Quality Of Bitumen Research Articles

Effectiveness of the iDOP-PH adhesion promoter in relation to adhesion of the pavement bitumen

Asphalt pavement is permanently influenced by various environmental conditions and traffic load. Because of this after a certain period numerous defects may appear on the surface of the road pavement. These defects include peeling, chipping, pots, cracks etc. The low water proof resistance of the asphalt concrete (conditioned by low adhesion of the bitumen to aggregate surface) is considered to be one of the reasons for appearance of these defects. Adhesion promoters’ use is the most common method to increase adhesion activity of pavement bitumen. Goal. The objective of the current research work is the evaluation of influence of the domestic adhesion promoter iDOP on the conventional and adhesion properties of bitumen. Methodology. To achieve this goal, the following was done: the effect of the adhesive promoter iDOP on the standard quality indicators of bitumen was determined according the requirements of the current standards DSTY 4044 and SOU 45.2-00018112-067; the effect of the adhesive promoter on the adhesion of bitumen to the glass surface (according to the DSTU B.V.2.7-81 method) and to the surface of aggregates with different mineralogy was evaluated by the rotating bottle method according to DSTU EN 12697-11; the thermal stability of the iDOP-PH promoter was tested by simulating the technological ageing of bitumen according to the method given in GOST 18180 and the RTFOT method. Results. Grounding on the experimental data obtained, it was found that the adhesive promoter iDOP-PH does not affect the standard indicators of the quality of bitumen (penetration, softening and breaking point temperatures, ductility). During hardening with the RTFOT method, a slight inhibitory effect of the promoter is observed, which appears as an increase in the values of residual penetration and ductility compared to bitumen without promoter. The iDOP-PH promoter increases the adhesive capacity of bitumen, which is confirmed by the adhesion data determined by the improved method given in GOST B.V.2.7-81 and the rolling bottle method. Originality. It is shown that the iDOP-PH promoter has a relevantly low thermal stability. With this the main factor affecting the decrease in thermal stability is the long time exposing of the binder at high temperature by GOST B.V.2.7-81 method. Practical value. It is shown that the promoter concentrations recommended by the supplier are insufficient, and to ensure the required values of the adhesion (standardized in СОУ 45.2-00018112-067) it is advisable to increase the concentration of the iDOP-PH promoter in bitumen to 0.3 - 0.6%.

Transformation of oil dispersed systems during operation

Abstract: Using the example of oil road bitumen grades BND 100/130, BND 130/200 and BND 70/100, this article studies the transformation of oil dispersed systems under various logistic schemes of operation. This research focuses on the influence of the conditions for storing road bitumens of different grades on their physical and mechanical properties and group hydrocarbon composition during transportation from the manufacturer to the consumer. The results show that a change in the physical and mechanical properties of road bitumens during high-temperature storage is related to the changes in the group hydrocarbon composition due to the hydrocarbons autooxidation and destabilization of the colloidal structure of dispersal systems. The conditions for storing bitumen with a minimum change in its quality indicators have been determined. It has been established that storage of bitumen under atmospheric conditions allows preserving its original properties without significant changes. There is evidence that nitrogen purging significantly reduces the effect of homolytic processes leading to the transformation of oil dispersed systems during further transportation from the manufacturer to the consumer. Experimental data confirm that of all basic physical and mechanical properties of bitumen, “the depth of penetration of needle” is the most sensitive index, while the “softening temperature” index, frequently used for quality control of bitumen, is inertial. Determining the change in penetration, depending on the duration of storing bitumen, has required formulating a special equation. It has been established that when storing road bitumen at a temperature of 180 ºС, for each hour the index of the penetration depth of the needle at 25 º decreases by 0.8 units. Organizational and technical measures have been determined to ensure the stability of the road bitumen quality during manufacture, storage and transportation to consumers.

