Black Coal Miners Research Articles

African American Workers and the Appalachian Coal Industry

African American Workers and the Appalachian Coal Industry

African American Workers and the Appalachian Coal Industry by Joe William Trotter, Jr.

Reviewed by: African American Workers and the Appalachian Coal Industry by Joe William Trotter, Jr. Cicero M. Fain (bio) African American Workers and the Appalachian Coal Industry. By Joe William Trotter, Jr. (Morgantown: West Virginia University Press, 2022. Pp. 176. $34.99 cloth; ebook $34.99) Joe William Trotter, Jr., ranks among the pantheon of America's most influential historians. For more than forty years, beginning with his 1985 work Black Milwaukee: The Making of an Industrial Proletariat, 1915–1945, he has chronicled the African American experience, most profoundly on the centrality of the Black working class to America's economic, industrial, cultural, and political development. His pioneering and provocative work examining the intersections of race, class, labor, urbanization, and gender within diverse urban- and rural-industrial settings has challenged prevailing historiography and expanded our understanding of Black migration, labor relations, and community formation. It has also added important dimensionality, complexity, and agency to Black workers, families, and communities within the historical narrative. Arguably, Trotter's most enduring contribution to our understanding of the African American urban experience was his employment of the proletarianization model in Black Milwaukee as an alternative theoretical framework to the long-standing "ghetto synthesis" model. That study animated important dialog and debate in its prioritization of class over racial identification as the defining consciousness of the Black working-class experience. In a 2007 Journal of Urban [End Page 67] History essay, Trotter acknowledges some of the limitations of his proletarianization model. In it, he concludes, "were I to write Black Milwaukee today, I would seek to synthesize past and present intellectual currents in African American urban and labor historiography, pay closer attention to the relationship between different eras in the transformation of African American life, and offer a broader and more comprehensive case study of the Black urban experience."1 The culmination of these objectives are the five essays comprising his most recent book, African American Workers and the Appalachian Coal Industry. Encompassing nearly thirty years of research on the African American experience, class, and race relations, in the Appalachian coal fields, the collection reiterates the continuing relevancy of the proletarianization model as an analytical tool—in this instance, primarily in its examination of the working-class experience of Black coal miners within his homeplace of the southern West Virginia coal mining region. Here, as a boy, Trotter experienced the disproportional impact of technological, social, and political changes on Black workers, families, and communities after World War II, which caused unemployment and out-migration. This reassessment of the field since Black Milwaukee's publication embraces innovations in scholarship on racial, class, and gender dynamics of working-class formation as ways to reformulate the proletarianization model. In presenting the coronavirus as one of the rationales for its publication, the essays historicize the continuing vulnerability of poor and working-class Blacks and people of color who work and live in dangerous, racialized, and unhealthy environments. This collection cement's Trotter's status as the foremost historian on U.S. labor and working-class studies. Its summary of the history and historiography of Black coal miners in Appalachia posits the continuing theoretical applicability of the proletarianization model in the twenty-first century, points to new pathways to pursue to explore its utility, and underscores the continuing resonance of his [End Page 68] southern West Virginia upbringing on his scholarship. Highly readable, meticulously researched, and skillfully rendered, African American Workers is a worthy addition to Trotter's remarkable legacy. Cicero M. Fain CICERO M. FAIN, III is visiting diversity scholar at Marshall University and the author of Black Huntington: An Appalachian Story. His current book project is entitled Buffalo Soldier, Deserter, Criminal: The Remarkably Complicated Life of Charles Ringo. Footnotes 1. Joe William Trotter, Jr. "Black Milwaukee: Reflections on the Past Twenty Years," Journal of Urban History 33 (May 2007): 567. Copyright © 2022 Kentucky Historical Society

Histopathological Findings of Lung Cancer in Black Coal Miners in the Czech Republic

