Black, Asian And Minority Ethnic Communities Research Articles

The use of the term Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic in The Voice and Eastern Eye newspapers, a discourse analysis of Covid news stories in the UK press

This study finds that during the pandemic the UK mainstream press presented a blame narrative in their news stories when discussing BAME communities in relation to Covid-19. Articles from The Voice and Eastern Eye newspapers aimed at diasporic readers were contrasted with stories from UK mainstream press, published during the first lockdown in the UK. An intersectional approach was taken to examine news articles published between March and July 2020. The analysis revealed a failure in the British mainstream press to recognise structural and systemic racism when reporting Covid related stories. In contrast, the ethnic press looked for solutions and tried to examine structural racism. A deficit approach is evident in the mainstream press that sought to apportion blame to cultures, faith, and customs. There is a focus on the terminology BAME (Black Asian and minority ethnic) used as a formal descriptor by the UK Government and media to describe minority communities. The term is now defunct. It is acknowledged that Covid-19 accentuated differences that already existed in society, particularly those pertaining to race. Research has also evidenced that mainstream news organisations can be overly critical of minority communities, conflating their perceived flaws and condemning minorities as a method to delegitimise claims of mistreatment or differential outcomes.

The impact of COVID-19 on the changes in health behaviours among Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) communities in the United Kingdom (UK): a scoping review

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has led to changes in health behaviours, which include eating patterns and nutrition, smoking, alcohol consumption, sleeping patterns, physical activity and sedentary behaviour. There is a dearth of evidence reporting the impact of COVID-19 on the health behaviour of Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) communities. This scoping review synthesises the available evidence on the impact of COVID-19 on the changes in health behaviours among BAME communities in the UK.MethodsFollowing a keyword strategy, 16 electronic databases were searched for articles that met the screening criteria. These articles were then reviewed in full text. Empirical studies that assessed COVID-19 related health behaviour changes among BAME communities in the UK, conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic between July 2020 and August 2021 and published in English language, were set as inclusion criteria. An initial 2160 studies were identified in the selected databases. After removing duplications and screening the title and abstracts of the 2154 studies, only 4 studies were selected to be reviewed as they met the inclusion criteria. The included studies employed different sample sizes which ranged from N = 47 to N = 30,375 and reported several health behaviour changes. Out of the 4 included studies, 3 studies included BAME groups within their sample as a subgroup while one study focused specifically on BAME groups.ResultsThe scoping review found that there were lower levels of physical activity among BAME groups compared to the White ethnic groups. About 41.7% of BAME groups reported drinking less alcohol than usual compared to their white counterparts who were, 34% of whom reported drinking less alcohol. Study participants from BAME backgrounds had the greatest effect of COVID-19 on decisions to purchase healthier food compared to people from white backgrounds whose decisions on purchasing healthier food were least affected. Similar to other ethnic groups the COVID-19 pandemic increased positive hygiene among BAME groups which is important in preventing other diseases and infections..ConclusionCOVID-19 had a significant impact on the health behaviours of BAME groups especially during the lockdowns as they reported changes to behaviour such as low levels of physical activities. Hence, it is important to promote health awareness among BAME groups to encourage healthy living. In addition, programmes such as physical fitness activities that favour BAME groups should be put in place, for example BAME women’s walking groups to encourage people from BAME backgrounds to engage more in physical activities. Furthermore, healthy food programmes such as food parcels can be given to people from BAME backgrounds who are not able to afford healthy food due to the impact of COVID-19. Similar to other ethnic groups, the COVID-19 pandemic has increased positive hygiene among BAME groups which is important in preventing other diseases and infections.

