Black Cotton Soil Research Articles

Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil using Fly Ash

Using expansive soil at construction sites poses significant challenges due to its tendency to shrink and swell. To mitigate these issues and make expansive soil suitable for construction, proper treatment is necessary. Black cotton soils, which are expansive and have low bearing capacity, contain Montmorillonite clay mineral responsible for their shrinkage and swelling properties. Changes in moisture content can exacerbate the swelling behavior of black cotton soil. The goal of stabilization is to enhance the usability of black cotton soil for construction by adding Fly Ash (FA). Soil is a unique material, and by incorporating certain admixtures, it can be stabilized with varying percentages of Fly Ash (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%).

Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil By Using Coal Dust And Stone Dust

Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil By Using Coal Dust And Stone Dust

Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by Using Terrazyme Chemical

Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by Using Terrazyme Chemical

A Review of Soil Improvement in Problematic Black Cotton Soil by Using Dry Kota Stone Slurry and Fly Ash

A Review of Soil Improvement in Problematic Black Cotton Soil by Using Dry Kota Stone Slurry and Fly Ash

Enhancing the Geotechnical Properties of Black Cotton Soil using Terrazyme

Abstract: The cost, performance, durability, and time of every project are its most crucial components. Black cotton soil, due to its strong swelling and shrinkage qualities, also known as expansive clay soil and regur soil, presents considerable difficulties in building and agriculture. Building on black cotton soil has its challenges, including foundation and road settlement, among others. Due to the shortcomings of conventional soil stabilizing technologies, new ways for enhancing the engineering properties of soil are being investigated. There is a demand for the creation of novel techniques to enhance the geotechnical properties of soil due to the inefficiency and high costs associated with conventional methods. Study examines the use of terrazyme, a state-of-the-art enzymatic soil stabilizer, to improve the geotechnical properties of black cotton soil, optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, and CBR test, which are used for pavement base courses, sub-base courses, and sub-grades.

USE OF NANO SILICA AND COIR FIBER TO STRENGTHEN THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF CLAYEY SOIL

One of the problematic soils is expansive soil, which has a strong tendency to shrink when dried and to inflate when its moisture level changes. In India, expansive soils made up of clays are referred to as black cotton soils. The alternating swell-shrink tendency of expansive soils results in foundation structures, including buildings and earth retaining wall pavements, to become distressed. For geotechnical engineers, comprehending the behavior of expansive soil and implementing the proper control measures has been a challenging challenge. A lot of study is being done to develop solutions for soils that produce black cotton. This review study uses the soil index and engineering features to examine the behavior of clayey soil stabilized with different proportions of Nano silica and Coir Fiber. Coir is a naturally occurring, biodegradable material that is widely accessible in several coastal and southern regions of India. Nano silica is a type of filler material that increases ductility without compromising strength. With less swelling potential, the generated nano silica functioned as a hydraulic binder. In expansive soils, coir fiber and nano silica are combined for the goal of sustainable development. As part of this comparison study, laboratory tests including Atterberg's limit, Compaction test, CBR test, and UCS test were performed for both modified and unmodified clayey soil. In this work, expansive soil was stabilized using Nano silica and Coir Fiber. Coir Fiber was fixed at 3.5%, after that Nano silica was changed to 2%, 4%, and 6%. Key Words: Compaction test, CBR, UCS, Coir Fiber, Nano Silica

To Study the Behaviour of Single Pile Foundation Under Vertical Loading using Geo 5’’

The objective of the project is to analyze a pile foundation and determine it’s load bearing capacity by static method and a software and compare the results. This project includes the analysis of pile formed on black cotton soil at site of the “Galaxy Sky Residency” Miraj.. The calculations were carried out using the commercial software GEO5 from FINE Inc. This software computes the load-displacement curve on the pile head and the distribution of normal and shear forces along the shaft. The shear behavior of the pile-soil interface is de-scribed according to a modified Mohr- Coulomb’s theory. This paper also focuses on the de-termination of parameters of strength (angle friction and cohesion) and settlement (Young modulus) for deep foundation. The use of GEO4 for foundation design is explained in details herein.

Improvement of properties of black cotton soil subgrade through lime kiln dust and sand stabilization

ABSTRACT This study investigated improving black cotton soil, known for poor construction qualities, by mixing it with lime kiln dust (LKD) and sand. Lab tests analyzed how these additives impacted the soil’s properties. Results showed untreated soil had high swelling potential and low strength. Adding a combination of 30% sand and 3% LKD significantly improved strength, reduced swelling, and lowered the plasticity index. This combination met Ugandan Ministry of Works and Transport subgrade specifications, making it an optimal stabilizer for black cotton soil.

