Bizygomatic Breadth Research Articles

Fotoğraflardan ve Yüz Üzerinden Alınan Antropometrik Ölçülerden Kimlik Tespiti ve Cinsiyet Tayini

Dünyada; sosyal, psikolojik vb. gibi çeşitli çevresel etmenlerin etkisiyle giderek artan suçlu ve suçluluk oranı, yeni kimliklendirme yöntemlerinin bulunmasını gerekli hale getirmiştir. Resmi kayıtların iyi tutulduğu ülkelerde; el izi ve parmak izleri, iris ve retina tarama, yüz tanımlama, dişlerle ilgili kayıtlar, kan grubunu içeren laboratuvar kayıtları vb. belgeler kimliklendirme çalışmalarında çok işlevseldir. Ülkemizde bu belgelerin kayıtlarının eksikliği ya da olmaması kimlik tespitini güçleştirmektedir. Bu araştırmada herhangi bir belgeye, kayıta gerek duymadan bireyin kimliğinin tespit edilmesi ile bu problem biraz da olsa aşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bunun için 20 yaşını aşmış 100 erkek ve 100 kadın bireyden oluşan bir örneklem grubu oluşturulmuş ve bu bireylerin ön ve yan cepheden olmak üzere birer fotoğrafları çekilmiştir. Bireylerin yüzlerinden alınan, önceden belirlenmiş 20 antropometrik ölçü, daha sonra fotoğrafları üzerinden de alınmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre Kadınların yüzleri üzerinden alınan bizygomatik genişlik, burun uzunluğu, (p<0,01), biotobasion superior genişliği, dış kantal uzaklığı, burun genişliği, burun yüksekliği ve kulak uzunluğu (p<0,001) ölçüleri, fotoğraflarından alındığında iki ölçü arasında belirgin bir fark olduğu ve yapılan t testi sonucunda da bu farkların anlamlı olduğu bulunmuştur. Erkeklere ait ölçülere baktığımızda ise, aradaki fark bizygomatik genişliği, biotobasion superior genişliği, biotobasion inferior genişliği, bitragus genişliği, trichion-stomion uzunluğu, dış kantal uzaklığı, iç kantal uzaklığı, burun uzunluğu, burun genişliği, kulak yüksekliği ölçüleri (p<0,001) anlamlı çıkmıştır. Yüz üzerinden alınan ölçülerden hesaplanan endis değerlerimizi tekrar fotoğraflardan aldığımız ölçülerle hesapladığımızda, bu değerlerin oldukça değiştiği gözlenmiştir. Fotoğraflarda, antropometrik noktaların hepsi tam olarak belirlenemediği için sonuçlarda hata payı artacağından, yüz üzerinden direkt ölçü alınabiliyorsa alınmalı yoksa bu sorunlar göz önünde bulundurularak fotoğraftan ölçü alınmaya devam edilmelidir.

Estimation of Stature from Cephalo-facial Measurements in Adult Nepali Females of Kurseong

Estimation of stature is one of the most important aspects in forensic investigation for personal identification. The objective of the present study was to derive regression equations to estimate stature from different cephalofacial measurements in adult Nepali females. The sample for the study constituted one hundred and eight adult females from Kurseong of Darjeeling district, India. The age range of the participants was between 18 to 46 years. Anthropometric measurements include stature (ST) and five cephalo-facial measurements namely head length (HL), head breadth (HB), head circumference (HC), morphological facial height (MFH) and bizygomatic breadth (BB). The mean age of the studied population was 35.36 (SD, 8.57) years. Results of the Pearson’s correlation coefficient of stature with different cephalo-facial measurements revealed that all cephalo-facial measurements were positively correlated with stature. Results of the linear regression analysis revealed that BBgives the most accurate estimation of stature by linear regression analysis.