Self-Reported Worries in Young People During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

COVID-19 pandemic has had long-standing consequences for all aspects of life. Although young people appear less susceptible to severe forms of physical illness due to the coronavirus, they have not escaped unscathed from its' psychological impacts. The present study measured the content of worries in young people residing in the UK during the pandemic and how it varied with sociodemographic factors. Between May and December 2020, UK-residing participants aged 12-25 years completed an online survey that presented participants with free-text fields to describe their top three worries over the last two weeks, in addition to demographic and other information. Cross-sectional data from 2560 participants (Males = 767; Female = 1793) was analyzed. Irrespective of sociodemographic, a majority of the participants reported worries related to academics, followed by social relationships, own physical health, social and work routines, and physical health of others. Significantly more females reported concerns about academics, finances, physical health, social and work routines, social relationships, mental health and emotions, and physical health of others. Expectedly, more older (18-25 years) than younger (12-17 years) participants reported concerns about career-prospects and finances, while more younger than older ones were worried about academics (98.41% vs. 80.90%). With respect to financial worries, a higher percentage of BAME (Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic) communities in the UK reported such worries. Ethnicity significantly predicted more worries about social relationships among White than BAME participants. Significant differences also existed across different SES groups regarding endorsement of a particular category of worry. These findings highlight the need for tailored interventions depending on the major concerns for young people of different ages, sexes, ethnicities, and SES. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10608-023-10396-3.

Addressing equality, diversity and inclusion as part of CBT training: a course evaluation study

Abstract It is widely documented that Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) communities experience poorer mental health, and have a poorer experience of mental health services. Therapists delivering cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in services such as NHS Talking Therapies Services for Anxiety and Depression, are working with increasingly diverse client groups, but treatment access and recovery rates remain below what they should be compared with the White British population. Previous research indicates that CBT therapists may not receive appropriate training that allows them to develop the skills required to work effectively transculturally. The present study therefore aimed to evaluate a CBT training programme within this context, from the perspective of previous course graduates. Thirty participants took part in an online survey with questions requiring both Likert-scaled answers and free-text responses. Descriptive statistics, inferential statistics and template analysis were used to analyse the data. The results of the survey were favourable overall for both White British and BAME respondents. Positive areas of practice highlighted included peer learning within a diverse cohort, building awareness of own biases, and reflective learning spaces. Areas of development included increased integration of teaching focused on adapting CBT models for minority groups, diversification of teaching staff, and reducing fear and avoidance of exploring issues related to equality, diversity and inclusion. Tentative implications for improving CBT training course delivery in this context have been offered. Key learning aims (1) To acknowledge the challenges faced by service users from BAME communities in accessing equitable mental health treatment, including cognitive behavioural psychotherapy. (2) To consider explanations for why CBT therapists working in NHS services might find it difficult to work effectively transculturally. (3) To establish ways in which CBT training programmes might help therapists to embark more successfully on the journey of developing cultural competence, during training and beyond.

‘Not a cure, but helpful’ – exploring the suitability of evidence-based psychological interventions to the needs of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) communities

Abstract Individuals from Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) groups experience profound disparities in accessing mental healthcare, show poorer treatment outcomes, and high attrition rates when compared to their White British counterparts. Despite the national rollout of Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) services, research exploring service users’ recovery narrative has been scarce. The aim of this study was to explore whether evidence-based psychological interventions are suitable to the needs of BAME communities. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine BAME service users who received evidence-based psychological treatment(s) from IAPT services. Reflexive thematic analysis (RTA) was used to analyse the data which included a six-phase process to produce a robust pattern-based analysis. Overall, three themes were generated. The first theme highlighted the importance of recognising cultural dissonance within therapy, which considered patient therapeutic expectations, therapeutic guilt, and conflicting cultural identities. The second theme identified the need for therapists to develop cultural competency. This included the importance of building therapeutic trust and exploration of patient culture within therapy. The final theme considered the road to recovery and highlighted challenges with therapeutic engagement and evaluations of therapeutic effectiveness. Overall, BAME service users felt that therapy was not a cure, but found it helpful. Clinical implications and future recommendations are discussed. Key learning aims (1) To briefly introduce cross-cultural theoretical models that may assist mental health professionals to think critically about whether Western notions of therapy are suited to the needs of ethnic minority communities. (2) To highlight cultural challenges that may impede therapeutic success for BAME communities. (3) For IAPT services and practitioners to consider cultural competency training needs that may enhance service user therapeutic experiences and outcomes. (4) To encourage IAPT services to enhance knowledge about psychotherapy and mental health by promoting culturally sensitive psychoeducation in ethnic minority communities.

