Spearman's Bivariate Correlation Research Articles

Analysis of related risk factors of vitreous hemorrhage after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor combined with vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Objective To observe and analyze the risk factors related to vitreous re-hemorrhage (PVH) after anti-VEGF drugs combined with vitrectomy (PPV) in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Methods Retrospective analysis study. From April 2017 to July 2018, 100 eyes of 87 PDR patients who were diagnosed in Jiaxing Eye Hospital and received anti-VEGF drugs combined with 25G PPV were included in the study. Among them, there were 44 eyes in 38 males and 56 eyes in 49 females. The age ranged from 26 to 83 years, with an average age of 57.72±8.82 years. All patients were type 2 diabetes, with an average duration of diabetes 10.84±6.03 years. All affected eyes were assisted by the same doctor with a non-contact wide-angle lens under the standard three-channel 25G PPV of the flat part of the ciliary body. Five to 7 days before the operation, intravitreal injection of ranibizumab or conbercept 0.05 ml (10 mg/ml) was performed. The incidence of PVH was observed. The age of PVH patients, duration of diabetes, vision before operation, average fasting blood glucose and average postprandial blood glucose before operation, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure before surgery, laser treatment before surgery, lens removal during operation, intraocular filling during operation, retinal laser points during operation, and fundus lesions during operation (hyperplasia film, Retinal hemorrhage, vascular occlusion, proliferative retinal traction, retinal hiatus, retinal detachment, exudation, neovascularization) were analyzed to find out the cause of PVH. Spearman bivariate correlation analysis and binary logistic regression analysis were performed on the data. Results Of the 100 eyes of 87 patients, PVH occurred in 17 eyes (17%). There were statistically significant differences in the number of eyes with vascular occlusion and proliferative traction during surgery in patients with and without PVH (χ2=5.741, 8.103; P 0.05). Spearman's bivariate correlation analysis showed that patients with low vision, poor control of fasting blood glucose levels, vascular occlusion and proliferative retinal traction during the operation were related risk factors for PVH (rs=0.208, 0.229, 0.240, 0.285; P<0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that fundus vascular occlusion and hyperplastic retinal traction may be independent risk factors for PVH during surgery (OR=5.175, 13.915; P<0.05). Conclusion Fundus vascular occlusion and retinal traction caused by fibrovascular membrane hyperplasia in PPV may be independent risk factors for PVH in patients with PDR after anti-VEGF drugs combined with PPV. Key words: Vitreous hemorrhage; Diabetic retinopathy; Vitrectomy; Angiogenesis inhibitors/therapeutic use; Root cause analysis

NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND ACTIVITY DISORDERS IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS RECEIVING CHEMOTHERAPY

Introduction: Pain is one of the complaints from breast cancer patients who received chemotherapy. One of the side effects of chemotherapy on breast cancer patients is neuronal damage resulting in neuropathic pain. The increased incidence of neuropathic pain in chemotherapy patients often results in impaired activity. This study was conducted to determine the correlation between neuropathic pain and impaired daily activity before the first injection and after the third injection in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Methods: This was an observational analytic study with a prospective cohort design. The subjects were postoperative breast cancer patients who received chemotherapy at the Kasuari Ward, Dr Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. It was conducted from September 2019 to February 2020. Examination of neuropathic pain and pain scoring was assessed using the LANSS questionnaire and Brief Pain Inventory (BPI). Data were analyzed using Spearman's bivariate correlation test. The results were significant if the p-value

ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN DIABETICS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BY GENDER