Morphometric investigations to assess the compatibility of mandible and skull

When a morphologically separated skull and mandible are found in the same case context, the possibility of a match arises. Two criteria with which to determine a match are the rough articulation between the mandibular condyles and cranial base itself and, most importantly, the fit of the teeth. However, when there has been intravital or postmortem tooth loss, this important criterion is not available. To date, only Reichs (1989) has investigated further compatibility criteria to solve the question of putative commingling in a case where a mandible seemed to originate from a female, while all other bones originated from a male individual. In a different reported case (Preißler et al. 2017), a mandible seemed too big for a skull; DNA analysis, however, confirmed that both originated from the same female individual.To investigate the metric relationship between mandible and skull we measured the postmortem CT data records of 223 corpses (virtual skulls) in OsiriX© MD for the following linear parameters: bicondylar breadth (KDB), biradicular breadth (AUB), and bizygomatic breadth (ZYB). The indices KDB/ZYB and KDB/AUB were developed and used to define ranges for matches and mismatches. Furthermore, the intra-observer reliability for the method was assessed. An intraclass correlation coefficient of >0.99 for every parameter showed that the used measurements are highly reliable.The 2.5–97.5 percentile for the KDB/AUB index lay between 0.91 and 1.05, while the range for the KDB/ZYB index was between 0.87 and 1.00. Within these ranges, it is possible to roughly assess whether or not a mandible and skull might be compatible, even if this can only be verified by forensic DNA analysis. If an index value lies outside these ranges, it can be assumed that skull and mandible do not match. Future studies should include more samples from a broader population spectrum so that these metric relationships can be used for different populations.

Determination of Correlation of Width of Maxillary Anterior Teeth using Extraoral and Intraoral Factors in Indian Population: A Systematic Review

ABSTRACT Introduction Various anthropometric measurements have been used to determine the size of maxillary anterior teeth. However, which anthropometric measurement is the most reliable indicator to determine the width of maxillary anterior teeth remains unclear. Aims and objectives To evaluate which anthropometric measurement is the most reliable indicator in determining the width of maxillary anterior teeth. Materials and methods An electronic search was conducted for scholarly articles discussing various anthropometric measurements used for determination of width of maxillary anterior teeth, written in English or translated into English listed with PubMed, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, and Google scholar databases. The search strategy yielded 119 articles. Out of them, 70 were excluded following reading of abstract, and 49 were selected for full-text reading. Of these, 21 were excluded based on exclusion criteria. Finally, 28 articles were included for final search. Due to heterogenicity of studies, a meta-analysis was not performed. Results High degree of correlation was seen between interalar width (IAD), interpupillary distance (IPD), bizygomatic width (BW), and width of maxillary anterior teeth, in Indian population, whereas in Saudi population, intercanthal distance (ICD) has high degree of correlation to the width of maxillary anterior teeth, and in Brazilian (mulatto and blacks) population, high degree of correlation was seen between intercommissural width (ICOW) and width of maxillary anterior teeth. Conclusion The anthropometric measurement used depends on the population group in which it is being used. There is no single anthropometric measurement that can be used to determine the width of maxillary anterior teeth. Hence, more studies with large sample size and different population groups need to be conducted. Clinical significance In Indian population, high degree of correlation was seen between IAD, IPD, BW, and width of maxillary anterior teeth. The results of the previous study should be validated by including a large population size spread over entire Indian subcontinent. This would also help to generate multiplication factor for various anthropological measurements for use limited to the Indian population. How to cite this article Jain AR, Nallaswamy D, Ariga P, Ganapathy DM. Determination of Correlation of Width of Maxillary Anterior Teeth using Extraoral and Intraoral Factors in Indian Population: A Systematic Review. World J Dent 2018;9(1):68-75.