‘It’s been quite a poor show’ – exploring whether practitioners working for Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) services are culturally competent to deal with the needs of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) communities

Abstract Cultural competency is a core clinical skill. Yet, psychological therapists may be inadequately trained to deal with the needs of service users from Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) backgrounds. This can lead to dissatisfaction with mental health services, disengagement from therapy, and poorer treatment outcomes when compared to the White British population. The aim of this study was to explore whether practitioners working for Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) services are culturally competent to deal with the needs of diverse communities. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with a range of practitioners, from early career psychological wellbeing practitioners (PWPs) to senior cognitive behavioural therapists (n=16). Reflexive thematic analysis (RTA) was used to analyse the data, guided by a six-phase process to produce a robust pattern-based analysis. Overall, three themes were generated: (1) encountering cultural dissonance within therapy; (2) challenges in making cultural adaptations to therapy; and (3) identifying cultural competency needs. Out of sixteen participants, only nine therapists received one-day formal training throughout their therapeutic career, whilst seven reported receiving no cultural competence training at all. Overall, it appears that there is an urgent need and desire for therapists to be offered cultural competency training so that they can better serve BAME communities. Clinical implications and future recommendations are made. Key learning aims (1) To briefly introduce cross-cultural theoretical models that may assist mental health professionals to think critically about Western notions of therapy and whether they are suited to the needs of ethnic minority communities. (2) To consider challenges IAPT practitioners encounter during therapy and identify examples of good practice. (3) To explore to what extent IAPT practitioners feel culturally competent to deal with the needs of BAME communities. (4) To encourage IAPT services and decision makers (e.g. training bodies and commissioners) to enhance cultural competence training so that practitioners can better serve ethnic minority communities.

Understanding the perceptions of UK COVID-19 contact tracing app in the BAME community in Leicester

Purpose Digital contact tracing technologies are critical to the fight against COVID-19 in many countries including the UK. However, a number of ethical, legal and socio-economic concerns that can affect uptake of the app have been raised. The purpose of this research is to explore the perceptions of the UK digital contact tracing app in the Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) community in Leicester and how this can affect its deployment and implementation. Design/methodology/approach Data was collected through virtual focus groups in Leicester, UK. A total of 28 participants were recruited for the study. All participants are members of the BAME community, and data was thematically analysed with NVivo 11. Findings A majority of the participants were unwilling to download and use the app owing to legal and ethical concerns. A minority were willing to use the app based on the need to protect public health. There was a general understanding that lack of uptake will negatively affect the fight against COVID-19 in BAME communities and an acknowledgement of the need for the government to rebuild trust through transparency and development of regulatory safeguards to enhance privacy and prevent misuse. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the research makes original contributions being the first robust study conducted to explore perceptions of marginalised communities, particularly BAME which may be adversely impacted by the deployment of the app. By exploring community-based perceptions, this study further contributes to the emerging citizens’ perceptions on digital contact tracing which is crucial to the effectiveness and the development of an efficient, community-specific response to public attitudes towards the app. The findings can also help the development of responsible innovation approaches that balances the competing interests of digital health interventions with the needs and expectations of the BAME community in the UK.

COVID-19 vaccinations among Black Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) groups: Learning the lessons from influenza.

BackgroundThe COVID‐19 vaccination roll‐out continues to grow at significant pace around the world. There is, however, growing concern regarding vaccine hesitancy amongst Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) populations. Such inequalities have the potential for exposing, an already at‐risk population, further. Whilst the COVID‐19 vaccination programme is in its infancy, influenza programmes have been undertaken for over 50 years, and may provide invaluable insights. In this commentary, we aim to examine the lessons from influenza vaccinations, and how this can help reduce inequalities with COVID‐19 vaccinations.Main TextSeveral factors have been associated with both seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccine hesitancy amongst BAME groups. One of the most prevalent barriers in both types of immunisation programmes is the mistrust of medical organisations. This is often a multi‐faceted issue, with previous negative healthcare discrimination, and historical unethical practices contributing towards this scepticism. This mistrust, however, is predominantly aimed towards healthcare systems, as opposed to individual physicians. In fact, physician endorsement is often a strong driver to vaccination, with Black patients who receive this support 8 times more likely to receive seasonal influenza vaccination. On the other hand, with H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccination, social norms or community influence, was an important determinant. In both seasonal and pandemic immunisation programmes, a significant amount of concern regarding side‐effects, including misinformation, was reported amongst BAME groups.ConclusionsThe use of community‐based approaches, with local advocacy, has the potential to counteract misinformation, and concerns regarding side‐effects. Moreover, using consistent physician endorsement not only in media campaigns but also through messaging would potentially help to address longstanding healthcare mistrust amongst minority ethnic groups. Close attention regarding how the vaccination programme, and the health policies introduced as a consequence, affect BAME communities in order to prevent widening inequalities in the future.