Experimental Studies on Ground Improvement Using Stone Column

This research examined the ground improvement technique for enhancing the load-bearing capacity and enhancing of weak or compressible soils. In this study, we focus on how we minimize the cost of ground improvement and make environment friendly solution for ground improvement. The research involves a review of the existing literature, including the Objectives, methodology, and case studies related to stone column implementation. Laboratory testing and field investigations are conducted to assess the geotechnical properties of the soil and the behavior of stone columns under different loading conditions. The project aims to provide insights into the geotechnical behavior of stone columns and their effectiveness in stabilizing weak soils. Furthermore, the study will explore the economic and environmental aspects of this ground improvement technique. The findings of this research are expected to contribute valuable knowledge to the field of geotechnical engineering, assisting engineers and construction professionals in making informed decisions regarding ground improvement methods. Keywords : Ground Improvement, Stone Column, Soil Sample, cost effective, environment friendly, Load Bearing Capacity, Black Cotton Soil, Soil Stabilization.

California bearing ratio of black cotton soil using soft computing techniques

California bearing ratio of black cotton soil using soft computing techniques

Extensive analysis of several Indian and Yemeni soils' gamma-ray shielding characteristics: An experimental and simulation approach

The linear attenuation coefficients (LAC) of four soils (Black cotton (S1), Sandy (S2), Clay (S3), and Sandy (S4)) samples were measured at photon energies released from radioisotopes Co57 (122 keV), Ba133 (356 keV), 22Na (511 and 1275 keV), Cs137 (662 keV), Mn54 (840 keV), and Co60 (1330 keV) using a gamma spectrometer includes a NaI (Tl) scintillation detector. The experimental measurements were confirmed utilizing the Monte Carlo N-particle transport code. The linear attenuation coefficient values enhanced from 0.256 cm−1 to 0.296 cm−1 (at Eγ of 122 keV), from 0.126 cm−1 to 0.142 cm−1 (at Eγ of 662 keV), and from 0.0938 cm−1 to 0.105 cm−1 (at Eγ of 1275 keV), raising the (Fe + Mn) concentration from 0.912 wt% to 11.214 wt%, as well as raising the soil samples density from 1.62 g/cm3 to 1.79 g/cm3. The study also shows an enhancement in the half value thickness, transmission factor, radiation protection efficiency and lead's equivalent thickness due to the enrichment of Fe + Mn concentrations within the studied soils. The results show that the Black cotton soil exhibits better shielding properties for γ-ray than the other soils.

The Effect of Bacillus Pumilus on the Free Swell and Atterberg Limits of Black Cotton Soil for use in Road Subgrades

The study evaluated the potential utilisation of Bacillus pumilus (B. pumilus) induced calcite precipitate for the improvement of the engineering properties of black cotton soil in road construction which is an eco-friendly technique and forms part of what is referred to as green engineering. The effect of B. pumilus on the free swell and Atterberg limits of black cotton soil for use in road subgrades was studied using microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP) method. Five stepped B. pumilus suspension density of 0, 1.5 x 108, 6.0 x 108, 1.2 x 109, 1.8 x 109 and 2.4 x 109 cells/ml, respectively, were utilized for the treated specimens, while only cementitious reagent acted as the control specimen. Three (3) mix ratios of % Bacteria suspension (B) - %Cementitious reagent (C) (i.e., 25B - 75C, 50B - 50C and 75B - 25C) were adopted. It was observed that free swell treated with 25B - 75C decreased from 70 % and 50 % for the natural and control specimens, respectively, to minimum value of 46 %, with increasing B. pumilus suspension density at 2.4 × 109 cells/ml. Atterberg limits results showed liquid limit values decreased from 53 % and 62 % for the natural and control samples, respectively, to 43 % for samples treated with 25B - 75C at B. pumilus suspension density of 2.4 x 109 cells/ml, while the plastic limit increased from 28.2 % for the control soil sample to 30 % for the 75B - 25C mix ratio at B. pumilus suspension density of 2.4 x 109 cells/ml. Tests results indicated a considerable improvement with 25B - 75C mix ratio at B. pumilus suspension density of 2.4 × 109 cells/ml which significantly reduced the free swell, while the Atterberg limits fell below Nigerian General Specifications requirements of not greater than 35% Liquid limit, 12% Plasticity index and 35% passing No.200 sieve for utilization as road subgrades. However, it could be used as a subgrade material in low-volume roads.