Factors influencing non-aqueous extraction process of bitumen to mitigate the environmental impacts

Environmental pollutants' transport through tailing extraction process is a big challenge. Hazardous materials in tailings ponds increase with high negative environmental impacts. In this paper, a new type of bench no-water-extracted bitumen process was developed. Factors such as three oil sand ores, namely high, medium, and low-grade in the Athabasca deposits have been exposed to five different light hydrocarbon solvents. The bitumen recovery efficiency of the novel system was investigated with respect to solvent-to-bitumen ratios (S/Bs) as well as solvent and ore properties. The results showed that this novel bench-scale non-aqueous extraction process could significantly reduce water consumption and improve solvent recycling and reduce the release of major hazardous chemicals to oil sands tailings water. The new solvent recovery and bitumen quality for all treated ores were as good as the outcomes from hot water leaching and naphtha froth treatment. When low boiling point solvents (especially cyclopentane) are used to treat high grade ores, the efficiency of bitumen recovery was able to reach over 99 % wt % (by weight %). At the same time, the solvent loss rate could be controlled below 4 barrels (bbl) of solvent per 1000 bbl of extracted bitumen (0.4 %). This indicates the evident effectiveness of non-aqueous extraction of bitumen to mitigate the environmental impacts.

ОГЛЯД БІТУМНИХ В'ЯЖУЧИХ, ЩО ВИКОРИСТОВУЮТЬСЯ В УКРАЇНІ

Introduction. Pavement bitumen is one of general road construction materials that are used for pavement construction. The quality of bitumen binder regulates specific technical and operational characteristics of asphalt pavements and their durability Problem Statement. Nowadays in Ukraine only one refinery plant produces pavement bitumen. The volume of its production is not enough to completely satisfy the demands of Ukrainian road construction industry. Due this a lot of binders in Ukraine are imported from other countries. In recent years the highest volumes of bitumen was imported from Republic of Belarus and Poland. In 2020 the amount of road construction works was increased, particularly with pavement repairing and new pavement constructing. It resulted in increasing in need in pavement bitumen that led not only to the high volume of import bitumen but to an expansion of the list of importing counties. Purpose. The presented study is aimed on analysis of quality of bitumen imported in Ukraine from eight countries. For these binders their features are obtained and problem of their applicability and its advisability in Ukraine road industry is considered. Materials and methods. As a material of research bitumens produced in Azerbaijan, the Republic of Belarus, Greece, Spain, Italy, Poland, Turkey and Ukraine are chosen. The standard quality properties are obtained in accordance with the actual in Ukraine standards ДСТУ 4044 and ДСТУ EN 12591. Beside this the attention is paid to the finding of fundamental properties of these binders, such as adhesion, cohesion and viscosity. Results. With the experimental data it is found that all bitumens significantly differ in their structural type. It results in differences in softening point and breaking point temperatures at the equal penetration value (this difference is in the range from 4.5 °С for the closer values to 16.5 °С for the most distinct values). This fact can influence on asphalt pavement properties and durability. Besides such a difference in a temperature susceptibility of binders their adhesion and cohesion properties differ too. Bitumen that tends to sol type of structure is characterized with higher cohesion and viscosity values. This peculiarity must be taken into account in mixing and compaction operations for the asphalts with such bitumen. The temperatures of these operations must be higher than one for bitumen close to the gel type. The low temperature susceptibility and wide plasticity interval are the advantages of bitumen that tends to gel type of structure. Conclusions. All bitumens that are imported in Ukraine must be certificated with ДСТУ 4044:2019 national standard requirements. Also they must be tested with additional methods to validate the decision on their implementation in road construction industry and to specify the implementation area. Keywords: paving bitumen, bitumen binder, penetration, softening point temperature, adhesion, cohesion, viscosity

Rheological and Microstructural Investigation of the Effects of Rejuvenators on Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Bitumen by DSR and AFM