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion and/or action. Studies indicate that type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is related to the increased prevalence of mental health problems, especially depression and anxiety. Diagnosis is associated with an approximately 27% increase on the risk of developing depression, when compared with undiagnosed cases. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of anxiety and depression in diabetics patients, to compare and correlate these aspects between men and women. METHODOLOGY: Participants were recruited at the Mutirao Diabetes, na event promoted in 2018 by the Municipal Health Secretariat of Goiânia/GO. After this first contact, volunteers were invited through phone calls for a blood exams and interviews. Patients with age between 40 and 60 years of both sexes were selected for the study. Symptoms related to depression were assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), which discriminates the presence or absence of depressive behaviour. Anxiety was assessed by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (IDATE), which assesses symptoms related to anxiety. Blood glucose was measured and the adopted reference value was ≤99 mg/dL. Mean tests, standard deviation, Student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney tests were performed to compare means between groups and Pearson and Spearman bivariate correlation. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 96 individuals, with a mean age of 56.2 ± 9.6 years, 55.3% female and 42.7% male, and with a mean time of disease (diabetes) of 10.0 ± 7.6 years. The results showed that most of the subjects (66.7%) had their blood glucose above normal values (151.4 ± 76.6), and higher levels of trait anxiety than the reference values (43, 4 ± 6.9). When compared by gender, women had higher depression scores than men (10.4 ± 7.0; 7.8 ± 4.8; p <0.05). Stratifying the groups by the presence of depressive symptoms, it was found that both men and women had shown significant difference in trait anxiety, on the IDATE test, that being aggravated in the presence of depressive symptoms. Correlation analysis showed a weak and positive correlation between anxiety and glycemia rates (r = 0.220; p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that diabetes is directly related to biopsychosocial factors, especially depression scores and anxiety levels. The study also confirmed that diabetic women tend to have higher depression scores that diabetic individuals, despite the gender but that have depression, also have higher anxiety levels.

Association between social support and adherence to anti-retroviral treatment in people living with HIV.

To investigate the association between social support, adherence to HIV anti-retroviral therapy, and clinical and sociodemographic factors. A cross-sectional study conducted from July 2016 to August 2018 in a specialized outpatient clinic in southern Brazil. Individual interviews were conducted for the application of the following instruments: Questionnaire for the Evaluation of Adherence to Anti-retroviral Treatment (CEAT-HIV) and Social Support Scale for People Living with HIV/AIDS. The Spearman bivariate correlation test was used for analysis purposes. Among the 168 participants, the mean social support score was 3.53 points (SD = 0.66), and 64.9% (n = 109) of the respondents had insufficient adherence. There was a significant association (p < 0.05) between emotional social support and the following adherence domains: antecedents of non-adherence behaviors and doctor-patient communication. Social support is associated with antecedents of non-adherence behaviors and doctor-patient communication.

Ekologi dan Potensi Invasif Acacia decurrens di Sebagian Kawasan Taman Nasional Gunung Merapi Yogyakarta

Acacia decurrens, originally from Australia, is a woody plant that has become a concern in the erupted areas of Merapi volcano in 2006. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively describe the ecology of Acacia decurrens, and its invasive potential. Vegetation analysis was carried out in four areas of Mount Merapi National Park (TNGM), namely Kalikuning, Kaliadem, Plawangan and Pranajiwa. Ordination using the Non Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) method and Canonical Correspondence (CCA) and Spearman's bivariate correlation were carried out in data analysis. The results of NMDS analysis (2D stress = 0.14) showed that open areas due to eruption in Kaliadem are now dominated by A. decurrens. The results of the analysis also showed a significant negative correlation (Spearman rho = 0.6) between the abundance of A. decurrens and the level of species diversity in the sampling location. From the results of CCA, A. decurrens in the seedling stage appeared to coexist with other types of ground cover such as Alangium javanicum and Araliaceae. But in the tree phase, this species tended to form pure stands and only occasionally appeared to live side by side with other types of Fabaceae such as Albizia lopantha. Tree-level A. decurrens seemed to prefer sites with lower pH levels while A. decurrens seedling levels were more commonly found in sites with higher pH. Acacia decurrens have the potential to become a weed in TNGM due to its dominant distribution and tendency to decrease the level of species diversity in TNGM.

Abstract GS5-06: No survival benefit of chemotherapy escalation in patients with pCR and “high-immune” triple-negative early breast cancer in the neoadjuvant WSG-ADAPT-TN trial