Abstract Background Coal miners with coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP, J60 according to ICD-10) were previously found to have a significantly higher risk of lung carcinoma compared to the general male population. The presented study aimed to analyze the incidence of lung carcinoma in miners, histopathological findings in cohorts with and without CWP, and effect of smoking cessation on the histopathological profile. Methods Analysed cohorts consisted of miners with (n = 3476) and without (n = 6687) CWP. Data on personal and working history obtained from the medical records were combined with information on lung cancer from the Czech Oncological Register and histopathological findings. Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric tests and the incidence risk ratio (significance level of 5%). Results In 1992-2015, 180 miners (2.7%) without CWP and 169 (4.9%) with CWP, respectively, were diagnosed with lung carcinoma. The risk of lung cancer in miners with CWP was 1.82 (95% CI: 1.48-2.25) times higher than in those without CWP. Squamous cell carcinoma (37%) was the most common histopathological type, followed by adenocarcinoma (22%) and small cell carcinoma (21%). A statistically significant difference between the cohorts (p = 0.003) was found in the histopathological subtypes, with the incidence of small cell carcinoma being 2 times higher in miners without CWP than in those with CWP. Only a few individuals with lung carcinoma were non-smokers. The incidence of small cell carcinoma, which is strongly associated with smoking, is significantly higher in miners without CWP. Conclusions Smoking constitutes the most important risk factor for developing lung carcinoma even in that cohort. However, CWP remains a very important risk factor. This work was supported by grant of Research Support Foundation, Vaduz. Markus R. Tödtli Consulting and project Healthy Aging in the Industrial Environment CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000798 (HAIE). Key messages

Analysis of Histopathological Findings of Lung Carcinoma in Czech Black Coal Miners in Association with Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis.

Coal miners with coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP, J60 according to ICD-10) were previously found to have a significantly higher risk of lung carcinoma compared to the general male population. The presented study aimed to analyze the (i) incidence of lung carcinoma in miners, (ii) histopathological findings in cohorts with and without CWP, and (iii) effect of smoking cessation on the histopathological profile. Analyzed cohorts consisted of miners with (n = 3476) and without (n = 6687) CWP. Data on personal and working history obtained from the medical records were combined with information on lung cancer from the Czech Oncological Register and histopathological findings. Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric tests and the incidence risk ratio at the significance level of 5%. In 1992–2015, 180 miners (2.7%) without CWP and 169 (4.9%) with CWP, respectively, were diagnosed with lung carcinoma. The risk of lung cancer in miners with CWP was 1.82 (95% CI: 1.48–2.25) times higher than in those without CWP. Squamous cell carcinoma (37%) was the most common histopathological type, followed by adenocarcinoma (22%) and small cell carcinoma (21%). A statistically significant difference between the cohorts (p = 0.003) was found in the histopathological subtypes, with the incidence of small cell carcinoma being 2 times higher in miners without CWP than in those with CWP. Only a few individuals with lung carcinoma were non-smokers. The incidence of small cell carcinoma, which is strongly associated with smoking, is significantly higher in miners without CWP. Smoking constitutes the most important risk factor for developing lung carcinoma even in that cohort. However, CWP remains a very important risk factor.

Gone Home: Race and Roots through Appalachia by Karida L. Brown

Reviewed by: Gone Home: Race and Roots through Appalachia by Karida L. Brown Kelli Johnson Gone Home: Race and Roots through Appalachia. By Karida L. Brown. (Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press, 2018. Pp. 264.) Dr. Karida L. Brown's book is a thoughtful journey from the Deep South to the coalfields of Kentucky and beyond. Reading it feels like you are sitting on the porch with your grandparents and your aunts and uncles as they regale you with stories of their growing-up years as you sip on homemade sweet tea. In this volume, Dr. Brown explores the lived experiences of Black women and men who grew up in coal country. The tri-city area of Lynch, Benham, [End Page 56] and Cumberland is located in Harlan County, a mountainous region in the southeastern corner of the state of Kentucky. Both Lynch and Benham are coal company towns. Dr. Brown weaves together research with the voices of Lynch and Benham natives utilizing over 150 oral histories she gathered, which let the reader "hear" the true lived experiences of the Black residents of the towns during the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. Oral histories add a vibrancy and depth to most narratives, and Dr. Brown's use of these first-person accounts does not disappoint. This book provides a thoughtfully researched conversation on race, racial violence, de jure segregation, geographical racism, skin color, and class differences, all the while paying particular attention to detail. She takes the time to note the sartorial differences between Blacks and whites in a photo of men, Black and white, receiving their physical examinations to become coal miners. The first two chapters of the book set the stage for detailing the making of coal towns and the Black migration to those towns; or alternately, the Black man's escape from the Deep South. The subsequent chapters detail the lives and lifeworlds of the Black coal miner and his family in Lynch and Benham. We learn about home and the family. We learn about the children. We learn about pigmentocracy in the coal fields, as well as the spectrum of whiteness. We learn about that "moment in every black person's life when they discover what their blackness means to the world." We learn about the Black school as a place of pride and discovery and majesty. We learn how Blackness in the coalfields mirrored Blackness across the country, though covered in layers of coal dust and paid for in company script. Other books have been written about Appalachia and Appalachians that paint the area as monochromatic and destitute. Dr. Karida L. Brown's work helps fill the gaps that those narratives leave behind. Her thorough research, amplified and highlighted by the many oral histories she conducted, results in a highly readable, academically sound, and very enjoyable book about the lives of Black coal miners and their families. The stories of Affrilachians (this term was coined by Frank X. Walker) are finally being told. [End Page 57] Kelli Johnson Marshall University Copyright © 2022 West Virginia University Press

