Black Barley Research Articles

유색보리 Methanol 추출물의 항산화 성분 및 항산화 활성

We examined the antioxidant content and activity in methanolic extracts from split polished barley (Spb), pearled black barley (Pbb), hulled yellow barley (Hyb), hulled purple barley (Hpb), and hulled black barley (Hbb). The extraction yields of Spb, Pbb, Hyb, Hpb, and Hbb were 2.85, 3.62, 4.62, 4.41, and 6.58%, respectively. The polyphenolic and flavonoid contents were 57.93 and 24.02 for Spb, 64.01 and 27.92 for Pbb, 122.88 and 36.38 for Hyb, 134.94 and 36.51 for Hpb, and 163.43 and 39.70 mg/100 g for Hbb, respectively. The antioxidant activity of hulled barley was significantly higher than that of split or pearled barley. The results of this study show that the antioxidant activity in barley bran has significant health benefits.

Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Colored Grains in China

Colored grains including red, purple, and black rice, purple corn, black barley, and black soybean contain anthocyanins. The present study was designed to (i) identify and quantify the individual anthocyanins and measure the total phenolic content (TPC), (ii) evaluate the antioxidant and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and (iii) correlate the TPC with total antioxidant activity and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory potency in these colored grains. The TPC was measured using a Folin-Ciocalteu assay, while the total antioxidant activity was determined by a method based on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity. Among all of the studied colored grains, black rice possessed the highest TPC, which was 86 times greater than that of red rice. In addition, black rice had the highest total anthocyanin contents and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. A significant positive correlation of the antioxidant activity and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity with total anthocyanin content and TPC was observed in this study. It is concluded that black rice possesses the highest antioxidant activity and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory among all of the colored grains tested and can be further explored as a functional food.

Changes in growth variables and potassium content in leaves of Black Barley in response to NaCl

Much attention is being focused on the Black barley (Hordeum distichum L.) as a local cultivar offering good model for a cereal crop has traits of resistance to drought and salinity during vegetative growth stages. Although Black was sensitive to salt stress during germination, it developed gradual tolerance with age and proved very tolerant during growth and development stages. The data of study clearly revealed how this cultivar was superior over Arivat (Hordeum vulgare L.) in many physiological aspects such as leaf growth variables (i.e. rate and duration) and processes (i.e. cell division), tiller production and potassium content. Black barley had more tillers, faster rate and longer duration of growth processes which was accompanied with potassium accumulation, as sodium chloride concentration increased in the growth medium. Thus, the ability of Black cultivar to accumulate K+ could have promoted growth variables (i.e. faster rate and longer duration of growth processes). Arivat, on the other hand, might have suffered from K+ deficiency; which could explain the adverse effect of salt stress on leaf growth variables and processes. Moreover, the relative water content (RWC) and proline can clearly distinguish the two cultivars; RWC was higher and proline concentration was lower in leaves of Black as compared with Arivat. Therefore, Black barley proved efficient in maintaining growth, ion homeostasis, and might sacrifice less in growth under osmotic stress conditions. The possible mechanism of the effect of sodium chloride on potassium accumulation in Black barley is discussed.

Phytochemical Profile of Main Antioxidants in Different Fractions of Purple and Blue Wheat, and Black Barley

Two pigmented wheat genotypes (blue and purple) and two black barley genotypes were fractionated in bran and flour fractions, examined, and compared for their free radical scavenging properties against 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical cation (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, TEAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total phenolic content (TPC), phenolic acid composition, carotenoid composition, and total anthocyanin content. The results showed that fractionation has a significant influence on the antioxidant properties, TPC, anthocyanin and carotenoid contents, and phenolic acid composition. Bran fractions had the greatest antioxidant activities (1.9-2.3 mmol TEAC/100 g) in all four grain genotypes and were 3-5-fold higher than the respective flour fractions (0.4-0.7 mmol TEAC/100 g). Ferulic acid was the predominant phenolic acid in wheat genotypes (bran fractions) while p-coumaric acid was the predominant phenolic acid in the bran fractions of barley genotypes. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis detected the presence of lutein and zeaxanthin in all fractions with different distribution patterns within the genotypes. The highest contents of anthocyanins were found in the middlings of black barley genotypes or in the shorts of blue and purple wheat. These data suggest the possibility to improve the antioxidant release from cereal-based food through selection of postharvest treatments.