Abstract Background:Immune markers such as tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), CD8, PDL1, PD1 and other protein or mRNA-based genomic markers have been identified as prognostic / predictive in TNBC regarding survival / chemotherapy (CTx) efficacy. In the adjuvant WSG-PlanB trial, patients with high TILs and/or CD8 by mRNA had excellent outcome, irrespective of anthracycline use; in the neoadjuvant ADAPT-TN trial, high PDL1, PD1 and CD8 and/or TILs were predictive for pCR. Still, optimal markers for potential treatment de-escalation have yet to be determined. Here, we analyse for the first time impact of immune mRNA-based markers and TIL's as prognostic and predictive survival markers. Methods: TNBC patients (ER/PR&amp;lt;1%, HER2-,) were randomized to neoadjuvant 4x nab-paclitaxel 125 mg/m2/gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 d1/8 q3w (gem arm) or 4x nab-paclitaxel 125 mg/m2/carboplatin AUC2 day 1/8 3-weekly (q3w) (carbo arm). Primary endpoint of WSG-ADAPT-TN was pCR (ypT0/is/ypN0); secondary endpoints included translational analyses, e.g., TILs or expression of 119 genes by nCounter platform. Standard adjuvant chemotherapy (4xEC) was optional (not randomized) in patients achieving pCR after 12 weeks. According to protocol, 1st safety survival analysis was performed after 3y median follow-up. Results: Present translational analysis included 306 of 336 TNBC patients (36 months median FU). pCR was associated with significantly better survival (3y EFS: 92% vs. 71%, p&amp;lt;.001), but despite substantially higher pCR in the carbo arm (46% vs. 29%), no significant EFS advantage was seen (p=.6) (gem: 78%; carbo: 80%; 3y-EFS). Bivariate Spearman correlations among CD8, PD1, and PDL1 were strongly positive; their correlations with TILs were moderately positive. Preliminary Cox analysis of EFS was performed with clinical variables (cN, cT, menopausal status); neoadjuvant study arm; pCR; TILs; proliferation markers (baseline Ki67 by IHC, scores derived from PAM50); baseline immune markers; risk scores; and individual gene expression scores previously identified as prognostic for pCR in one or both neoadjuvant arms. Independent prognostic factors included pCR, cN, Ki67, PD1, and CD8; these were entered into (prognostic) interaction analysis. The resulting model contained cN, high Ki67 and low TILs as (unfavorable) main effects and the interaction of (higher) PD1*pCR (favorable). Among pCR patients, the groups with/without additional adjuvant CTX were similar with respect to explanatory factors. Baseline TILs, Ki67, cN, and PD1 were entered into exploratory predictive analysis; the model retained only the interaction [adjuvant CTx * (fractionally ranked) PD1]. In patients with pCR, those with low PD1 benefited from standard anthracycline-containing adjuvant CTx, whereas patients high PD1 did not with an 98% 3y-EFS. Conclusions: Our exploratory results suggest independent prognostic impact of mRNA markers and TIL's in early TNBC. Patients with both pCR (after 12 weeks) and “high-immune” signature (defined here by PD1) had excellent 3y-EFS and may be candidates for treatment de-escalation (e.g. omission of anthracyclines), whereas “low-immune” pCR patients may benefit from standard adjuvant poly-chemotherapy. Citation Format: Gluz O, Nitz U, Liedtke C, Prat A, Christgen M, Feuerhake F, Garke M, Grischke E-M, Forstbauer H, Braun M, Warm M, Hackmann J, Uleer C, Aktas B, Schumacher C, Kuemmel S, Pelz E, Gebauer D, Paré L, Kates R, Wuerstlein R, Kreipe HH, Harbeck N. No survival benefit of chemotherapy escalation in patients with pCR and “high-immune” triple-negative early breast cancer in the neoadjuvant WSG-ADAPT-TN trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr GS5-06.

Hubungan antara kadar procalcitonin dengan kriteria Anthonisen pada PPOK eksaserbasi akut

Background: COPD exacerbations can be caused by infections and environmental pollutants. One guideline for antibiotic administration in acute exacerbation COPD is in patients with Anthonisen criteria types 1 and 2 based on patients' subjective complaints (increased dyspneu, increased sputum volume and sputum purulence). Procalcitonin (PCT) is an objective and specific marker of bacterial infections that are not affected much by disease condition or steroid drugs that are widely used by COPD patients. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between procalcitonin levels and Anthonisen criteria in acute exacerbation of COPD.&#x0D; Methods: This study used an analytical cross sectional design at Sanglah General Hospital and Wangaya Hospital in March-May 2018. Data analysis used the Bivariate Spearman correlation test, and Kruskal-wallis to determine the median PCT level difference according to Anthonisen type.&#x0D; Result: Total subjects were 43 samples of acute exacerbation COPD patients, with median PCT levels were 0.18 (0.02-47.8) ng/ml. Spearman correlation analysis showed no significant correlation between serum PCT levels and Anthonisen type (r = -0,175, p = 0.26). We also found a significant correlation between Anthonisen criteria with WBC and neutrophil count. After excluding several outliers data, there was a significant difference in median PCT value based on the Anthonisen type. The median PCT was higher in Anthonisen type 1 compared to type 2 and 3 (p = 0.029). &#x0D; Conclusion: there was no relationship between levels of PCT with Anthonisen type but we found significant higher PCT level in Anthonisen type 1 after excluding extreme value.