Comparison of lung cancer risk in black-coal miners based on mortality and incidence.

Cancer risk (especially as regards lung cancer) in black-coal miners is mainly analyzed on the basis of mortality. The risk calculated based on mortality may differ from the values based on incidence. The aim of the study was to compare cancer risk in black-coal miners with and without coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP), based on data on mortality and the incidence of lung cancer in the Czech Republic in 1992-2013. The cohort without CWP was composed of 6687 miners, and the cohort with CWP of 3476 miners. Information on the incidence of lung cancer was obtained from the Czech National Oncological Register (NOR), and information on mortality from the National Population Register. The risk of lung cancer incidence was compared with the general male population in the Czech Republic using the standardized incidence ratio (SIR), and the risk of lung cancer mortality using the standardized mortality ratio (SMR), with the 95% CI. In miners with CWP, a lower SMR value was found, SMR = 1.70 (95% CI: 1.41-2.04), compared with the SIR value, SIR = 2.01 (95% CI: 1.70-2.36). In miners without CWP, this was opposite, the value of SIR = 0.81 (95% CI: 0.69-0.94) was lower than the value of SMR = 0.83 (95% CI: 0.70-0.98). In miners without CWP, 17 cases of lung cancer (out of 176 cases in total) were not registered in NOR. In miners with CWP, the share of not registered cases was significantly lower (p = 0.018), and it was represented by 3% of not registered lung cancer cases, out of 156 cases with the diagnosis of lung cancer. In spite of the difference between SIR and SMR, the results of both indicators were consistent with the resulting relationship between the lung cancer risk and CWP. Med Pr. 2020;71(5):513-8.

The Industrialist and the Mountaineer: The Eastham-Thompson Feud and the Struggle for West Virginia's Timber Frontier by Ronald L. Lewis, and: No Hope for Heaven, No Fear of Hell: The Stafford-Townsend Feud of Colorado County, Texas, 1871–1911 by James C. Kearney, Bill Stein, and James Smallwood