Comparative Studies on the Strength and Swell Characteristics of Cohesive Soils Using Lime and Modified Enzyme-Induced Calcite Precipitation Technique

Enzyme-induced calcite precipitation (EICP) emerges as a highly effective and well-established technique within bio-cementation approaches, offering notable advantages over traditional methods. Conversely, lime, known for its accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and efficacy, serves as a valuable material in enhancing the engineering properties of problematic soils. This study explores the application of EICP and lime treatments separately on two distinct soils (low-plastic and high-plastic soil) exhibiting different mineralogical and plasticity characteristics to assess their impact on strength and swell characteristics. Various combinations of treatments, including jack bean (JICP), soya bean (SICP), and bio-enhancer (BICP), were employed for EICP treatment. Bio-enhancer, rich in natural urea and urease enzyme, was particularly remarkable due to its compatibility with urea supplementation. Similarly, jack bean and soya bean exhibited high efficacy in natural urease enzyme content. The study has revealed that the unconfined compression strength (UCS) of red soil increased significantly by six times at the end of 21 days of the curing period with JICP treatment, while lime treatment was more effective for the black soil. Specifically, the UCS of black cotton soil increased by 11 and 17 times when treated with Enzyme-Induced Calcite Precipitation (EICP) and lime, respectively. Moreover, EICP with J2 solution (jack bean solution with 1M urea and 4 g/L non-fat milk powder) reduced swell pressure by 60% and 67.5% in low-plastic and high-plastic soil, respectively. Lime treatment, on the other hand, led to a swell pressure reduction of 47% and 70% in low-plastic and high-plastic soil, respectively. As a result, EICP proved efficient in mitigating swell pressure for red soil, whereas lime treatment performed exceptionally well for black soil, highlighting the soil-specific effectiveness of each method. Furthermore, a life cycle assessment revealed substantial carbon footprint emission savings with EICP treatment strategy. In brief, this paper contributes to understanding the phenomena and significance of these two treatment techniques on distinct mineralogical soils.

Effect of Ground Nut Shell Powder on Soil Stabilization By IJISRT

Various varieties of soil may be found across the world. The engineering features of soil are the most significant consideration in any building development. Construction on expanding soil is the most essential difficulty that civil engineers encounter. The expansive soil has typically undesired engineering properties, such as poor shear strength, plasticity, and compressibility; it expands when wet and shrinks when dry. Its characteristics can be enhanced with appropriate stabilizing procedures. Black cotton covers around 15% of the soil in India. Crops produced on black cotton soil include pea nuts, cotton, wheat, jowar, linseed, tobacco, castor, sunflower, and millets. In comparison, the peanut industry generates millions of tons of garbage. Nowadays, a key issue is "How to benefit from the industrial waste product." Soil stabilization is performed in order to improve the engineering qualities of the soil. The rising expense of typical stabilizing chemicals, along with the need to economically utilize industrial and agricultural waste for positive engineering reasons, prompted an inquiry into the stabilizing potential of groundnut shell powder (GSP) in expansive soil. This study looks at how to improve the geotechnical characteristics of expansive soil by performing various tests such as specific gravity, atterberg limit, compaction test, and California bearing ratio test to determine the properties of the untreated soil sample and then adding 5%, 7%, and 9% ground nut shell powder by weight of soil. In this phase, only untreated soil testing are conducted. After receiving treated and untreated soil results, compare the untreated black cotton soil results to various percentages of ground nut shell powder results to determine the optimum amount of ground nut shell powder necessary to increase the stability of black cotton soil.

Modification of bentonite with black cotton soil and carboxyl methyl cellulose for the enhancement of hydraulic performance of geosynthetic clay liners

ABSTRACT Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) are mostly used as flow barriers in landfills and waste containments due to their low hydraulic conductivity to prevent the leachate from reaching the environment. The self-healing and swell-shrink properties of soft clays (expansive soils) such as bentonite enable them as promising materials for the GCL core layers. However, it is important to modify their physico-chemical properties in order to overcome the functional limitations of GCL under different hydraulic conditions. In the present study, locally available black cotton soil (BCS) is introduced in the presence of an anionic polymer named carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as an alternative to bentonite to enhance the hydraulic properties of GCL under different compositions. The modified GCL is prepared by stitching the liner with an optimum percentage of CMC along with various percentages of BCS mixed with bentonite. Hydraulic conductivity tests were performed on the modified GCL using the flexi-wall permeameter. The results suggest that the lowest hydraulic conductivity of 4.58 × 10−10 m/s is obtained when 25% of BCS is blended with bentonite and an optimum 8% CMC and further addition of BCS results in the reduction of the hydraulic conductivity.

