Bizygomatic Breadth Research Articles

Geometric morphometric approach to dental health in an 18th‐ to 19th‐century English infirmary

AbstractThis study evaluated correlations between poor dental health and craniomandibular morphology for the Radcliffe Infirmary population buried between 1770 and 1855. The Radcliffe Infirmary is situated in Oxford, 90 km northwest of London, in what used to be a rural area. The original report for this population observed high prevalence rates of dental caries, antemortem tooth loss (AMTL), and periodontal disease. Industrial societies are acknowledged to have highly processed foods that not only are detrimental to dental health but also require less mastication. This softening of diet is suggested to be the leading influence on the modern morphology of the skull. By using two‐dimensional geometric morphometrics (GM) and linear measurements of the skull, the Radcliffe population was evaluated for the effects of poor dental health and decreased wear on the masticatory structures. High frequencies of AMTL, periodontal disease, and caries and low amounts of dental wear were observed in this sample population. Caries and AMTL showed weak correlations with skull shape and craniomandibular dimensions according to the results of the morphometric analysis and Kendall's tau. Dental wear correlated with a wide bizygomatic breadth and a long narrow skull shape for the males only. Periodontal disease was the only dental health variable not correlated with shape or size. This study confirmed that the Radcliffe population ate a cariogenic diet and suggests that dental wear and pathology weakly correlates with craniomandibular shape and size. This unpredicted finding may be due to the limitations of two‐dimensional shape analysis, a small sample size, and the sampling strategy. Future research is highly encouraged to better understand the consequences of poor dental health for skull morphology.

Midface Skeletal Sexual Dimorphism: Lessons Learned from Advanced Three-dimensional Imaging in the White Population.

Facial shape is significantly influenced by the underlying facial bony skeleton. Sexual dimorphisms in these structures are crucial for craniofacial, aesthetic, and gender-affirming surgery. Previous studies have examined the orbits and upper face, but less is known about the midface. This study aimed to elucidate the sexual dimorphism in the midface region, focusing on the maxilla and zygomatic bones. A retrospective review was conducted using facial computed tomography scans from 101 White patients aged 20-79 years, using Materialise Mimics and 3-Matics for segmentation and 3D reconstruction. Measurements and statistical shape modeling of the midfacial skeleton were performed. Our results show a distinct sexual dimorphism in the midfacial skeletal structure across all age groups. Women typically had a narrower bizygomatic width by 1.5 mm (P = 0.04), a shallower maxillary depth by 1.6 mm (P < 0.01), and a midfacial vertical height that was 4 mm shorter than that of men (P = 0.018). In contrast, men exhibited a greater distance between the frontozygomatic sutures by 5.4 mm (P < 0.01), a 3-mm greater interorbitale distance (P < 0.01), and a 2.1-mm wider infraorbital foramina distance (P = 0.007). There were no significant differences in the pyriform and maxillary angles (P = 0.15 and P = 0.52, respectively). Our analysis of midfacial skeletal anatomy revealed sexual dimorphism differences. Men exhibited more pronounced facial features than women, with a broader horizontal midfacial skeleton, a longer midfacial vertical height, and greater maxillary depths compared with women.

Sex estimation from skull measurements of a contemporary Japanese population using three-dimensional computed tomography images.

In this study, we assessed the sexual dimorphism of the contemporary Japanese skull and established sex discriminant function equations based on cranial measurements using three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) images. The CT images of 263 corpses (142 males, 121 females) that underwent postmortem CT scanning and subsequent forensic autopsy were evaluated. Twenty-one cranial measurements were obtained from 3D CT reconstructed images, which extracted only bone data. We performed descriptive statistics and discriminant function analyses for the measurements. Nineteen measurements were significantly larger in males, suggesting sexual dimorphism of the Japanese skulls. Univariate discriminant function analyses using these measurements showed a sex classification accuracy of 57.8-88.2%, and bizygomatic breadth provided the highest correct prediction rate. Multivariate discriminant function analyses offered the most accurate model using seven variables with an estimation rate of 93.9%. Our results suggest that cranial measurements based on 3D CT images may help in the sex estimation of unidentified bodies in a contemporary Japanese population.