Reviewed by: The Industrialist and the Mountaineer: The Eastham-Thompson Feud and the Struggle for West Virginia's Timber Frontier by Ronald L. Lewis, and: No Hope for Heaven, No Fear of Hell: The Stafford-Townsend Feud of Colorado County, Texas, 1871–1911 by James C. Kearney, Bill Stein, and James Smallwood Christopher Thrasher The Industrialist and the Mountaineer: The Eastham-Thompson Feud and the Struggle for West Virginia's Timber Frontier. By Ronald L. Lewis. West Virginia and Appalachia. ( Morgantown: West Virginia University Press, 2017. Pp. x, 301. Paper, $26.99, ISBN 978–1-943665–51-8; cloth, $79.99, 978–1-943665–50-1.) No Hope for Heaven, No Fear of Hell: The Stafford-Townsend Feud of Colorado County, Texas, 1871–1911. By James C. Kearney, Bill Stein, and James Smallwood. Texas Local Series. ( Denton: University of North Texas Press, 2016. Pp. xvi, 287. $29.95, ISBN 978–1-57441–650-3.) The Industrialist and the Mountaineer: The Eastham-Thompson Feud and the Struggle for West Virginia's Timber Frontier and No Hope for Heaven, No Fear of Hell: The Stafford-Townsend Feud of Colorado County, Texas, 1871–1911 focus on the history of feuding during the Reconstruction era. In both works, the authors share thrilling stories of violence and economic conflict in an effort to reveal fundamental shifts in southern society in the years after the Civil War. While these are important similarities, the works grew from distinct methodologies and look at two areas at opposite ends of the region. Ronald L. Lewis is an expert on the history of working-class Appalachian people and is a professor emeritus of history at West Virginia University. He has spent many years teaching courses on the history of Appalachia and has written numerous books on this subject, including Transforming the Appalachian Countryside: Railroads, Deforestation, and Social Change in West Virginia, 1880–1920 (Chapel Hill, 1998) and Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict, 1780–1980 (Lexington, Ky., 1987). Lewis's newwork, The Industrialist and the Mountaineer, focuses on the conflict between timber tycoon Frank Elmer Thompson and small landowner Robert [End Page 195] Woodford Eastham. The dispute, which began as a fairly conventional conflict over money and land in West Virginia's timber country, spiraled out of control. Eastham murdered Thompson and was eventually tried for the crime. Lewis moves beyond the story of two men, arguing that the dispute provides insights into a greater cultural conflict that Richard Brown calls the "'Western Civil War of Incorporation,'" in which new market elites displaced traditional agrarian aristocrats (p. 7). To support his argument, Lewis paints Eastham—a member of an old Virginia family, an ardent Democrat, and a former member of Mosby's Rangers, one of the most notorious units in the Confederate army—as a traditionalist. In contrast, Lewis presents Thompson, a descendant of a wealthy New England family and a Republican who was too young to have served during the Civil War, as a member of the new elite. Lewis's goals are ambitious, and he is ultimately successful. James C. Kearney, Bill Stein, and James Smallwood formed an inadvertent partnership to write No Hope for Heaven, No Fear of Hell. The project began with archivist Bill Stein'sresearchduringthe1990s.WhenSteinpassedawayin2008, his brother Chris Stein approached University of Texas professor and family friend James Kearney in hopes that he would complete the work. Kearney agreed and received assistance from James Smallwood, professor of history at Oklahoma State University. Smallwood envisioned a much broader study of violence in Texas, while Kearney hoped to focus more tightly on the Stafford and Townsend families at the heart of the feud. In 2013, Smallwood passed away, and Kearney completed the work with the more narrow focus that he and Bill Stein preferred. The book focuses on a series of conflicts in Colorado County, Texas, that took place between 1871 and 1911. Like Lewis, Kearney moves beyond the limited context of feuding to address broader shifts in southern society during Reconstruction. While many people were eventually drawn into the dispute, the conflict, at its core, was between the old money Stafford family and the prominent, new money Townsend family, who reached...

Mortality in Miners with Coal-Workers' Pneumoconiosis in the Czech Republic in the Period 1992-2013.

While working underground, miners are exposed to a number of risk factors that have a negative impact on their health and may be a cause of an increased mortality in miners. The aim of the study was to compare total and specific mortality in black coal miners with acknowledged coal-workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP) and without CWP, and the mortality of the general male population in the Czech Republic in the period 1992–2013. The sample consisted of 3476 coal miners with CWP and 6687 ex-coal miners without CWP, who were removed after achieving the maximum permissible exposure (MPE). The mortality risk differences were analyzed with the use of the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and 95% confidence interval. Significantly higher total mortality (SMR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.02–1.17), and mortality from malignant neoplasm (SMR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.03–1.30), lung cancers (SMR = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.41–2.04), and non-malignant respiratory diseases (SMR = 2.78; 95% CI: 2.32–3.31) were found in the sample of coal miners with CWP. In this sample, the severity of CWP was assessed, and the SMR increased with the severity of CWP. The total (SMR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.82–0.91) and specific mortality of miners without CWP were not higher compared with the general population. In the case where the miners were removed from underground work after achieving the MPE (without CWP), their mortality was not higher than that of the general population, but the mortality of miners with CWP was higher compared to the general population. This mortality was affected by malignant and non-malignant respiratory diseases.