Study of the association between scapular position and mobile phone usage in college students: An observational descriptive study

INTRODUCTION: Scapula forms the basis of upper-extremity posture, and any alteration in the position of the scapula is a predisposing factor for musculoskeletal aches and pain.STUDY OBJECTIVE: The study's objective was to find the association between scapular position and mobile phone usage in college students.MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was a cross-sectional correlation study conducted at a tertiary care government hospital. On receiving approval by the Institutional Ethics Committee, participants of both genders between the age group of 18–25 years and using mobile phones for at least more than 1 year were included in the study. Participants were screened for their mobile phone usage using the Problematic Mobile phone usage questionnaire (PMPUQ) with due permission received from the original author of the scale, and their scapular region pain was assessed using Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). All participants were assessed for their scapular position using lateral scapular slide test (LSST) and acromion to table test.RESULTS: Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 version. As the data did not pass normality, nonparametric test of correlation, i.e., Spearman's bivariate correlation test, was applied. No significant correlation with P > 0.05 was found between problematic mobile phone usage score (PMPUQ) and pain (NRS), and no significant correlation was found with P > 0.05 between problematic mobile phone usage score and acromion to table test bilaterally and LSST for inferior angle at 0°, 45°, and 90° position.CONCLUSION: This showed that pain in the scapular region was not related to an individual's mobile phone use and can have various other contributory factors.

Haemodynamic changes during prone positioning in anaesthetised chronic cervical myelopathy patients.

Background and Aims:Anaesthetised patients, when positioned prone, experience hypotension and reduction in cardiac output. Associated autonomic dysfunction in cervical myelopathy patients predisposes them to haemodynamic changes. The combined effect of prone positioning and autonomic dysfunction in anaesthetised patients remains unknown.Methods:Thirty adult chronic cervical myelopathy patients, aged 18-65 years with Nurick grade ≥2 were recruited in this prospective observational study. Heart rate, mean blood pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, total peripheral resistance and stroke volume variation were measured using NICOM® monitor. Data were collected in supine before anaesthetic induction (baseline), 2 minutes after induction, 2 minutes after intubation, before and after prone positioning and every 5 minutes thereafter until skin incision. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyse the haemodynamic parameters across the time points. Bivariate Spearman's correlation was used to find factors associated with blood pressure changes. A P value <0.05 was kept significant.Results:Cardiac output during the entire study period remained stable (P = 0.186). Sixty percent of the patients experienced hypotension. At 15 and 20 minutes after prone positioning, mean blood pressure decreased (P = 0.001), stroke volume increased (P = 0.001), and heart rate and total peripheral resistance decreased (P < 0.001, P = 0.001, respectively). These changes were significant when compared to pre-prone position values. Number of levels of spinal cord compression positively correlated with the incidence of hypotension.Conclusion:Cervical myelopathy patients experienced hypotension with preserved cardiac output in prone position due to a reduction in total peripheral resistance. Hypotension correlated with the number of levels of spinal cord compression.

Determination of nutrient adequacy of the food catered in the child care homes (CCHs) of Sunsari district

Summary Malnutrition continues to be a primary cause of ill health and mortality among school age orphan and vulnerable children in developing countries. Objective: Determination of nutrient adequacy of the food catered in the child care homes of Sunsari district. Methods: Weighing method was used for determining the amount of food eaten. T-test and bivariate spearman correlation coefficients were used to compare the nutrient intake with respective RDA and to determine the association between nutrient intake and malnutrition respectively. Results: The study revealed, 33.82% and 17.39% of study population were stunted and underweight respectively. Equal percentages (7.81%) of study population were overweight and thin. Probability of calorie and protein adequacy was found in 52.94% and 89.71% of study population in CCHs. Calcium intake of all children and adolescent were found to be below their RDA. Cereals contributed the highest amount by weight (355.3 g) and proportion (39%) to the total diet for the study population in CCHs. Fruits 1% (12.9 g) and additional oil 2% (20.9 g) made a small contribution to the study population dietary intake. Fish and eggs were completely lacking in their diet. Probability of iron inadequacy was found in 80.9% of study population in CCHs.

