Black Bean Cultivars Research Articles

DISTRIBUTION OF SELECTED ELEMENTS BETWEEN THE SEED COAT AND EMBRYO OF TWO BLACK BEAN CULTIVARS

Differences in distribution of minerals between the seed coat and embryo of plant seed can affect their bioavailability. Concentrations of iron [Fe], manganese [Mn], zinc [Zn], calcium [Ca], magnesium [Mg], potassium [K], and phosphorus [P] in these seed fractions of two black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars (T39 and UI-911) were studied in field experiments conducted on acid and calcareous soils. Seed of T39 and UI-911 at the acid soil site had 34% and 45% higher [Fe], respectively, than at the calcareous soil site. Seed-coat [Fe] in UI-911 was substantially higher than that in T39. In contrast, embryo [Fe] was higher in T39 than UI-911. Mean percentages of the total seed Fe located in the seed coat were 33% and 32% for UI-911 at the acid and calcareous soil sites, respectively. The corresponding percentages for T39 were 14% and 18%, respectively. Although UI-911 accumulated higher percentages of Ca, Mg, and Zn in the seed coat than T39, the cultivar differences were relatively small. Mean percentages of dry matter and elements in the seed, averaged over cultivars and sites, found in the seed-coat fraction were: Dry matter=10%, Ca=84%, Fe=24%, Mg=18%, K=8%, Zn=7%, Mn=3%, and P=2%. There is apparently a genetically-controlled barrier to the movement of Fe between the seed coat and embryo during seed development in P. vulgaris.

AC Black Diamond common bean

AC Black Diamond is a high-yielding, large-seeded, shiny black dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar. It was developed from a series of crosses at the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia, on contract to the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) Research Centre, Lethbridge, with cooperation from the AAFC Research Station Morden. AC Black Diamond is well adapted to the Canadian prairies, yielding significantly more than the check cultivar, UI 906, at 122% in narrow-rows an d 106% in wide-rows. AC Black Diamond is moderately susceptible to white mold and resistant to bean common mosaic virus (BCMV). Key words: Common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, shiny large-seeded black bean, cultivar description, high yield

Genotype and environment effect on canning quality of dry bean grown in Saskatchewan

Canning quality traits of dry bean are affected by both the genotype and the environment. This study was conducted to determine the effects of genotype, environment and the genotype × environment interaction on canning quality traits of selected navy bean, black bean and pinto bean cultivars. Three cultivars each of navy bean and black bean and two cultivars of pinto bean were grown at several sites across Saskatchewan in the summer of 1995 and 1996. Dry bean seed samples from five sites for navy bean, four sites for black bean and six sites for pinto bean grown over 2 yr were evaluated for canning quality traits using a modified laboratory canning protocol. The cultivar effect was significant for most canning quality traits in all three bean classes. For most canning quality traits, the cultivar × year × site interaction variance predominated over the corresponding cultivar × year or cultivar × site variances and, hence, the first order interactions were considered relatively unimportant. The occurrence of early fall frost at several sites resulted in frost-damaged seed, which affected both the genetic and environmental effects on the canning quality traits. Identification of cultivar × site interactions for a few canning quality traits does not justify dividing the province into subareas for breeding and testing purposes. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, common bean, genotype, environment, canning quality

AC Harblack common bean

AC Harblack is a medium-maturity, high-yielding black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar. It’s main advantages are its erect plant type, high yield potential and earlier maturity than the commonly grown cv. T-39. Seed has acceptable appearance and firm texture when cooked. AC Harblack is resistant to beta, gamma and delta races of anthracnose and to races 1 and 15 of bean common mosaic virus.Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L., dry edible bean, black bean, cultivar description, bean anthracnose, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, bean common mosaic virus

B-21: A Dry Black Bean Breeding Line with Multiple Virus Resistance

Abstract In North America, dry black beans are produced primarily for the domestic and Latin American export markets. Currently, most black bean cultivars are susceptible to a broad array of viral diseases that are causing serious crop losses in the western hemisphere. ‘Black Turtle-1’ (‘BT-1’), a selection out of ‘Black Turtle Soup’, has resistance to five viruses, but is extremely susceptible to bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) (Prowidenti, 1983). BYMV is one of the most destructive diseases of beans in New York state. The primary purpose of this breeding program was to incorporate BYMV resistance into ‘BT-1’. Because ‘BT-1’ has a partially recumbent growth habit, which is horticulturally undesirable, a second objective was to select for a plant type similar to the standard ‘Black Turtle Soup’ (‘T-39’) or ‘Midnight’ (Sandsted, 1980).