RUIN’S PROGENY

AbstractExtractive industries have long been a topic of study in environmental social science. These studies have focused on how extractive industries, as linked to global capitalism, degrade local communities and their environments, but have failed to consider their racialized effects. At the same time, when scholars have examined the intersection of race and the environment, their analyses tend towards the quantification and mapping of the disproportionate environmental burdens that weigh upon communities of color. Both literatures neglect to examine the intersection of race and the environment from a phenomenological perspective. Our research intervenes in the literature by asking: (1) How is the environment implicated in conditioning racialized subjectivities? And (2) How do landscapes and environment impact the formation of collective identity and sense of belonging for African Americans? In this article, we focus on the lived experience of a generation of Black coal miners and their families, who migrated throughout the central Appalachian region during the twentieth century Great Migration. This study offers an empirical investigation into the “landscapes of meaning” that can emerge from the experience of racialized displacement from land and environment. Further, in documenting the lived experience of this group of African Americans, this study also counters the otherwise dominant narrative that portrays Appalachian people as hopeless, helpless, and homeless; and White. Data for this study are drawn from the EKAAMP collection, a community-driven participatory archive aimed at documenting the lives of African American coal miners and their families. This work offers three contributions: It (1) reinserts agency into the analysis of communities affected by extractive economies; (2) invigorates the productive tensions that underlie considerations of the inextricable linkages between environment and the phenomenological experience of racialization; and (3) reconsiders the long-standing historical intersections between environment, community, and race.

Cancer incidence in Czech black coal miners in association with coalworkers’ pneumoconiosis

The aim of the study was comparison of cancer incidence risk of lungs, stomach, colon, bladder and kidneys from ex-miners of black coal mines and the general male population of the Czech Republic. The analysis was conducted in two cohorts of ex-miners according to the presence of coalworkers' pneumoconiosis (CWP). The first cohort included the miners without CWP (N = 6705), and the second cohort included the miners who were compensated for CWP (N = 2158). Personal and occupational data was merged with the data in the National Population Register and the National Oncological Register for the period from 1992 to 2006. Cancer risk in miners in comparison to the general male population of the Czech Republic was evaluated by SIR (Standardized Incidence Ratio) and 95% confidence interval (CI). About twice as high risk of lung cancer was found in miners with CWP (SIR = 2.21; 95% CI: 1.75-2.76). Lung cancer risk correlated with the severity of CWP (simple CWP SIR=1.96; 95% CI: 1.48-2.56, progressive massive fibrosis SIR = 4.29; 95% CI: 2.09-7.87). No increased risk of lung cancer was found in ex-miners without CWP. The risk of malignant neoplasm at the other selected sites was comparable with the risk in the general male population of the Czech Republic. This study found increased lung cancer risk in coal miners with CWP, but not in those without CWP, comparing with the general population. These results served as the basis for the inclusion of lung cancer in association with CWP into a new Czech list of occupational diseases.