Prediction of Stature on Facial Anthropometry among Students of Nursing and Physiotherapy in Chennai

In this study we carried out estimation of stature on specific facial measurements among the students born and brought in the state of Tamilnadu, further we attemted to determine the degree of correlation between the facial measurements and stature. The standing height, morphological facial length, vertical length of nose, external biocular breadth, bizygomatic breadth, and bigonial breadth of the students comprising 100 males and 100 females aged 18 to 25 were measured and analysed. Mean stature of male was 170.63 cm and female was 155.48 cm. A fair sexual dimorphism was found among stature, and all facial measurements except vertical length of nose. Highest correlation was found between stature and morphological facial length, the values were among female 38.8%, (at P value 0.0001), and male 31.9% (at P value 0.0012). The predicting power of multiple facial measurements was 22.38% and 14.83% among female and male population respectively. The study demonstrated that the use of facial measurements for the estimation of stature is valid and worth pursuing.

A study to correlate various facial landmarks with intercanine distance.

Ideal interaction of dental and facial beauty proportions highly influences a harmonious facial appearance. Racial anatomical variations have been significantly noted and using these norms during prosthodontic rehabilitation will be greatly helpful in successful treatment outcome. The present study aims to correlate various facial landmarks (interpupillary distance [IPD], intercanthal width, bizygomatic width [BZW], and interalar width) with intercanine distance (ICaD) in Indian young adults to determine the mesiodistal width of the maxillary anterior teeth in edentulous patients. This is an observational cross-sectional study. This study was conducted in 500 individuals ranging in age from 18 to 28 years. IPD, intercanthal width, BZW, and interalar width were measured with a digital caliper (accuracy - 0.01 mm). A "T-" shaped flat metal plate called "canine tip marker" was made to mark the tips of the maxillary canines, which were further measured with the digital caliper. The data were summarized in table form and were statistically analyzed. Student's t-test and ANOVA test were used. A significant correlation (P < 0.001) was found between these landmarks with ICaD, in which interalar width shows highest degree of correlation (r = 0.639). ANOVA test showed that maximum number of individuals had < 5% variability range between actual values and calculated values of ICaD for all extraoral facial landmarks except intercanthal width. Combination of various facial and oral factors should be considered while selecting artificial teeth. Regression equations obtained can be well used during teeth selection to achieve a significant result.

Berry's index: Adjuvant to bite marks.

Introduction:Bite-mark analysis has proven its advantage as an important forensic tool in the past but also has a few limitations to it. To enhance its utility in forensic odontology in this study we have coupled it with Berry's Index (BI) which is an index used to select anterior teeth in prosthetic practice.Aims and Objectives:This study was attempted to analyze the applicability of BI in identifying an individual.Materials and Methods:This study was directed among 300 individuals with ages ranging between 19 and 30 years. The study conducted at Institute of Dental Studies and Technology College, Kadrabad, Modinagar, Ghaziabad. Out of the total population studied, 149 were males and 151 were females. The analysis of the data obtained was done using SPSS version 19.Results:The results in our study indicated that the widths of both maxillary central incisors and the bizygomatic width were found to be higher in females when compared to males. A positive correlation was observed between both the widths of upper central incisors and the bizygomatic width.Conclusion:BI could be successfully used as an adjuvant to bite analysis and could be an aid in determining the facial proportions of an individual from the width of the central incisors. This could further be correlated with the forensic facial reconstruction.

Characterization of small-to-medium head-and-face dimensions for developing respirator fit test panels and evaluating fit of filtering facepiece respirators with different faceseal design.