Social network analysis of sheep grazing different plant functional groups

AbstractSocial Network Analysis (SNA) is used for the first time to investigate the relations between plant functional groups and social structure of grazing sheep. The research was conducted on a grassland in Crete's island Lefka Ori, Greece during 2016. A flock of 20 sheep of Sfakion race was analysed as a network and the sheep as nodes. The focal sampling technique was applied during four experimental periods of four consecutive days × eight hours/day. The plant species selected by sheep during grazing were categorized into four functional groups (grasses, broad‐leaved forbs, shrubs and trees), and the proximity and conflict relations that were developed among the flock members were recorded. The tools of SNA were defined and interpreted in the sheep flock, and the Visone software is used to calculate the network variables of proximity and conflicts relations of nodes. Correlations between the plant functional groups and network variables were examined by Spearman's bivariate correlation test. Sheep collectivity was enhanced while grazing grasses and simultaneously, a tendency for hierarchization within the flock was identified. Similarly, the proximity of sheep increased during forbs’ grazing while their individualism was strengthened. When grazing shrubs, the proximity of sheep was only in part maintained while the grazing of trees seems as the most deconstructive forage option of sheep proximity relations. In general, the grazing of all plant functional groups decreases conflicts among sheep except that of trees, which was insignificant for developing such relations.

The relationship between corticospinal tract integrity and lower-extremity strength is attenuated when controlling for age and sex in multiple sclerosis

Muscle weakness, particularly in the lower-extremities, is common in multiple sclerosis (MS) and seemingly results from damage along white matter pathways in the central nervous system including the corticospinal tract (CST). This study examined CST structural integrity indicated by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) related metrics (fractional anisotropy [FA], mean diffusivity [MD], radial diffusivity [RD], and axial diffusivity [AD]) as correlates of knee flexor (KF) and knee extensor (KE) muscle strength in MS. We included 36 persons with MS who underwent MRI and measurements of peak KE and KF strength using an isokinetic dynamometer. We examined associations using bivariate Spearman (rs) and partial Spearman correlation (prs) analyses controlling for age and sex. Peak KF strength was significantly associated with FA (rs = 0.42) and RD (rs = −0.36) and peak KE strength was significantly associated with MD (rs = −0.47) and RD (rs = −0.36). The correlations were attenuated after controlling for age and sex, but the relationship between KF strength and FA demonstrated a trend towards significance (prs = 0.33, p = 0.056). We provide evidence that the anatomical integrity of the CST may be associated with lower-extremity strength in MS. The attenuated correlations when controlling for age and sex suggest these factors, rather than MS per se, may be important contributors toward an association between CST DTI-metrics and KF and KE strength. Future rehabilitation trials of resistance training should consider including CST integrity as an outcome and/or predictor of strength adaptations.

Body mass index of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with pulmonary function and exacerbations: a retrospective real world research.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is prevalent in China. The role of body mass index (BMI) in COPD progression and prognosis is unclear. We analyzed the association between BMI and pulmonary function, inflammation levels and exacerbation in Chinese COPD patients. Our retrospective real world research included 744 patients with COPD diagnosed by spirometry and hospitalized from January 1st, 2014 to December 31st, 2016. The indicators were gathered from hospital records database and frequency of exacerbation in the three years were followed up. All 744 patients were divided into four groups by BMI grades. We analyzed the association between BMI and pulmonary function, inflammation levels and exacerbation by Spearman bivariate correlations, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test and logistic regression. The singly proportion (median of BMI) of these patients in underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity was 7.80% (17.54), 45.97% (22.12), 27.96% (27.00) and 18.28% (31.25) respectively. With increasing of BMI grades, the values of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory flow (FEF25/50/75) and diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) were correspondingly increasing; the percentage of neutrophils and C-reactive protein (CRP) presented significant declining trend while the trend of the percentage of eosinophils was negative; the dose of systemic corticosteroid and length of stay present decreasing tendency; the frequency of exacerbation and hospitalization were decreasing. These were similar results in gender, smoking status COPD subgroups. In our study, BMI was moderately correlated with pulmonary function positively and exacerbations negatively. To some extent, BMI might be a useful indicator to predict the prognosis of COPD patients and for long-term management.

Assessing Levels and Correlates of Implementation of Evidence-Based Approaches for Colorectal Cancer Screening: A Cross-Sectional Study With Federally Qualified Health Centers.