Memories Draw Generations Back to Lynch

Memories Draw Generations Back to Lynch Andy Mead Biscuit Jackson stopped a car on narrow Mountain Street to talk to the people inside, and soon half a dozen more were lined up behind it. No one honked to hurry the conversation. On Memorial Day weekend in Lynch, visiting with old friends always has the right of way. The former coal camp, tucked into a Black Mountain hollow on the north end of Harlan County, is bulging this weekend with hundreds of black coal miners' sons and daughters who left to seek a better life elsewhere. Biscuit is in from California, where he is Sgt. William Jackson of the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department. "These are my people, my roots," he said. "I come back and walk up and down these streets, and I'm home." Joyce Hall Petteway came back from Waterbury, Connecticut, where she is a securities trader. "This is just a different atmosphere from city life," she said. "You can hear birds singing here. I like to just sit on the porch and listen to water running down the mountain." Clara Hayes is from Detroit. She's a retired teacher who works in a juvenile home. She moved away more than thirty years ago, but Lynch keeps calling her back. "I was born here," she said. "My dad is buried here. We had to leave when the head of the family died, but I was baptized in that church on the corner there." Hayes and her sister, Ardella Jackson, have been back every Memorial Day for twenty-six years. "We don't even know what Detroit looks like on Memorial Day," she said. Probably less crowded than Lynch, Mrs. Hayes. Cars hugging street curbs in Lynch this weekend have license plates from Michigan, Indiana, New York, Virginia , Connecticut, North Carolina, Alabama , New Jersey, Florida, Ohio, Maryland , Massachusetts, Illinois, Tennessee, and Texas. The 1990 census found 1,166 souls living in Lynch, but on Saturday night more than twice that number crowded in and around the former Lynch Colored School for a dance sponsored by the Eastern Kentucky Social Club. On Sunday morning, 350 people packed the Mount Sinai Baptist Church. The Rev. W. B. Rutland said Sunday service usually draws 110 to 120 people. Today, many will drive to Monte Vista Cemetery—it's a few miles away, on the far side of a cemetery where white people are buried, to place flowers on relatives' graves. Three generations of the Baskin family were there Saturday, digging up! old pots of plastic flowers and putting new ones in. "All the people you see up here are coal miners and their wives," said Sylvester Baskin, the grandfather. "This one here was a classmate of mine. That was my neighbor; that one was my father-in-law. Sam Houston over there was a motorman . I'd say two-thirds of them, I knew them." Lynch is a tight little town of homes that once were owned by the coal company . The town was born in 1917, when the United States Steel Corporation decided to build a town to house people who would dig coal for its steel mills. Terraces for houses and roads were 20 blasted out of the mountain above Looney Creek. An army of men was brought in to build homes, boarding houses, bathhouses, churches, a machine shop, a company store, and what was then the world's largest tipple. The place was named after Thomas Lynch, the first president of United States Coal and Coke, a U.S. Steel subsidiary. The company brought in white coal miners from Pennsylvania and elsewhere. From Alabama, Virginia, and other southern states, it brought in thousands of blacks, many of them sharecroppers. U. S. Steel later sold the town to another company, which in the early 1960s sold the houses to the people who lived in them. Lynch always stood apart because it was one of only a handful of places in Eastern Kentucky where blacks live. Now, says city council member Bennie Massey, about 80 percent of the population is black. Like many other towns in Eastern Kentucky , Lynch is shrinking as mining jobs dwindle. Up the mountain from the last...