Craniometric determinants of the fitted filtration efficiency of disposable masks.

Exposure to harmful aerosols is of increasing public health concern due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and wildland fires. These events have prompted risk reduction behaviors, notably the use of disposable respiratory protection. This project investigated whether craniofacial morphology impacts the efficiency of disposable masks (N95, KN95, surgical masks, KF94) most often worn by the public to protect against toxic and infectious aerosols. This project was registered with ClinicaltTrials.gov (NCT05388201; registration May 18, 2022). One-hundred participants (50 men, 50 women) visited the Environmental Protection Agency's Human Studies Facility in Chapel Hill, NC between 2022-2023. Craniometrics and 3D scans were used to separate participants into four clusters. Boosting and elastic net regression yielded five measurements (bizygomatic breadth, nose length, bizygomatic nasal arc, neck circumference, ear breadth) that were the best predictors of filtration efficiency based on overall model fit. Fitted filtration efficiency was quantified for each mask at baseline and when tightened using an ear-loop clip. The mean unmodified mask performance ranged from 55.3% (15.7%) in the large KF94 to 69.5% (12.3%) in the KN95. Modified performance ranged from 66.3% (9.4%) in the surgical to 80.7% (12.0%) in the KN95. Clusters with larger face width and neck circumference had higher unmodified mask efficiency. Larger nose gap area and nose length decreased modified mask performance. We identify face width, nose size, nose shape, neck circumference, and ear breadth as specific features that modulate disposable mask fit in both unmodified and modified conditions. This information can optimize guidance on respiratory protection afforded by disposable ear-loop masks.

Analysis of Cephalometric Differences of the Midface and Upper Face in Males and Females: A Radiographic Study.

Gender affirmation facial surgery (GAFS) is an important component in treating gender dysphoria among transgender individuals by addressing gender incongruence of the face. There is a paucity of literature describing objective characterizations of the anatomic differences between male and female faces. In this study, cephalometric measurements were taken on routine CT imaging performed on cisgender patients between 2017 and 2020. Specifically defined cephalometric landmarks of the upper and midface were measured and compared between male and female cohorts. Thirty-eight patients, 19 male and 19 female, were identified for this study. Significant differences were identified in the frontal prominence, orbital size, malar height, bizygomatic width, nose, and upper lip, with moderate rates of specificity for each gender. Some important ratios are also presented. Differences in the malar region and the orbit highlight the importance of these areas as a point of focus for GAFS. These cephalometric findings provide objective evidence and parameters for perceived anatomic differences in male and female faces. In addition, they help both corroborate current surgical techniques as well as guide future approaches to GAFS.

Relationship between permanent upper anterior teeth and anthropometric facial measures in different populations

Aim: The main purpose of this study was to conduct a narrative review investigating the possible relationship between permanent maxillary anterior teeth and anthropometric facial parameters in different populations. Methods: Searches were performed in the PubMed, BVS (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde) and SciELO databases to identify relevant scientific articles using the following search terms: “maxillary anterior teeth”, “facial measurements” and “anthropometry”, in such a way that 218 publications were found. After application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 13 publications remained for full-text reading. Results: All studies involved male and female samples and it was notorious that male measurements were unanimously higher than those obtained in the opposite sex. The age of the analyzed participants ranged from 17 to 60 years; however, a mean age of 18 to 25 years was the most investigated in literature. In addition, facial measurements including the bizygomatic width, interpupillary distance, intercanthal distance, interalar width and intercommissural width have been proposed to help determine the correct size of anterior teeth. Conclusion: It was concluded that despite the limited number of studies, some factors that influence dental and facial dimensions, such as sex and age, can be identified. However, there is no standardization of the facial or dental parameters used in the studies, a fact that makes it difficult to establish a universal ratio for clinical dental practice.