Multiple evidence-based approaches (EBAs) exist to improve colorectal cancer screening in health clinics. The success of these approaches is tied to effective implementation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the implementation of EBAs for colorectal cancer screening and clinic-level correlates of implementation in federally qualified health centers (FQHCs). We conducted descriptive and cross-sectional analyses using data collected from FQHC clinics across seven states ( n = 51). A clinic representative completed electronic surveys about clinic characteristics (e.g., size, patient characteristics, and medical record system characteristics) and the implementation of Community Guide recommended EBAs (e.g., client reminders, small media, and provider assessment and feedback). We used bivariate Spearman correlations to assess clinic-level correlates with implementation outcomes. Most clinics were planning to implement, in the early implementation stages, or inconsistently implementing EBAs. No EBA was fully implemented by more than nine (17.6%) clinics. Clinic size variables were inversely related to implementation levels of one-on-one education; medical record variables were directly related to implementation levels of client and provider reminders as well as provider assessment and feedback; and rapid and timely feedback from clinic leaders was directly associated with implementation levels of four out of six EBAs. Given the varying levels of implementation, clinics need to assess current use of implementation strategies and improve effective program delivery to increase colorectal cancer screening among their patients. In addition, clinics should also consider how their characteristics may support or serve as a barrier to implementation in their respective settings.

Pengetahuan dan Peran Orang Tua terhadap Prestasi Belajar Anak Autis di Sekolah Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus Unggul Sakti Jambi

Abstract&#x0D; &#x0D; Background : The problems faced by parents in increasing achievement of students with autism was lack of parents knowledge and role of parents in facilitating process of learning at home. In this case, knowledge and the role of parents is really needed in improving their achievement in SABK Unggul Sakti Jambi.&#x0D; Method : This study is a quantitative research with cross sectional design that aims to determine the correlation of knowledge and role of parents toward students’ achievement at SABK Unggul Sakti Jambi. The samples used were 30 parents. Total Sampling was used in this study. There were 30 parents of students with autism as the sample. Data were collected through questionnaire and checklist sheet. Data were processed by univariate and bivariate Spearman Correlation Test.&#x0D; Results : The results of univariat analysis showed that 73.3% students had a moderate learning achievement, another finding revealed that 60% of student were categorized low achievement. Also, 63.3% of respondents unsatisfiend role in facilitating students to increase their achievement. Then, bivariate analysis indicated that there was a significant correlation between knowledge (p-value=0.017) and role of students (p-value=0.000) toward the learning achievement.&#x0D; Conclusion : It is expected to the school to continue the efforts to increase knowledge and the role of parents in increasing achievement of students with autism to do a good cooperation. Furthermore, the role of their parents extremely has impact towards learning process of students both at school and home.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keyword : Autistic Child, Achievement, Knowledge, Role

Satisfaction with care received in pediatric emergency services: impact of family interaction and emotional disturbance

This study addresses the relationship between two key elements in satisfaction with pediatric emergency services, namely emotional disturbance and family interaction. The main goal is to determine whether family cohesion and adaptability and anger may be associated with differential levels of satisfaction among parents whose children were attended in pediatric emergency units. It is a descriptive study for which a sample of 711 parents whose children were attended in 6 pediatric emergency services was studied. The Spanish version of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (Staxi-2), the Satisfaction with Healthcare Services Scale and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (Faces) were used respectively. Data analysis included a Spearman bivariate correlations analysis, Kruskal Wallis, Mann-Whitney test and path-analysis using a structural equations model. The results support the hypothesis that higher levels of family cohesion and adaptability as well as lower levels of anger are associated with higher levels of satisfaction among parents.

Preliminary Validation of a German Version of the Sexual Complaints Screener for Women in a Female Population Sample.

BackgroundTo date, neither the original English nor any of the translated versions of the Sexual Complaints Screener for Women (SCS-W) have been tested for their psychometric properties.AimTo evaluate the validity and utility of the German version of the SCS-W by assessing content, convergent, and discriminant validity.MethodsA population sample of 309 women (mean age = 26.9 years) completed the online survey and had matching data available on the SCS-W and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Spearman bivariate correlations between the SCS-W and FSFI domain scores and exploratory factor analysis with principal component analysis were conducted.OutcomesConvergent validity was excellent for the domain of orgasm, good for satisfaction, dyspareunia, and the total questionnaire score, and acceptable for desire, lubrication, arousal, and vaginismus. Discriminant validity was present for all domains apart from arousal, lubrication, and vaginismus. Varimax rotation suggested an 8-factor model was the most robust.Clinical ImplicationsThis brief screener seems suitable to provide a brief overview of female patients' sexual problems in a clinical setting.Strengths and LimitationsThis is the 1st study to assess the psychometric properties of the German version of the SCS-W. However, available information on the psychometric properties of the German SCS-W was limited because the validity of the screener could not be counterchecked against a clinical diagnosis of female sexual dysfunction.ConclusionOur results provide preliminary evidence of good validity of the German version of the SCS-W. Overall, the SCS-W can offer support for clinicians who are less familiar with sexual medicine and who might not routinely discuss sexual issues with their patients.Burri A, Porst H. Preliminary Validation of a German Version of the Sexual Complaints Screener for Women in a Female Population Sample. Sex Med 2018;6:123–130.