A respirator fit test panel (RFTP) with facial size distribution representative of intended users is essential to the evaluation of respirator fit for new models of respirators. In this study an anthropometric survey was conducted among youths representing respirator users in mid-Taiwan to characterize head-and-face dimensions key to RFTPs for application to small-to-medium facial features. The participants were fit-tested for three N95 masks of different facepiece design and the results compared to facial size distribution specified in the RFTPs of bivariate and principal component analysis design developed in this study to realize the influence of facial characteristics to respirator fit in relation to facepiece design. Nineteen dimensions were measured for 206 participants. In fit testing the qualitative fit test (QLFT) procedures prescribed by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration were adopted. As the results show, the bizygomatic breadth of the male and female participants were 90.1 and 90.8% of their counterparts reported for the U.S. youths (P < 0.001), respectively. Compared to the bivariate distribution, the PCA design better accommodated variation in facial contours among different respirator user groups or populations, with the RFTPs reported in this study and from literature consistently covering over 92% of the participants. Overall, the facial fit of filtering facepieces increased with increasing facial dimensions. The total percentages of the tests wherein the final maneuver being completed was “Moving head up-and-down”, “Talking” or “Bending over” in bivariate and PCA RFTPs were 13.3–61.9% and 22.9–52.8%, respectively. The respirators with a three-panel flat fold structured in the facepiece provided greater fit, particularly when the users moved heads. When the facial size distribution in a bivariate RFTP did not sufficiently represent petite facial size, the fit testing was inclined to overestimate the general fit, thus for small-to-medium facial dimensions a distinct RFTP should be considered.

Anthropometric study of facial index of medical students

Background: The human facial contour has always been an interesting subject for anatomists, anthropologists, plastic surgeons and artists. The purpose of study was to create and evaluate data on face anthropometry.Objectives: To determine total facial index in medical students and to compare these with the data from other population for use in forensic, archaeological studies, anatomy and plastic surgery.Methods: This is a descriptive study. A total of one hundred and forty medical students, presently studying at Kathmandu Medical College, aged between eighteen and twenty four years were selected as the subjects for the present study. Among the one hundred and forty students, forty four were female and ninety six were male. Two measurements:morphological facial length and bizygomatic breadth were taken by using spreading calibre.Results: The mean morphological facial length was 110.7mm with a standard deviation of 5.98mm in males and 102.1mm in females. Bizygomatic breadth was 130.8 mm in males &amp; 123.5mm in females. The facial index (mean) was 86.09 in males and 84.84 in females.The dominant type of face shape in males was mesoproscopic (48.66%) followed by euriprosopic (23%), leptoprosopic (13.33%), hypereuriprosopic (13%) &amp; hyperleptoprosopic (2%). In females the dominant type of face was also mesoprosopic (37%) followed by hypereuriprosopic (22%), euriprosopic (20.33%), leptoprosopic (19%) and hyperleptoprosopic (1.66%).Conclusion: The dominant phenotype in the studied population was mesoprosopic. The data obtained may be useful in anthropological research, forensic, genetic research, as well as in medical clinical practice.

Bizygomatic Width and its Association with Social and Personality Traits in Males

Bizygomatic Width and its Association with Social and Personality Traits in Males

Facing Dominance: Anthropomorphism and the Effect of Product Face Ratio on Consumer Preference

AbstractA product’s front face (e.g., a watch face or car front) is typically the first point of contact and a key determinant of a consumer’s initial impression about the product. Drawing on evolutionary accounts of human face perception suggesting that the face width-to-height ratio (fWHR: bizygomatic width divided by upper-face height) can signal dominance and affect its overall evaluation, this research is based on the premise that product faces are perceived in much the same way as human faces. Five experiments tested this premise. Results suggest that like human faces, product faces with high (vs. low) fWHR are perceived as more dominant. However, while human faces with high fWHR are liked less, product faces with high fWHR are liked more as revealed by consumer preference and willingness-to-pay scores. The greater preference for the high fWHR product faces is motivated by the consumers’ desire to enhance and signal their own dominant status as evidenced by the moderating effects of type of goal and of usage context. Brand managers and product designers may be particularly interested in these findings since a simple design feature can have potentially significant marketplace impact, as was also confirmed by the field data obtained from secondary sources.