The interaction of ethnicity and deprivation on COVID-19 mortality risk: a retrospective ecological study

Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) populations are at an increased risk of developing COVID-19 and consequentially more severe outcomes compared to White populations. The aim of this study was to quantify how much of the disproportionate disease burden can be attributed to ethnicity and deprivation as well as its interaction. An ecological study was conducted using data derived from the Office for National Statistics data at a Local Authority District (LAD) level in England between 1st March and 17th April 2020. The primary analysis examined how age adjusted COVID-19 mortality depends on ethnicity, deprivation, and the interaction between the two using linear regression. The secondary analysis using spatial regression methods allowed for the quantification of the extent of LAD spillover effect of COVID-19 mortality. We find that in LADs with the highest deprivation quartile, where there is a 1 percentage point increase in “Black-African (regression coefficient 2.86; 95% CI 1.08–4.64)”, “Black-Caribbean (9.66: 95% CI 5.25–14.06)” and “Bangladeshi (1.95: 95% CI 1.14–2.76)” communities, there is a significantly higher age-adjusted COVID-19 mortality compared to respective control populations. In addition, the spatial regression results indicated positive significant correlation between the age-adjusted mortality in one LAD and the age-adjusted mortality in a neighbouring LAD, suggesting a spillover effect. Our results suggest targeted public health measures to support those who are deprived and belong to BAME communities as well as to encourage restricted movement between different localities to limit disease propagation.

The Impact of Covid-19 on Food Security. A qualitative analysis of the rise in London’s existing food insecurity due to the financial impact of Covid-19

Background: The lockdown, enforced by government to limit the spread of Covid-19, has resulted in economic standstill equating to decreased working hours, pay cuts and job losses which has caused an increase in food insecurity. In the latest global food security report, 3.4 million people in the UK alone were found to be moderately to severely food insecure. Since the lockdown began, 8 million people have reported food insecurity which disproportionately effects those most vulnerable. This study aims to determine who these vulnerable groups to food insecurity are in the UK and what needs to be done to facilitate positive change and minimise future inequalities.
 Methods: This observational quantitative study makes use of the Understanding Society Covid-19 survey data which forms part of a longstanding longitudinal study that has acted as a representative of all households within the UK since 2009. Access to raw data was granted by the UK Data Service and was analysed using the appropriate SPSS tests. The original sample was stratified to be representative of London, which then consisted of 1849 respondents. Selected questions relating to financial and food bank use were analysed using SPSS and compared between February (pre-lockdown) and April (post-lockdown).
 Results: Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) respondents and those not born in the UK had significantly less monthly income than their counterparts in February and remained significantly lower during the lockdown. These groups also had an increased dependency on foodbanks since the start of the pandemic.
 Conclusion: BAME communities and those not born in the UK are revealed to be the most vulnerable groups to food insecurity. The government has taken steps to mitigate the negative financial impact of the pandemic for some, yet many had to rely on non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to fill in the gaps. The current health crisis provides an opportunity for change and the UK government should act now to prevent many more becoming victims to food insecurity.

A perspective on health inequalities in BAME communities and how to improve access to primary care

This article takes a look at access to healthcare for Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) communities. Past research has shown that patients from ethnic minority backgrounds have faced inequality when accessing healthcare services. This article explores some of these reasons with a focus on primary care, including (but not limited to) language, culture, population diversity and institutional attitudes. The current reality for ethnic minority patients within our healthcare system is one which is substandard. New policies and processes should be created to tackle these issues, with ongoing quality research to further explore and monitor outcomes. With primary care being the front door to healthcare services, it must be geared to meet the needs of the whole population consistently and competently.