Correlation between the sudden jump-like increases of the atrio-Hisian interval induced during burst atrial pacing and during programmed atrial stimulation in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia

PurposeTo study the correlation between the sudden prolongations of the atrio-Hisian (AH) interval with ≥50 ms during burst and programmed atrial stimulation, and to define whether the AH jump during burst atrial pacing is a reliable diagnostic criterion for dual AV nodal physiology. MethodsRetrospective data on 304 patients with preliminary ECG diagnosis of AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), confirmed during electrophysiological study, was analyzed for the presence of AH jump during burst and programmed atrial stimulation, and for correlation between the pacing modes for inducing the jump. Wilcoxon signed-ranks test and Spearman's bivariate correlation coefficient were applied, significant was P-value <0.05. ResultsThe population was aged 48.5 ± 15.7 (12-85) years; males were 38.5%. AH jump occurred during burst atrial pacing in 81% of the patients, and during programmed stimulation – in 78%, P = 0.366. In 63.2% AH jump was induced by both pacing modes; in 17.8% – only by burst pacing; in 14.8% – only by programmed pacing; in 4.2% there was no inducible jump. There was negative correlation between both pacing modes, ρ = –0.204, Р<0.001. ConclusionBurst and programmed atrial stimulation separately prove the presence of dual AV nodal physiology in 81 and 78% of the patients with AVNRT, respectively. There is negative correlation between the two pacing modes, allowing the combination of the two methods to prove diagnostic in 95.8% of the patients.

Predictive factors of prolonged mechanical ventilation, overall survival, and quality of life in patients with post-thymectomy myasthenic crisis

BackgroundThymectomy is the primary approach for the treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG). This retrospective study aimed to identify the clinical and demographical features that may impact the duration of mechanical ventilation (DMV), the long-term survival, and the quality of life (QOL) in patients with post-thymectomy myasthenic crisis (PTMC).MethodsWe reviewed the patients who suffered from PTMC from June 2008 to November 2015. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to identify potential prognostic factors that may impact DMV and long-term survival. Spearman bivariate correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between DMV and QOL. Statistical powers were calculated.ResultsIn total, 70 patients with PTMC were enrolled. Alcohol abuse, high scores of Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) classification and Clavien-Dindo classification were critical factors that remarkably delayed early extubation. High scores of Osserman’s classification, MGFA classification, and Clavien-Dindo classification predicted a poor prognosis in PTMC patients. Occupational skills and job status were observed to be negatively affected in PTMC patients.ConclusionsTo decrease the duration of mechanical ventilation, we suggest alcohol abstinence before the operation, appropriate preoperative treatment to decrease MGFA classification, and greater attention to the treatment of postoperative complications.

Correlation of the peripheral perception with the maturation and the effect of the peripheral perception on the tactical behaviour of soccer players

The purpose of this study was to (1) verify the correlation between maturation and peripheral perception and (2) to analyse the effect of peripheral perception on the efficiency of tactical behaviour in young soccer players. Fifty-four (U-11, U-13 and U-15) young male soccer players participated in the study. The maturation was evaluated by the Khamis-Roche method, the peripheral perception by a computer-based test in the Mental Test and Training System, and the efficiency of the tactical behaviour by the System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer. Descriptive analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Spearman bivariate correlation, and multivariate analysis of variance tests were performed. The significance level adopted was p < .05. Correlations have been observed between the percentage of predicted adult height and the performance in peripheral perception. It was also detected that the peripheral perception has an effect on the efficiency of the tactical behaviour in young players. It has been concluded that the maturation of an individual has an association with the peripheral perception, and that it can make players more efficient to perceive the environment and in the execution of fundamental tactical principles of the soccer game.