Comparison of black, purple, and yellow barleys

Many barley landraces are purple-or black-seeded, but the chemical composition of these purple-and black- seeded barley is rarely examined. Therefore, studies were conducted to determine if the chemical composition of purple and black barleys differs from that of yellow barleys. Four sets of genetic materials were used for these studies: 96 doubled-haploid (DH) lines, 10 near-isogenic lines, 40 landraces, and four F3 bulks. The results showed that purple DH lines contained a similar amount of lignin as yellow DH lines and that anthocyanin-containing isogenic lines did not differ from anthocyanin-free lines in lignin content. Therefore, these results suggest that anthocyanin biosynthesis is independent of lignin biosynthesis in barley. The results also showed that black barley contained more protein and more lignin than yellow barley in two crosses and that among the 40 landraces studied, the three with the highest concentration of lignin happened to be black seeded. Lignin content was not associated with seed weight except in defective endosperm lines. The presence of pigments and a relatively high concentration of lignin might help reduce the level of kernel blight severity in black barley. More studies are needed to determine the chemical composition and pest resistance associated with purple and black barleys.

The effect of gamma irradiation on the viscosity of two barley cultivars for broiler chicks

Seeds of two barley cultivars (Local Black and Shoaa) were gamma irradiated at 0, 10, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kGy doses using Cobalt-60 source to decrease the viscosity. The viscosity was determined in the flour of the seeds using Ostwald U-tube viscometer. The viscosity values were reduced by 25%, 50%, 65%, 72% and 74% in Local Black barley cultivar, while, in Shoaa cultivar the reductions were 15%, 30%, 52%, 69% and 67% at 10, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kGy, respectively. The chemical compositions of the seeds were determined in all treatments.

The ability of different plant species to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls from incubation media

The ability of in vitro cultured cells of black nightshade, wheat, barley, soybean, tomato, mulberry and birch to grow in the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and to metabolise them was compared. No correlation was found between the resistance of the plants and removal of xenobiotics. Up to 20% of PCBs and over 90% of PAHs were removed by wheat cells from nutrient media in two weeks.

Further Evaluation of the Resistance of Black Barley to Water Stress: Preliminary Assessment for Selecting Drought Resistant Barley

AbstractSome parameters for screening drought resistance in barley were examined during various stages of plant development using two contrasting cultivars (local Iraqi cv. Black and Australian cv. Clipper). These parameters include leaf growth, tiller number, relative water content (RWC), proline accumulation and ionic composition. More pronounced drought resistance in Black was expressed by significantly lower reduction in leaf area, cell and tiller numbers compared with Clipper; proline concentration, RWC and ionic (N, P, K) concentration in expanded leaves, on the other hand, did not clearly distinguish the cultivars. Black was particularly drought tolerant at the post‐flowering stage.

An analysis of the effects of water stress on leaf growth and yield of three barley cultivars

The main objective of the study was to evaluate the sensitivity of Iraqi local barley cultivar (Black) to soil water deficit as compared to other barley cultivars, namely: CM-72 and Arivat. The local cultivar proved to be susceptible during germination and emergence, but it developed resistance during the vegetative growth and yield formation stages. Growth analysis of individual leaves clearly showed that Black barley produced leaves of long growth duration which could affect the growth processes especially cell division. Thus, the reduction in the number of cells composing those leaves was small in the cultivar Black. Leaf growth rates as soil matric potential decreased, were reduced considerably, although, no clear trends were observed between cultivars. On the other hand, the smaller cell volume of local cultivar may have a role in its ability to tolerate water deficit. Some evidence that the local cultivar is post-flowering resistant is discussed.

ANTHOCYANINS AND ANTHOCYANIDINS OF THE BARLEY PERICARP AND ALEURONE TISSUES

The anthocyanins and anthocyanidins of the pericarp and aleurone tissues of one white, three blue, two purple, and two black barley varieties were isolated by paper chromatography. Two anthocyanins, "B" and "C" (perhaps cyanidin-3-glucoside), occurred in one black and in the blue and purple varieties. Additionally, of three anthocyanins found in the two purple varieties, two, "D" and "E", were common to both and one, "F", was found only in the variety Gopal. Also found in the purple varieties was a poorly resolved group of anthocyanins designated as "A". Two anthocyanidins, delphinidin and cyanidin, were found in all varieties and one, pelargonidin, was found only in the purple varieties. It is probable that anthocyanins A and A1are delphinidin derivatives; anthocyanins C and D, cyanidin derivatives; and anthocyanins E and F, pelargonidin derivatives. The relationships of the anthocyanins to colour inheritance patterns were discussed.