Factors Impacting Conversations with Friends and Family about Living Kidney Donation

Introduction Living donor kidney transplantation is the optimal modality of renal replacement therapy for advanced kidney disease. It is associated with superior recipient and graft survival, a better quality of life and self-reported health status compared to dialysis. Living kidney donation occurs less frequently in members of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) communities in Western countries. This scoping review explores the factors affecting the ability of patients (and health professionals) to initiate conversations about living kidney donation with family and friends, with a focus on BAME population groups. Methods 208 published articles were identified from online databases using keywords: ‘barriers’, ‘decision making’, ‘living donor’, and ‘kidney transplantation. Studies limited to donors or involving paediatric recipients were excluded, Results There were 25 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 21 studies included BAME communities. Participants of South Asian ethnicity were underrepresented. Key themes were; 1) lack of knowledge 2) risk perception 3) fear of financial burden on donors 4) guilt 5) religious and cultural influences and 6) mistrust of the medical establishment. There were noticeable differences in ethnicity, in the level of knowledge, risk perception and fear of financial burden. Religious/cultural reservations and medical mistrust were only reported in people from BAME populations. Two studies explored health professionals’ views. Discussion This literature review has identified different barriers to the pursuit of living kidney donation, some of which are linked to ethnicity. This study informs the development of a patient decision aid to support people to have conversations with potential donors, with a particular focus on South Asian groups, the second largest ethnic group in the UK.

Individual placement and support: cross-sectional study of equality of access and outcome for Black, Asian and minority ethnic communities.

To explore whether people from Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) communities experience equality of access and outcome in individual placement and support (IPS) employment services. Cross-sectional data were analysed of all people with severe mental health problems who accessed two mature high-fidelity IPS services in London in 2019 (n = 779 people). There were no significant differences between the proportions of people who gained employment. The data strongly suggest that people from BAME communities are not differentially disadvantaged in relation to either access to or outcomes of IPS employment services. The challenge for mental health professionals is not to decide who can and who cannot work but, how to support people on their case-loads to access IPS and move forward with life beyond their illness.

COVID-19 and Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic Communities: A Complex Relationship Without Just Cause

Emerging evidence has indicated a negative and disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on Black, Asian, and minority ethnic (BAME) communities. Previous studies have already reported that biological and social risk factors increase disease susceptibility, particularly in BAME communities. Despite frontline workers in ethnic minority communities in the United Kingdom’s National Health Service attempting to quell the pandemic, disproportionate numbers of BAME physicians and other health care workers have died of COVID-19. This unprecedented situation highlights ethical and moral implications, which could further augment the impact of the pandemic on their mental health. While the government attempts to mitigate the rate of virus transmission, certain key factors inadvertently augment the negative impact of the pandemic on the mental health and general well-being of BAME communities. This study examined the available literature to explore the association between, and the wider impact of, COVID-19 on BAME communities. Furthermore, this study aims to raise awareness and provide a deeper insight into current scientific discussions.

P-1133.Improved Understanding of Carbohydrates in Black and Asian Minority Ethnic Communities with Type 2 Diabetes in a UK Clinic

Background: Over 3 million People in the UK live with Diabetes and over 500,000 of them are from Black Asian and minority Ethnic communities (BAME) communities. BAME communities develop Type 2 Diabetes at a younger age and are disproportionally at risk of complications. Objectives This pilot study aimed to demonstrate that using a picture based, culturally relevant, dietary-  booklet to provide dietary advice for newly diagnosed (BAME) people with Type 2 Diabetes, could enable healthcare professionals to improve the knowledge and understanding of Carbohydrates in BAME communities with Type 2 Diabetes. Method Questionnaire was administered before, and after the participant’s appointment with a Dietician to gauge participants knowledge of Carbohydrates. The newly designed booklets depicted foods commonly eaten by three specific communities prevalent in NW London those of the Gujarati, Caribbean and Pakistani communities. The Carbohydrate content of the foods in the booklets was represented as sugar spoons equivalents, to enable the participants to have a visual representation of the Carbohydrate content of their commonly eaten foods. Aim Using a simple method of sugar spoon equivalents and depicting culturally relevant, and specific foods would enable a better understanding of the carbohydrate content in food in these communities that could be used a tool to facilitate improved self-management of their Type 2 Diabetes. Results The participant's  ability to estimate the Carbohydrate content of foods, snacks and drinks pre and post the intervention showed consistent improvement, as did their confidence in estimating the carbohydrate content of foods.