Anatomical characteristics of greater palatine foramen: a novel point of view

Anatomy of greater palatine foramen is important for maxillary nerve blocks, haemostatic procedures, and the treatment of neuralgia; although metrical data are available about its collocation, still several aspects need to be explored, such as the influence of the cranium size. The position of greater palatine foramen was assessed on 100 skulls through six measurements (distances from intermaxillary suture, posterior palatal border, posterior nasal spine, and incisive foramen; palatal length; relative position on palatal length) and two angles (angles at incisive foramen and greater palatine foramen). Maximum cranial length, maximum cranial breadth, cranial height and bizygomatic breadth, horizontal cephalic index, and Giardina Y-index were evaluated. Possible differences according to sex and side were assessed through two-way ANOVA (p<0.05). Measurements showing sexual dimorphism were further assessed through one-way ANCOVA including cranial parameters as covariates (p<0.05). Distances of the greater palatine foramen from intermaxillary suture, incisive foramen, posterior palatal border, posterior nasal spine, palatal length, and position of the greater palatine foramen on the palatal length were statistically different according to sex (p<0.05), independently from general cranial dimensions but for the distance from the posterior palatal border. The angle at the incisive foramen and distances from intermaxillary suture and from posterior nasal spine showed statistically significant differences according to side (p<0.05). Results highlight that most of sexually dimorphic measurements useful for pinpointing the greater palatal foramen do not depend upon the cranium size. A more complete metrical assessment of the localization of the greater palatine foramen was provided.

Comparison of maxillary anterior tooth width and facial dimensions of 3 ethnicities

Statement of problemAs the cosmetic demands of patients increase, determining the appropriate dimensions of the maxillary anterior teeth has become increasingly relevant. The relationship between facial measurements and tooth size provide guidance for maxillary anterior tooth size selection. However, most publications on this topic have focused on the white population, and more data for tooth sizes and their proportions in other ethnicities are needed. PurposeThe purpose of this observational study was to investigate the relationship between the mesiodistal dimensions of the 6 maxillary anterior teeth and the bizygomatic width, interpupillary distance, intercanthal distance, interalar width, and intercommissural width of individuals of Asian, African-American, and white ethnicities. Material and methodsStandardized digital images of 360 participants (120 Asian, 120 African-American, and 120 white) were used to measure facial segments. Individual dimensions of the 6 maxillary anterior teeth were measured using stone casts with digital sliding caliper. The combined width of the 6 maxillary anterior teeth on a straight line corresponded to the sum of the anterior tooth width. The means and standard deviations from descriptive measurements were calculated and analyzed for face and maxillary anterior tooth ratios and correlations. Statistical analysis was done using the Kruskal-Wallis procedure to compare facial and tooth parameters among the 3 ethnicities. Appropriate post hoc comparisons that adjusted for multiple testing were conducted when warranted (α=.05). The Spearman rho correlation, a nonparametric correlate of the Pearson correlation, was used to associate the facial and tooth parameters within the strata of sex and ethnicity. ResultsNo consistent ratios were found among the examined facial dimensions and the mesiodistal dimensions of the 6 maxillary anterior teeth among the 3 ethnicities, except for the central incisor width-to-bizygomatic width ratio. No correlations were found between the facial dimensions and mesiodistal dimensions of the 6 maxillary anterior teeth among the 3 ethnicities except in Asian women. For Asian women, the intercommissural width correlated with the width of the central incisor (P=.001), the width of 2 central incisors (P=.001), the width of 4 incisors (P=.003), and the width of 6 maxillary anterior teeth (P=.005). ConclusionsNo facial proportions by which the exact width of maxillary anterior teeth could be predicted were found in Asian, African-American, or white populations.

How components of facial width to height ratio differently contribute to the perception of social traits.