Analysis of craniofacial indices of dry crania in Southeast and Southsouth Nigeria

Objective: To determine the cranial index, upper facial index and frontal index of dry human crania in Nigeria. Methods: A total of 150 dry adult male crania were studied in two geopolitical zones (Southeast and Southsouth) in Nigeria. Measurements were taken with spreading caliper and Vernier caliper. The following variables were measured: Maximum cranial length (MCL, g-op), Maximum cranial breadth (MCB, eu-eu), Minimum frontal breadth (MFB, ft–ft), Upper facial height (UFH, n-pr) and Bizygomatic breadth (BZB, zy-zy). From these variables, cranial index (CI), frontal index (FI) and upper facial index (UFI) were calculated. Data analysis was done with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 25). Result: In the Southeast group, the values of MCL, MCB, BZB, UFH and MFB (in mm) were 181.4 (±10.3), 135.3 (±6.7), 135.3 (±6.0), 68.0 (±4.1) and 97.9 (±7.4) respectively. In the Southsouth group, the values of MCL, MCB, BZB, UFH and MFB (in mm) were 180.0 (±7.8), 133.9 (±6.7), 135.0 (±7.2), 67.5 (±6.6), and 98.1 (±4.9) respectively. There was no significant difference in these means between the Southeast and Southsouth groups. In the Southeast group, the mean values of CI, FI and UFI (in %) were 75.1 (±5.9), 72.7 (±5.9), and 50.5 (±3.4) respectively. In the Southsouth group the mean values of CI, FI and UFI (in %) were 74.5 (±4.0), 73.3 (±3.6) and 50.0 (±4.4) respectively. There was no significant difference in the means of the cranial indices among the two groups. Conclusion: The crania in the southern part of Nigeria are dolichocephalic, eurymetopia and mesene type.

Sex determination based on features of the craniofacial bones in a sample of the central Chinese population using cone beam computed tomography

Abstract Accurate determination of sex from the skeletal remains of unidentified individuals is challenging in forensic practice. The bone standards for sex determination are population- and generation-specific. The present study investigated the potential utility of the craniofacial bones as an indicator of sex in a contemporary sample of the central Chinese population. A total of 171 adults (75 male, 96 female) of known age and sex underwent cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). A three-dimensional (3D) image from skull CBCT was reconstructed using specialized software (SimPlant Pro, version 11.04). Eleven linear measurements were selected to be measured, nine of which were sexually dimorphic. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) and logistic regression analysis (LRA) were used to develop mathematical models for sex determination. The equations of various variable combinations achieved classification rates of 83.6% in DFA and 84.8% in LRA, with cross validation rates &amp;gt;80%. Results of the present study indicated that the accuracy of the craniofacial bones to determine sex could reach &amp;gt;80%, and bizygomatic breadth was the most sexually dimorphic variable among the craniofacial bones. Key points

An anthropometric assessment method for facial profile determination in forensics

Objectives: It is extremely difficult for forensic experts to identify the individuals, especially during mass disasters and natural calamities such as earthquakes. In most cases, the facial profile is completely destroyed and the dentition is the only source or tool which helps in identifying the individuals and their gender. The aim of this study was to evaluate and correlate inner intercanthal distance (IICD), outer intercanthal distance (OICD), interalar distance (IAD), and bizygomatic width (BZW) to the maxillary intercanine distance (MICD) to determine facial profile and gender. Material and Methods: The study was carried out after informed consent and involved 100 subjects who satisfied the inclusion criteria. Five parameters were measured: IICD, OICD, IAD, BZW, and MICD using digital Vernier caliper. The data were summarized in table form and were statistically analyzed using Pearson correlation. Results: OICD was more in females, whereas MICD was more in males. Significant correlation was observed between IICD and BZW (r = 0.224, P = 0.014), IICD and IAD (r = 0.411, P = 0.001), BZW and MICD (r = 0.229, P = 0.022), and IAD and MICD (r = 0.247, P = 0.013); negative correlation was observed between OICD and MICD (r = −0.023, P = 0.818). Conclusion: MICD can be used as a tool for the determination of facial profile and gender, although a larger sample size is required for further study.

