anthocyanins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;On the contrary, proanthocyanic tanins contents of skins and seeds decrease from the first stage of veraison, initially rapidly then more slowly until the maturity. In grape seeds, the final proanthocyanic tanins content keeps the same whatever the year (DARNÉ, 1991).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In case of «millerandage», some berries have not a regular development and stay very small until the maturity. A lot of these shot grape berries stay green with no viable seeds. Others shot grape berries become pink or red but stay small.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;That is why three sorts of shot grape berries of &lt;em&gt;Vitis vinifera&lt;/em&gt; are studied : small berries 3 mm in diameter, medium berries from 4 to 6 mm in diameter that stay green until maturity and the medium berries from 4 to 7 mm in diameter which change in color during maturation. Their polyphenolic biochemical evolution was compared with that of normal berries. Polyphenolic metabolism of shot grape berries was not modified, but it was just delayed or blocked. The small berries keep the polyphenolic characteristics of normal berries just after the fruit-setting ; the green medium berries cease evolving approximately one month after the fruit-setting, with maturity, these green medium berries have the characteristic polyphenolic of normal berries in the course of growth (between stages K - L) ; the red medium berries are the only shot grape berries which evolve throughout development of the bunch, but with a delay from approximately 1 month compared to normal berries.&lt;/p&gt;

Tolerance of Black Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) to Soil Applications ofS-Metolachlor and Imazethapyr1

This study was conducted to evaluate the tolerance of two black bean cultivars, AC Harblack and Midnight Black Turtle, to preplant incorporated (PPI) and preemergence (PRE) applications of S-metolachlor at 1.6 and 3.2 kg ai/ha, imazethapyr at 0.075 and 0.15 kg ai/ha, and S- metolachlor plus imazethapyr at 1.6 plus 0.075 and 3.2 plus 0.15 kg ai/ha, respectively, at Exeter and Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada, in 2001 and 2002. There were generally no differences between the two cultivars in their responses to the herbicide treatments. PPI and PRE applications of S- metolachlor did not reduce black bean growth or yield. The PPI and PRE applications of imazethapyr alone or in tank mixture with S-metolachlor at the low and high rates did not have a significant effect on plant height, dry weight, seed moisture content, or yield at Ridgetown but caused as much as 14% visual crop injury at Exeter and reduced plant height, dry weight, and yield as much as 25, 40, and 49%, respectively. The higher rate of either herbici...