One country, two crises: what Covid-19 reveals about health inequalities among BAME communities in the United Kingdom and the sustainability of its health system?

There has been mounting evidence of the disproportionate involvement of black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) communities by the Covid-19 pandemic. In the UK, this racial disparity was brought to the fore by the fact that the first 11 doctors to die in the UK from Covid-19 were of BAME background. The mortality rate from Covid-19 among people of black African descent in English hospitals has been shown to be 3.5 times higher when compared to rates among white British people. A Public Health England report revealed that Covid-19 was more likely to be diagnosed among black ethnic groups compared to white ethnic groups with the highest mortality occurring among BAME persons and persons living in the more deprived areas. People of BAME background account for 4.5% of the English population and make up 21% of the National Health Service (NHS) workforce. The UK poverty rate among BAME populations is twice as high as for white groups. Also, people of BAME backgrounds are more likely to be engaged in frontline roles. The disproportionate involvement of BAME communities by Covid-19 in the UK illuminates perennial inequalities within the society and reaffirms the strong association between ethnicity, race, socio-economic status and health outcomes. Potential reasons for the observed differences include the overrepresentation of BAME persons in frontline roles, unequal distribution of socio-economic resources, disproportionate risks to BAME staff within the NHS workspace and high ethnic predisposition to certain diseases which have been linked to poorer outcomes with Covid-19. The ethnoracialised differences in health outcomes from Covid-19 in the UK require urgent remedial measures. We provide intersectional approaches to tackle the complex racial disparities which though not entirely new in itself, have been often systematically ignored.

Deaths in people from Black, Asian and minority ethnic communities from both COVID-19 and non-COVID causes in the first weeks of the pandemic in London: a hospital case note review

ObjectiveTo undertake a case review of deaths in a 6-week period during the COVID-19 pandemic commencing with the first death in the hospital from COVID-19 on 12th of March 2020...

Dementia services for people from Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic and White-British communities: Does a primary care based model contribute to equality in service provision?

This study set out to investigate whether there were disparities in service provision for people from Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) communities compared to White British (WB) communities within a primary care led dementia service in the UK. Data were extracted from 30 cases from three BAME (African-Caribbean, South Asian and Chinese) communities who had been referred to a dementia service between April 2016 and December 2017. We then extracted data from 30 WB cases matched for gender, age (within 5years) and General Practitioner surgery. We compared service provision for both samples around assessment, diagnosis and post-diagnostic support. The primary source of information in the BAME sample was less likely to be recorded as being the main carer and more likely to be an adult child. Cases from both samples were equally likely to have a CT scan. People from BAME communities were less likely to receive a cognitive assessment, and when they did they scored at a lower level. There was no difference between samples for the diagnoses that cases received, but BAME cases were more likely to be assessed as being low rather than medium or high risk. While cases from both samples were equally likely to receive medication, BAME cases were more likely to be seen by a psychiatrist. Significantly more people from the WB sample were recorded as using or being offered more than one form of community support. This study of a primary care-based dementia service suggests that while many areas of service provision showed no evidence of inequality, important differences remain including the time at which people present for assessment and the range of post-diagnostic services which are discussed. Further research is required to establish the likely causes of these disparities.

Decolonizing care of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic patients in the critical care environment: A practical guide.

The authors comment on how the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has demonstrated how structural racism is transcribed and enacted in the health of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) people Topics covered include ways through which critical and intensive care nurses can decolonize care for BAME patients, the importance for nurses to consider a patient's cultural needs, and how failure to consider culture can lead to a deficit in racially appropriate care

Don't blame the BAME: Ethnic and structural inequalities in susceptibilities to COVID-19.

This article has been written from the UK, using British terminology to refer to ethnic minorities where BAME (Black, Asian, minority ethnic groups) is a commonly used and recognized acronym. In the United Kingdom, Asian also generally refers to minorities from South Asian countries including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. In the United States, Asian more frequently refers to people from Southeast Asian countries like China, Japan, and South Korea. Socially constructed categories used to refer to minoritized groups are variously constructed in different countries; for example, British nomenclature most often refers to ethnicity rather than race.