The Correlation Between the Foramen Magnum Dimensions and the Main Craniometric Data of the Skull

The purpose of the study was to study the correlation between the length and width of the foramen magnum and the craniometric data of the skull. Methods. The research material consisted of 200 skulls. There were 20 skulls of adolescence age, I adulthood age 68, II adulthood age 72, and elderly age 40. In total, there were 86 male skulls and 114 female skulls. Foramen magnum length is measured as the mid-sagittal distance from the most anterior point on the foramen magnum to opisthion. Foramen magnum breadth is gauged between the lateral margins of the foramen magnum at the point of greatest lateral curvature. A non-parametric ρ-Spearman's rank correlation was used in the study. Results. A correlation between the foramen magnum length and foramen magnum breadth is identified (r=0.479, P&lt;0.001).The foramen magnum length positively correlates with maximum cranial length, nasio-occipital length, bizygomatic breadth, basion-bregma height, cranial base length, basion-prosthion length, biauricular breadth, upper facial breadth, left and right orbital breadths, left and right orbital height, biorbital breadth, interorbital breadth, frontal chord, biasterionic breadth, bimaxillary breadth, and zygoorbitale breadth. The foramen magnum breadth positively correlates with maximum cranial length, nasio-occipital length, bizygomatic breadth, basion-bregma height, cranial base length, basion-prosthion length, maxilla-alveolar breadth, maxilla-alveolar length, biauricular breadth, upper facial breadth, nasal height, left and right orbital breadths, left and right orbital heights, biorbital breadth, frontal chord, parietal chord, bimaxillary breadth, and zygoorbitale breadth. Conclusion. The fact that the length and breadth of the foramen magnum positively correlate with many basic craniometric indicators allows us to regard the foramen itself, or rather, the structures limiting it, as quite stable.

Correlation Between Maxillary Anterior Teeth and Common Facial Measurements.

The symmetry between maxillary anterior teeth and the face holds significant importance. This study assessed and analyzed the relationship between facial parameters and anterior teeth in the maxillary arch of male and female subjects. Specifically, individual width and combined width (CW) measurements of the maxillary anterior teeth were investigated. This study involved a total of 150 dentate Yemeni subjects (74 men and 76 women), whose ages ranged from 18 years old to 30 years old. A maxillary cast was created, and two digital photographs of the face of each subject were taken and analyzed. Digital calipers and AutoCAD were used to gather measurement data of the dental parameters (intercanthal distance [ICD], interpupillary distance [IPD], interalar width [IAW], intercommissural width [ICW], and bizygomatic width [BZW]) and facial parameters (profile distance). Significant correlations were found for the following: IPD and width of six maxillary anterior teeth of each of the study subjects; ICD and their central incisors; and BZW and their canine width measurements. In contrast, IAW and ICW were not correlated with all tooth measurements. Linear regression findings showed that the CW measurement of the four incisors was significantly correlated with all facial parameter measurements, excluding the ICW and IAW in females and the IAW, ICW, and profile distance in males. The IPD and ICD of males and females may be used to determine their CW measurements. The BZW and IPD of males can be used to take precise anthropological measurements of the width of the central canines and incisors. Meanwhile, the IPD distance of females can be used to assess the central and lateral incisor widths.

Two-dimensional facial measurements for anterior tooth selection in complete denture treatment

PurposeAnterior tooth selection is one of the most challenging parts in determining tooth dimensions and critical to the aesthetic aspect of the complete denture treatment. However, the methods for anterior tooth size selection using facial measurements are still controversial. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dental measurements and facial measurements, and to establish the anterior tooth size prediction equation using facial dimensions in the Thai population for the complete denture treatment. Materials & methodsOne hundred and twenty-five Thai participants (53 men and 72 women) aged 18–35 years old with Angle class I occlusion, did not currently undergo orthodontic treatment, had normal alignment on the maxillary anterior teeth, no attrition, abrasion, proximal restoration or prosthesis were investigated. One frontal facial photograph and one dental photograph of each participant were made using an image analyzing program (ImageJ version 1.53b) to measure the six horizontal facial distances, five vertical facial distances and three dental distances as 2D facial and dental measurements. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were performed. ResultsThe difference of facial and dental measurements between men and women were statistically significant (P < .001). Interpupillary width, interlateral canthal width, intercommissural width and bizygomatic width were correlated to dental measurements in both sexes. Intermedial canthal width and lip thickness were correlated to dental measurements in women. Face length and lateral canthus to lower border of face were correlated to dental measurements in men. Prediction equations of each dental measurement were established using only horizontal facial dimension and using both horizontal and vertical facial dimensions. ConclusionsFacial and dental dimensions are sex-dependent. Facial measurements can be applied in a regression equation to predict dental measurements. Adding vertical dimensions of facial measurements to the prediction equations of anterior tooth size selection results in a higher R squared to 0.444. This finding can be used as a tool for anterior tooth size selection in the complete denture treatment.