Utilization of RAP in asphalt pavements may lead to severe quality problems, mostly due to asphalt aging phenomenon. Within the scope of this study, the use of rejuvenators to improve the properties of RAP is investigated. Two different types of waste oils together with a commercial rejuvenator are used. The rejuvenated bitumen samples are evaluated from both rheological and microstructural aspects. In addition, mixture testing also employed to investigate the effectiveness of used rejuvenators. Experimental studies on bitumen samples included conventional and Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) testing and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) imagings. The results unveiled that, the utilization of rejuvenators can significantly improve the quality of recycled asphalt and threatened the aged bitumen quality. Missing bee-structures of aged bitumen samples evolve in a different type of surface topography while the mixtures performance evolves in terms of workability. The rejuvenation process provides viscous behavior to aged bitumen. The Rejuvenation Index (RI) which is a dimensionless value, simply evolves this fact. While the RI of the non-rejuvenated aged bitumen is taken as 1 (one) as per RI definition, the neat bitumen RI is calculated as 0.79, the RI of waste oils are calculated as 0.74 and 0.79 while the commercial sample RI is calculated as 0.60. Among the rejuvenators, waste oils showed similar results with almost same volume of peri- and para-phase since the commercial rejuvenator behaved more similar to neat bitumen. The rejuvenated samples workability performance improves using rejuvenating additives. Binder and mixture testing demonstrated high consistency and conformity with each other in terms of performance and aging characteristics. The results proved that, waste oils can be used as rejuvenating agents within RAP. Rejuvenators can significantly restore the properties of aged RAP bitumen and increase the amount of RAP in bituminous mixtures.

The Method of Integral Assessment of the Quality of Oil Oxidized Bitumen as a Method for Selecting the Parameters of the Two-Stage Oxidation Process

Based on previous research, we used a multicriteria (integral) quality assessment to determine the priority oxidation temperatures for obtaining oil road bitumen. This method allows one to select the process parameters and ensure the production of high-quality products from paraffin raw materials. Moreover, the method allows for evaluating the effectiveness of the two-stage process at different temperatures. The paper shows the results of calculating standardized coefficients and weight coefficients for each quality indicator, as well as the integral quality indicators showing the quality of road bitumen samples. The research results showed that the priority in quality is given to a bitumen sample obtained at the oxidation temperature of 200 °C at the first stage and 260 °C at the second stage. This bitumen showed the best quality compared to other samples corresponding to GOST 33133-2014, which further confirms the previously obtained results. It is established that the multicriteria integral method of quality assessment can be used in bituminous production to identify the priority quality of bitumen and determine the process parameters depending on the quality of raw materials.

Совершенствование битумного производства в ПАО «Славнефть-ЯНОС»

Slavneft-YANOS modernized the bitumen production technology, the research pilot base allowed to develop and to put into production four new grades of bitumen, the stock of products was renewed by 57 %, the use of feed and the quality of bitumen are optimized within the requirements of the current standards. Slavneft-YANOS PJSC has an extensive PJSC has extensive experience in increasing the marginality of dark oil products [1–5].

Using various thermal analytical methods for bitumen characterization

Recently, the modification of bituminous binders is an ongoing trend. However, most current analytical methods are insufficient to characterize bitumen. Generally, standardized laboratory techniques are often time and cost consuming. Moreover, they use one-purpose devices requiring a considerable amount of samples and solvents. Therefore, we investigated three special instrumental analytical techniques to find out bitumen properties. Our main objective was to obtain some additional parameters of bituminous binders to allow their more accurate description. The first studied method, thermogravimetric analysis operated especially in a high-resolution mode that can be used as a fingerprint area in spectrometry to determine the bitumen quality. The second one modulated differential scanning calorimetry provided many various important parameters, including temperature of glass transition, cold crystallization and serviceability limit state. The third one, the thermomechanical analysis also measured the value of glass-transition temperature for comparison with the method mentioned above. We have found correlations between the results from thermal instrumental techniques and standardized laboratory tests.