Facial width to height ratio (fWHR) is a morphological cue that correlates with sexual dimorphism and social traits. Currently, it is unclear how vertical and horizontal components of fWHR, distinctly capture faces’ social information. Using a new methodology, we orthogonally manipulated the upper facial height and the bizygomatic width to test their selective effect in the formation of impressions. Subjects (n = 90) saw pair of faces and had to select the face expressing better different social traits (trustworthiness, aggressiveness and femininity). We further investigated how sex and fWHR components interact in the formation of these judgements. Across experiments, changes along the vertical component better predicted participants' ratings rather than the horizontal component. Faces with smaller height were perceived as less trustworthy, less feminine and more aggressive. By dissociating fWHR and testing the contribution of its components independently, we obtained a powerful and discriminative measure of how facial morphology guides social judgements.

Evaluation of the Current Techniques and Introduction of a Novel Approach for Estimating Maxillary Anterior Teeth Dimensions

Several techniques and methods have been proposed to estimate the anterior teeth dimensions in edentulous patients. However, this procedure remains challenging especially when preextraction records are not available. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate some of the existing extraoral and intraoral methods for estimation of anterior tooth dimensions and to propose a novel method for estimation of central incisor width (CIW) and length (CIL) for Saudi population. Extraoral and intraoral measurements were recorded for a total of 236 subjects. Descriptive statistical analysis and Pearson's correlation tests were performed. Association was evaluated between combined anterior teeth width (CATW) and interalar width (IAW), intercommisural width (ICoW) and interhamular notch distance (IHND) plus 10 mm. Evaluation of the linear relationship between central incisor length (CIL) with facial height (FH) and CIW with bizygomatic width (BZW) was also performed. Significant correlation was found between the CATW and ICoW and IAW (p-values <0.0001); however, no correlation was found relative to IHND plus 10 mm (p-value = 0.456). Further, no correlation was found between the FH and right CIL and BZW and right CIW (p-values = 0.255 and 0.822). The means of CIL, CIW, incisive papillae-fovea palatinae (IP-FP), and IHND were used to estimate the central incisor dimensions: CIL = FP-IP distance/4.45, CIW = IHND/4.49. It was concluded that the ICoW and IAW measurements are the only predictable methods to estimate the initial reference value for CATW. A proposed intraoral approach was hypothesized for estimation of CIW and CIL for the given population. Based on the results of the study, ICoW and IAW measurements can be useful in estimating the initial reference value for CATW, while the proposed novel approach using specific palatal dimensions can be used for estimating the width and length of central incisors. These methods are crucial to obtain esthetic treatment results within the parameters of the given population.

Human race as indicator of 3D planning of soft tissue of face and multidisciplinary approach.

The aim of this study was to determine the optimal parameters for 3D soft tissue planning for ortognatic treatment by gender and increases the effectiveness of multidisciplinary cooperation. Craniofacial parameters which were analysed: nose breadth (al-al), bi-entocanthion breadth (en-en), bi-zygomatic breadth (zy-zy), bi-gonial breadth (go-go), total facial height (n-gn), mouth breadth (ch-ch), morphologic face height (sn-gn), upper-lip height (Ls-Stm), lower-lip height (Stm-Li) and pupils - mid-face (right). The statistically significant level was determined at p values < 0.05. We have determined the optimal parameters of chosen proportions for men and women as the common goal for ortodontist and maxilofacial surgeon. The gender and age influenced the variability of following parameters: bi-gonial breadth, total facial height and morphologic face height. The soft tissue values for craniofacial parameters can be used to identify the surgical-orthodontic goal for patient - europoid race. Due to the immigration and the mix of races it is necessary to take this fact into account (Tab. 3, Fig. 1, Ref. 41).

Survey on changes in the proportion for facial aesthetics

To explore the proportion for facial aesthetics that may be recognized by the potential group who will do plastic surgery in the future. Methods: We measured the celebrity photos, who were born before 1980 recognizable by the people over 40 years old or by high school students. The proportions for facial aesthetics recognizable by these two generations were obtained and compared. Results: Compared the new generation of male celebrities with the older generation of male celebrities, the difference was statistically significant by the independent samples t test (t=-2.502, P<0.05), while other ratios were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Compared the new generation of female celebrities with the older generation of female celebrities, the difference was statistically significant by the independent samples t test. The ratios between inter-canthic diameter and eyeslit breadth, mouth breadth and eyeslit breadth, stirnhohe and 1/3 of the physiognomic facial height, nasal height and 1/3 of the physiognomic facial height were significantly different (P<0.05), while other ratios were not significantly different (P>0.05). Conclusion: The young new generation loves more larger eyeslit breadth for men, while a larger eyeslit breadth, smaller bizygomatic breadth and sharper chin for women.