Analysis of the Facial Measurements and Dental Arch Dimensions for the Construction of Dental Prostheses among Adult Yemenis.

To investigate the dental arch dimension (width, length, and height) and facial measurements including inner-canthal width (ICW), bizygomatic width (BZW), inter-alar width (IAW), and mouth width (MW), and to assess the correlation between these facial measurements and dental arch width (canine width [CW], inter-first premolar width [I1PW], and inter-first molar width [I1MW]), to establish a preliminary reference for artificial teeth selection in Yemeni adult. The study included 80 individuals (40 males and 40 females) with symmetrical faces and normal class I occlusion ranging in age from 20 to 35. Maxillary and mandibular stone casts were made for each individual. The dimensions of dental casts and facial measurements, including ICW, BZW, IAW, and MW, were assessed using a digital caliper. The collected data were analyzed by using the SPSS software program. The descriptive statistics for each measurement were made. Differences between males and females were tested using an independent-sample t-test with p-values below 0.05 considered significant. Pearson correlation coefficient between facial measurements and dental arch width was also done. Most dental arch dimensions and facial measurements exhibited larger mean values in the male than in the female group, with the greatest significant difference in the maxillary dental arch width and the lowest in mandibular dental arch length. A highly significant correlation is observed between ICW and maxillary canine width (CW) (r = 0.318, p = 0.004). In contrast, no significant correlation between dental arch width and BZW, IAW, and MW is shown. Within this study's limitations, the ICW can determine the ideal dimension of the artificial teeth in the anterior maxillary arch. While the other facial parameters, including BZW, IAW, and MW, cannot be used for artificial teeth selection in Yemeni populations. The findings of this study established a reference database of facial measurements and their correlation to dental arch and teeth width in Yemeni populations. So, it can be implemented in artificial teeth and dental prostheses design and construction.

Межгрупповая изменчивость краниометрических характеристик населения Средней Азии в 1500-летней ретроспективе (VII в. до н.э. – VIII в. н.э.)

Introduction. The paper revisits the intergroup craniometric variability in the Early Iron Age, Antiquity and Early medieval Central Asian population. Some new cranial materials are considered within the hierarchical system of the regional populations. Materials and methods. The comparison included 61 cranial samples from all historical and cultural regions of Central Asia with a total of 1100 crania. 12 standard measurements of the facial skeleton were used. First, we conducted Canonical discriminant analysis. Second, the matrix of Mahalanobis D2 distances was obtained using the resulting group coordinates in the space of the canonical vectors. Finally, the distance matrix was subjected to Multidimensional scaling and the Ward’s hierarchical cluster analysis. Results. The first three canonical variates reflect 53.4% of the total intergroup variation and differentiate samples based on bizygomatic breadth, orbit dimensions, nasal bridge height (and width to a lesser extent), horizontal profiling angles and nose protrusion angle. Upper facial height also contributes to intergroup craniometric variability but does not play a decisive role in differentiating among samples of European ancestry in the considered chronological period. Correlation coefficients between canonical variables and multidimensional scaling coordinates suggest similar relative positions of the groups in the scatterplots. Discussion. Considering the mixed nature of the Central Asian population and the difficulty of objective differentiation of morphological types, we caution against unreflective use of terms “East Mediterranean type” and “Pamir-Fergana race”. The results suggest that the Antiquity and Early medieval sedentary populations are difficult to distinguish from nomadic and semi-nomadic groups of the Wusun period. The new materials confirm the morphological similarity between Early medieval population of Sogdiana (ancient Panjakent) and Ushrusana (Kurkat dakhmaks). @ 2023. This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 license