Book Reviews

AbstractBook reviwed in this article From Arrian to Alexander: Studies in Historical Interpretation. By A. B. Bosworth. The Jews in the Greek Age. By Elias J. Bickerman. Greeks, Romans and Barbarians. By Barry Cunliffe. On Pagans, Jews, and Christians. By Arnaldo Momigliano. The Crusades: A Short History. By Jonathan Riley‐Smith. Searches for an Imaginary Kingdom: The Legend of the Kingdom of Prester John. By L. N. Gumilev. Translated by R. E. F. Smith. The Papal Prince, One Body and Two Souls: The Papal Monarchy in Early Modern Europe. By Paolo Prodi. Translated by Susan Haskins. Britannia: A History of Roman Britain. By Sheppard Frere. The English: A Social History, 1066–1945. By Christopher Hibbert. Suffolk and the Tudors: Politics and Religion in an English County, 1500–1600. By Barmaid MacCulloch. Village Revolts: Social Protest and Popular Disturbances in England, 1509–1640. By Roger B. Manning. The Civil Wars of England. By J. P. Kenyon. Politics, Society and Civil War in Warwickshire, 1620–1660. By Ann Hughes. Charles I and Oliver Cromwell: A Study in Contrasts and Comparisons. By Maurice Ashley. Criticism and Compliment. The Politics of Literature in the England of Charles I. By Kevin Sharpe. London Crowds in the Reign of Charles II: Propaganda and Politics from the Restoration until the Exclusion Crisis. By Tim Harris. The Quakers and the English Legal System, 1660–1688. By Craig W. Horle. Ladies Elect: Women in English Local Government, 1865–1914. By Patricia Hollis. Nobles in Nineteenth‐Century France. The Practice of Inegalitarianism. By David Higgs. The Search for Social Peace: Reform Legislation in France, 1890–1914. By Judith F. Stone. The Reluctant Empress: A Biography of Empress Elisabeth of Austria. By Brigitte Hamann. Translated by Ruth Hein. Philip IV and the Government of Spain, 1621–1665. By R. A. Stradling. Jewish High Society in Old Regime Berlin. By Deborah Hertz. Rethinking German History: Nineteenth‐Century Germany and the Origins of the Third Reich. By Richard J. Evans. Germany and Europe in the Era of the Two World Wars: Essays in Honor of Oron James Hale. Edited by F. X. J. Homer and Larry D. Wilcox. The Making of Three Russian Revolutionaries: Voices from the Menshevik Past. By Leopold H. Haimson in collaboration with Ziva Galilii y Garcia and Richard Wortman. Stalin: Man and Ruler. By Robert H. McNeal. Soviet Succession Struggles: Kremlinology and the Russian Question from Lenin to Gorbachev. By Anthony D'Agostino. Cecil Rhodes: Flawed Colossus. By Brian Roberta. Foundations of Representative Government in Maryland, 1632–1715. By David W. Jordan. “To Serve Well and Faithfully”: Labor and Indentured Servants in Pennsylvania, 1682–1800. By Sharon V. Salinger. The Concept of Liberty in the Age of the American Revolution. By John Phillip Reid. Rhetoric and History in Revolutionary New England. By Donald Weber. Greatness in The White House: Rating the Presidents, Washington Through Carter. By Robert K. Murray and Tim H. Blessing. Towards a Christian Republic: Antimasonry and the Great Transition in New England, 1826–1836. By Paul Goodman. The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776–1848. By Robin Blackburn. Paupers and Poor Relief in New York City and Its Rural Environs, 1700–1830. By Robert E. Cray Jr. A House Divided: Sectionalism and Ciuil War, 1848–1865. [The American Moment Series.] By Richard H. Sewell. Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War. By Gerald F. Linderman. The Transformation of American Quakerism: Orthodox Friends, 1800–1907. By Thomas D. Hamm. Feud: Hatfields. McCoys, and Social Change in Appalachia, 1860–1900. By Altina L. Waller. Gilded Age Cato: The Life of Walter Q. Gresham. By Charles W. Calhoun. Badge and Buckshot: Lawlessness in Old California. By John Boessenecker. No Step Backward: Women and Family on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier, Helena, Montana, 1865–1900. By Paula Petrik. Heartland: Comparative Histories of the Midwestern States. [Midwestern History and Culture Series.] Edited by James H. Madison. The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland. [American Presidency Series.] By Richard E. Welch Jr. A History of Neglect: Health Care for Blacks and Mill Workers in the Twentieth‐Century South. By Edward H. Beardsley. Toward a New Deal in Baltimore: People and Government in the Great Depression. By Jo Ann E. Argersinger. Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict, 1780–1980. By Ronald L. Lewis. Oliver Heaviside: Sage in Solitude. By Paul J. Nahin. Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War. By Eric Larrabee. William Fulbright and the Vietnam War. By William C. Berman. The Cold War Begins in Asia. [Contemporary American History Series.] By Marc S. Gallicchio. Mexico through Russian Eyes, 1806–1940. By William Harrison Richardson.

Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict, 1780-1980

Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict, 1780-1980

Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict, 1780-1980

Journal Article Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict, 1780–1980. By Ronald L. Lewis. (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1987. xv + 239 pp. $25.00.) Get access William H. Harris William H. Harris Paine College Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 75, Issue 3, December 1988, Page 925, https://doi.org/10.2307/1901595 Published: 01 December 1988

Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict, 1780- 1980.

Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict, 1780- 1980.

Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict, 1780-1980. By Ronald L. Lewis (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1987. xv + 239 pp.)

Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict, 1780-1980. By Ronald L. Lewis (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1987. xv + 239 pp.)

Review: Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict, 1780-1980 by Ronald L. Lewis

Review: <i>Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict, 1780-1980</i> by Ronald L. Lewis

Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict, 1780-1980. By Ronald L. Lewis. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1987. Pp. xv, 239. $25.00.

Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict, 1780-1980. By Ronald L. Lewis. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1987. Pp. xv, 239. $25.00.

Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict, 1780-1980

Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict, 1780-1980

Black coal miners and the greenback‐labor party in Redeemer, Alabama: 1878–1879

Black coal miners and the greenback‐labor party in Redeemer, Alabama: 1878–1879