Influence of Flooding on Root Morphological Components of Young Black Beans

Abstract Three black bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), ‘Midnight’, ‘Black Turtle Soup’, and ‘T-39’, were grown in a sand culture in a series of greenhouse experiments. Seedlings were subjected to various flooding treatments beginning at the time the first true leaves were fully expanded and continuing for up to 14 days. Root systems were partitioned into adventitious, basal, and tap components at harvest. Basal roots accounted for the greatest proportion of the total root biomass in control plants. Adventitious roots became the dominant root component in plants which had been flooded for up to 7 days and then allowed to recover for 7 days. The production of adventitious roots by flooded plants reduced their shoot:root ratios to values closer to those of unflooded control plants. ‘Midnight’ plants usually had larger basal roots and higher total root and shoot weights than plants of the other 2 cultivars. All 3 cultivars, however, were proportionally affected to the same extent by flooding.

Root Characteristics of Black Beans. I. Relationship of Root Size to Lodging and Seed Yield1

The relationship of root size to seed yield and lodging of two black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars, ‘Black Turtle Soup’ (BTS) and ‘Strain 39,’ was compared with that of four black‐seeded lines (70001, 70002, 70003, and 70004) under both field and greenhouse conditions at different growth stages. Root weight was significantly higher for the four lines than for the two cultivars in the field, but not in the greenhouse. Shoot:root ratios were significantly lower for all the lines than for BTS in both environments and for Strain 39 under field conditions.Combined field data for 2 years showed all four lines had significantly higher seed and biological yields than the two cultivars, although no differences were measured for harvest index. In both years the four lines lodged less than the two cultivars.Uprooting resistance of all lines was significantly higher than for BTS and Strain 39. None of the parameters measured showed a stage ✕ genotype interaction, except for shoot:root ratio in the greenhouse.Our results suggest that a larger root biomas may be an important component of lodging resistance in black beans. Erect plant types would result in decreased yield losses by direct harvesters.

Root Characteristics of Black Beans. II. Morphological Differences Among Genotypes1

Total root biomass of two black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars, ‘Black Turtle Soup’ (BTS) and ‘Strain 39,’ and four black‐seeded lines (70001, 70002, 70003, and 70004) was partitioned into adventitious, basal, and taproot components at several growth stages under both greenhouse and field conditions. Basal root weights were significantly higher for the four lines in the field and for 70001 and 70002 in the greenhouse than for BTS and Strain 39. Genotypes did not differ for adventitious root weights in both environments. Taproot weights were higher for all the lines compared with BTS; and for 70001, 70003, and 70004 compared with Strain 39 in the field. Genotypes did not differ for taproot weights in the greenhouse.Stem, hypocotyl, and taproot diameters were significantly higher for all the lines than for the two cultivars in the field. Hypocotyl and stem diameters of all lines were higher than for the two cultivars, except for stem diameter of 70002 when compared with BTS in the greenhouse. Taproot diameters of 70001, 70002, and 70004 were significantly higher than for Strain 39 under greenhouse conditions. Basal root diameters (sum of individual basal root diameters) of the four lines were significantly higher than for BTS or Strain 39 in both experiments. Genotypes did^ot differ in the number of basal roots under field conditions.In the field, most root parameters increased up to the seed initiation stage, followed by a significant decrease or no further increase at the pod fill stage. Significant stage ✕ genotype interactions occurred for basal root diameter and hypocotyl diameter in the field and for taproot weight, stem, hypocotyl, and basal root diameters in the greenhouse. The erect plant type of the lines may be attributable to larger basal roots.