Morphometric cranial standards for sex estimation of a population in two ethnic groups in Southwest Iran

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the cephalometric landmarks, cranial measurements, and cephalic index based on geographical and ethnic characteristics to make a database for the southwest Iranian population. MethodIn this analytical cross-sectional study, different anatomic criteria were collected from head MRI images. The anthropometric measures taken included the maximum cranial length, maximum cranial height, maximum cranial breadth, cranial base length, foramen magnum length, upper facial height, lower facial height, foramen magnum breadth, bizygomatic breadth, orbital breadth, nasion-opisthion. The categorization of the head shape was based on the cephalic index. The cranial index was calculated using the equation ([maximum cranial breadth/maximum cranial length] × 100). These assessments were compared to define sexual dimorphism and inter-population variation in size and shape. ResultsSexual dimorphism existed in all cephalometric data except the cephalic index. The measurements comparisonin ethnicities showed that only (eu–eu) differs significantly between the two groups, which is 2,253 mm less in the Arab population compared to the Lur population (P value = 0.022). The cephalic index in males and females was found to be 73.66 and 75.08, respectively. Accordingly, 53.99% were dolichocephalic, 30.06% were mesocephalic, 14.11% were brachycephalic, and 1.84% were hyperbrachycephalic. The shape of the head had no relation to ethnicity but was related to sex (P value = 0.045). Conclusion: It is shown that cephalometric data can be used as diagnostic criteria to determine sex and ethnicity in the southwest Iranian population. It should be further verified on a greater sample size that evaluates more study age distribution.

Relationship of bizygomatic and bigonial breadth with the suitability of surgical masks

Use of masks is mandatory to prevent the transmission of COVID-19. Appropriate masks that match the face size is very important to avoid leakage. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between bizygomatic and bigonial breadth with the suitability of surgical masks. It was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design conducted at the Occupational Medicine Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta during March to April 2021. A total 132 employees of Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Trisakti aged from 20 to 64 y.o. who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria participated in this study. No significantly difference in age (p=0.248) and body mass index (BMI) (p=0.226) was observed. However, there was a significantly difference in bizygomatic width (p=0.000) and bigonial width (p=0.001) between men and women. The use of appropriate surgical masks was observed in 89 respondents, but not suitable for 43 respondents. There was no significantly difference between BMI, bizygomatic width and bigonial width with the suitability of surgical masks. However, old age was significantly more appropriate for using surgical masks than young people. In conclusion, BMI, bizygomatic width, and bigonial width are not substantially different with the suitability of surgical masks. However, older age is more suitable for employing surgical masks than younger age.

The facial measurements in health workers at Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta

The appropriate mask is based on facial anthropometric measurements that may be affected by sex, race, age, and body mass index (BMI). This study aimed to determine the difference and relationship between the bizygomatic width (BW) and nasion-menton height (NMH) with sex and BMI in health workers. This descriptive-analytical study used a cross-sectional method. The subjects were 39 health workers (nurses and doctors) at Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta consisting of 15 male subjects and 24 female subjects, aged between 25-55 years old. Anthropometric measurements were performed on the subjects, including body weight, height, NW, and NMH. The data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, independent t-test, and Pearson’s test. There was a significant difference in the BW between male and female subjects (p&lt;0.05), with the males’ BW (13.1 ± 0.76 cm) being larger than that of the female subjects (12.35 ± 0.62 cm). There were no differences in the BMI and nasion-menton height between the male and female subjects (p&gt;0.05). The Pearson’s test results showed no significant relationship between the BW with BMI in both the male subjects (r=0.351; p=0.199) and the female subjects (r=0.349; p=0.094), and between the nasion-menton height with BMI in both the male subjects (r=0.101; p=0.721) and the female subjects (r=0.390, p=0.060). In conclusion, the males’ BW was larger than the female health workers. It is necessary to consider facial anthropometric measurements in face mask manufacturing to provide comfort and good protection.