The impact of body mass index on craniofacial parameters

The purpose of the study is to analyze BMI and the mean values of craniofacial parameters in the patients measured by directed anthropometry (PDAA) and by 3D scan (P3DAS). The aim of the study is to identify the most frequent localization of facial fat. The study sample was recruited from patients attending dental surgeries in Bratislava. Data were collected from November 2013 to February 2016. In the first subgroup patients were analyzed by directed anthropometry (PDAA) (n=65). In the second subgroup patients were analyzed from 3D scan (P3DAS) (n=35). The differences in mean values of craniofacial parameters between the P3DAS and the PDAA groups had no significant effect on the evaluation of nose breadth, mouth and lower-lip height in the BMI category (18.6–24.9kg/m2). We found an association between BMI values and craniofacial parameters. In two study groups with >25.0kg/m2 higher values were observed in nose breadth, bi-zygomatic breadth, total facial height, mouth breadth and morphologic face height than in the group with 18.6–24.9kg/m2. In the P3DAS the facial fat was most often localized in the bi-gonial breadth and in the PDAA in the bi-zygomatic breadth.

Secular change of sexually dimorphic cranial variables in Euro-Americans and Germans

Crania are a reliable source for sex estimation in Euro-Americans, Europeans, and most other populations. Besides morphological assessments, the application of Fordisc® has become a useful tool within the last two decades, creating discriminant functions from morphometric data. Unfortunately, until now, white populations are mostly represented by measurements of American individuals. Therefore, classification rates are lower for European skulls than for Euro-Americans. The aim of this study was to show differences in sexual dimorphism between German and Euro-American crania. Furthermore, their secular change from the nineteenth to the twentieth century has been investigated. Analyses have been performed on glabella subtense (GLS), mastoid height (MDH), and bizygomatic breadth (ZYB). Fordisc® 3.1 was used to study sexual dimorphism and secular change, whereas SAS® was used to perform a two-level ANOVA to test for variation in sex dimorphism. Euro-Americans show greater dimorphism than Germans in all three measurements tested. This larger difference is even increasing from the late nineteenth through the late twentieth century in terms of GLS and MDH, while it stays almost the same in the present Europeans. These results explain the unsatisfying classification rates of German and other European crania on Fordisc®. Data collection for European Fordisc® samples is in progress and should improve the current situation.

Determination and analysis of facial-cervical region, body height and weight index of college undergraduates

Objective To investigate facial-cervical index difference in undergraduates of different height or weight in Han nationality to provide an additional reference for plastic surgery of facial-cervical region. Methods Subjects consisted of 200 college undergraduates of Han nationality, aged 20 to 24 years, with average 22.9±1.7, of whom 100 were male and 100 were female. Their height, weight, bizygomatic breadth, facial height, cervical height, neck circumference, neck breadth, shoulder width, cervical-mandibular angle, thorax-cervical angle, shoulder-cervical angle, pulvinar-cervical angle and back-cervical angle were measured and calculated. Results The differences among the indices mentioned above were of statistical significance (P 0.05). Conclusions Male subjects of different height or weight have different cervical height, cervical-mandibular angle, neck height and facial height indices are different; hence, the indices are related to body height; female subjects of different body height have different neck height. Subjects of different weight have different neck circumference, neck breadth, should breadth, shoulder-cervical angle and pulvinar-cervical angle. Key words: Facial-cervical region; Measurement; Body weight