Swell-shrink and microstructural response of expansive soil treated with nanomaterials

ABSTRACT Expansive soils like Black Cotton Soil, exhibit numerous engineering hurdles due to their high swell-shrink behaviour, resulting in structural instability. Traditional stabilization techniques often prove inadequate and available nanomaterials are expensive, creating a demand for a cost-effective and eco-friendly stabilizer like nano rice husk ash (nRHA). This study tackles the challenge of stabilizing expansive soil using nRHA, synthesized via two distinct ball milling methods. Various concentrations of nRHA (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1.0%) were tested to assess their effectiveness in reducing the swell-shrink behaviour of Black Cotton Soil.r Result indicate that a 0.4% dosage of 2 + 5 hours nRHA (n 2,0.4) significantly decreases the soil’s swell-shrink potential. This treatment triggers the formation of Calcium Aluminium Oxide (CAO) and Calcium Aluminium Silicate Hydrate (CASH) gels, validated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. This study advances nRHA treatments in enhancing the swell-shrink behaviour of expansive Soil.

Automated detection of an insect‐induced keystone vegetation phenotype using airborne LiDAR

Abstract Ecologists, foresters and conservation practitioners need ‘biodiversity scanners’ to effectively inventory biodiversity, audit conservation progress and track changes in ecosystem function. Quantifying biological diversity using remote sensing methods remains challenging, especially for small invertebrates. However, insect aggregations can drastically alter landscapes and vegetation, and these ‘extended phenotypes’ could serve as environmental landmarks of insect presence in remotely sensed data. To test the feasibility of this approach, we studied symbiotic ants that alter the canopy shape of whistling thorn acacias (Acacia [syn. Vachellia] drepanolobium), a keystone tree species of the black cotton soils of east African savannas. We demonstrate a protocol for using light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data to collect, prepare (including a customizable tree‐segmentation algorithm) and apply a convolutional neural network‐based classification for the detection of ant‐inhabited acacia tree phenotypic variations. Applying this protocol enabled us to effectively detect intra‐specific tree phenotypic variation induced by insects. Surveying ant occupancy across 16 ha and 9680 acacia trees took 1000 work hours, whereas surveyed patterns of ant distribution were replicated by our trained classifier using only an hour‐long airborne LiDAR collection time. We suggest that large‐scale surveys of insect occupancy (including insect‐vectored disease) can be automated through a combination of airborne LiDAR and machine learning.

ENHANCEMENT OF SUB GRADE SOIL BY USING FLYASH AND LIME

Abstract -In India 15% of land is covered by Black Cotton Soil. The presence of montmorillonite clay mineral in the Expansive soil causes Swelling and shrinking properties which leads to major problems in Construction sites. This can be resolved by using soil stabilization techniques which enhances the engineering properties of soil. The soil stabilization is most important for the construction which is widely used in pavements or any other structures on expansive soil. Utilization of industrial waste materials in the improvement of soils is cost-efficient and eco-friendly method. In the present study an experimental investigation is taken to know the Geotechnical Characteristics of Expansive Soil with the Combination of FLYASH and LIME. In this study soil is mixed with the different proportions of (10%,20%,30% & 40%) FLYASH and (2.5%,5%,7.5%,10%,12.5% & 15%) LIME. The strength gained by soil is investigated by conducting California bearing ratio test & it is also calculated to reduce the thickness of the layer. The maximum dry density increased from 1.38g/cc to 1.54g/cc. The CBR un soaked test value enhances from 1.01% to 6.49% respectively Key Words: Black Cotton Soil, Fly ash, Lime, Compaction, maximum dry density, CBR

Evaluation of Dry Density for Black Cotton Soil Using Rice Husk Ash

Abstract: Stabilization is a broad term that refers to the various methods used to improve the engineering performance of a soil and its application in a variety of engineering works. Soil stabilisation is a major concern for civil engineers today, both for road construction and for increasing soil strength or stability, which reduces construction costs. Soil stabilisation is the chemical or physical modification of soil properties to improve the soil's engineering quality. The primary goal of soil stabilisation is to increase the soil's bearing capacity, resistance to weathering processes, and permeability. Due to the rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization, minimizing industrial waste. Because of the rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization, reducing industrial waste has become a major issue in recent years. To encounter this innovative and nontraditional research on waste utilization is becoming increasingly important. Soil improvement using waste materials such as slags, rice husk ash, and silica fume has been recommended from an environmental standpoint in geotechnical engineering. This paper examines the effects of blast furnace slag, fly ash, and micro silica added to black cotton soil to improve soil properties. In addition, this paper provides a review of the use of various solid waste materials for soft soil stabilisation. However, there are numerous methods and techniques available for stabilising these soils. This study describes how waste materials can be used to stabilise soft soil

A Review: Soil Stabilisation Using Agricultural Waste and Cementitious Material

A Review: Soil Stabilisation Using Agricultural Waste and Cementitious Material