The relationship between bizygomatic width and mesiodistal width of six maxillary anterior teeth in a Javanese population

The selection of the mesiodistal width of maxillary anterior teeth is the key to success in prosthodontic treatment. Determining anterior teeth width when there is no existing pre-extraction record can be done through bizygomatic width measurement. The purpose of this study was to look at the relationship between bizygomatic width and mesiodistal width of six maxillary anterior teeth in the Javanese population. This study used a cross-sectional design and was conducted on 32 Javanese subjects who met the following criteria: being 18-25 years of age, having Angle class 1 malocclusion, having complete maxillary anterior permanent teeth, not using dentures, currently not undergoing any orthodontic treatment, and having no abnormalities found in the facial area. The bizygomatic width was measured with a digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm from the marked right and left bizygomatic points. The mesiodistal width of the six maxillary anterior teeth was measured using dental floss looped from the distal left canine to the right canine. Dental floss marked with a pen was stretched horizontally on paper and then measured with a digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. The measurement was done in triplicate. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and the simple linear regression test. This study’s analysis revealed a strong and positive correlation (r = 0.538 and p &lt; 0.05) between the bizygomatic width and mesiodistal width of the maxillary anterior teeth. The result of the simple linear regression test showed a significant result (p &lt; 0.05). It can be concluded that there was a relationship between the bizygomatic width and the mesiodistal width of the six maxillary anterior teeth in the Javanese population. The mesiodistal width of the six maxillary anterior teeth in the Javanese population can be measured by multiplying the bizygomatic width by the multiplier factor, i.e., 0.427.

A New Fossil Rorqual Aff. Balaenoptera Bertae Specimen from the Shinazawa Formation (Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene), Yamagata, Japan

More than 23 extinct species and 10 extant species of the Balaenopteridae are known. Our knowledge of the family Balaenopteridae is increasing quickly, however, few fossil records support a circum-North Pacific distribution of balaenopterid genera and species. Because of limited preservations, most rorqual fossils reported from the western North Pacific can only be identified to the family level. A skull from the Shinazawa Formation (late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene) in Yamagata, Japan, is identified as aff. Balaenoptera bertae by possessing two diagnostic features of the species: large occipital condyles, and a posteriorly elongate postglenoid process. Combination of four more features also support that the specimen is a closely related to B. bertae. The specimen is probably a slightly older individual than the holotype of B. bertae, based on the estimated bizygomatic width and slightly longer posterior process of the tympanoperiotic. The first and only report of B. bertae was from the Pliocene Purisima Formation in California, USA. The specimen from Japan is incompletely preserved, but shows the occurrence of B. bertae in the western North Pacific for the first time, as many living balaenopterids are distributed across the North Pacific, such as Balaenoptera musculus, B. physalus, B. borealis, B. acutorostrata, and Megaptera novaeangliae.

Association of Craniofacial Anthropometry and Personality with Impact of Metacognitive and Emotional Intervention among Medical Students: A Research Protocol

Introduction: Physiognomic evaluation of the human face has been widely considered in computer-based visual applications, to know the characteristic properties of human. This had given rationality for the present study to be planned on craniofacial anthropometry and its relationship with personality traits in medical students. Aim: Evaluate the effectiveness of different craniofacial anthropometry; cephalic index, forehead width, forehead length, bizygomatic width, bigonial width, upper facial index, and facial index with the type of personality traits and impact of metacognitive and emotional interventions on personality among medical students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional interventional analytical study on Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) undergraduate students with sample size of 293 will be conducted in Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College, DMIMS, Wardha, Maharashtra, India. The age group of samples will be 18-30 years. The expected duration of study will be August 2022 to July 2025. The data collection will be carried out for a period of one and half year (January 2023 to June 2024). The tools for data collection shall be craniofacial anthropometric measurement, Big Five Personality Test (BFPT) questionnaire, meta- cognitive awareness inventory, Emotional Intelligence self-assessment Questionnaire (EIQ), Personal information Questionnaire (PIQ). Expected results: The results will be drawn by comparing Craniofacial Anthropometric Measurement with personality traits and effect of metacognitive and emotional intervention. Conclusion: The present study will be also a torchbearer for medical teachers and psychologist and behavioural medicine to understand individual’s personality by face cueing.