Understanding bitumen partial upgrading through process modelling and simulation

AbstractPartial upgrading is an emerging direction in the processing of Canadian oil sands bitumen in response to the economic and environmental challenges in the oil sands industry. Partial upgrading aims to improve bitumen quality only to the level at which pipeline specifications are met without use of diluent. Given that partial upgrading technologies have not yet reached commercial deployment, there is a lack of technical data to assess the expected benefits in terms of energy input and greenhouse gas emissions reduction. In this study, we present an assessment of a partial upgrading scheme using detailed process simulation. We developed a conceptual process scheme considering visbreaking, solvent deasphalting, and naphtha hydrotreating as the core partial upgrading processes. Reactor models were assembled using experimental data from CanmetENERGY's pilot plant facilities and from the literature and integrated into a plant‐wide simulation model. Simulations allowed the examination of trends in partial upgrader product yields and quality and enabled a comparison with traditional bitumen upgrading.

The impact that crushed rubber can have on the quality of bitumen and asphalt concrete

The results influence of finale dispersed rubber crumb on the properties bitumen and asphalt concrete are presented in the study. The parameters of the optimal regime of bitumen and rubber crumb mixing are established. The influence on the rubber crumb mixing with bitumen or added directly in the process of asphalt concrete mixing on the properties of asphalt concrete is studied. The effects that fine rubber has on the properties of petroleum bitumen and asphalt concrete are measured. The best options available for combining bitumen and rubber crumb are given. Moreover, it is also described how and to what extend crumb can influence the quality of rubber-bitumen binder for roads and how rubber-bitumen binder is affected when crump is added to this asphalt mixture. The influence that rubber crumbs have on the quality of bitumen and asphalt concrete. In the study, the influence of crumb on the properties of bitumen and asphalt concrete are shown. The conditions at which a high-quality mixture of bitumen and rubber crumb can be produced. Furthermore, the effects of crumb on the rubber-bitumen binder and the direct introduction of crumb into mixture are thoroughly investigated.

Retraction: The impact that crushed rubber can have on the quality of bitumen and asphalt concrete (IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 883 012198)

This article has been retracted by IOP Publishing following an allegation that the work draws upon significant portions of an earlier source without sufficient attribution. IOP Publishing has investigated in line with COPE guidelines, and agree the work draws upon an earlier work[1]. The translation of the work, and publication of portions were done so without permission or attribution to the source. Despite numerous attempts to contact the authors, the journal has not received a response from the authors to date. We would welcome receiving their account of events. IOP Publishing wishes to credit Okasak et al’s institution for bringing this issue to our attention. IOP Publishing request any future citations to this article be redirected to the original work [1]. The authors neither agree or disagree to this retraction. [1] Oksak S V, 2017 Bulletin of the Kharkiv National Automobile and Road University 79 133-137 Retraction published: 14 February 2024

Investigating bitumen long-term-ageing in the laboratory by spectroscopic analysis of the SARA fractions

Ageing is an omnipresent phenomenon that affects all materials in earth’s atmosphere including roads. The material most prone to ageing within an asphalt road is its organic binder, i.e. bitumen. The quality and chemical composition of bitumen can be affected by the crude oil source and refinery process. Hence, they can show differences in long-term performance and ageing susceptibility, even when being within the same specification class.To investigate long-term-ageing (LTA) in the laboratory, three binders from different crude oil sources, but within the same specification class, were aged with two different laboratory LTA procedures, chemo-mechanically investigated, separated into four SARA fractions and analyzed with FTIR spectroscopy. The results revealed that a clear differentiation between ageing methods and crude oil source can be obtained by chemo-mechanical correlation as well as on the molecular level (SARA fractions). While standard laboratory ageing (Pressure Ageing Vessel – PAV) reaches a similar ageing level for each binder, the second LTA method (Viennese Binder Ageing – VBA) leads to different ageing levels for the samples and is therefore a more suitable tool to distinguish ageing susceptibility. The fractions mainly show the formation of carbonyls and sulfoxides as well as a slight increase in certain sections of the fingerprint area. By combining these techniques, we aim at achieving a thorough investigation on the molecular level and link it to the binder level. This should help us to detect differences in ageing susceptibility, crude oil origin and refinery processes.

ANALYSIS OF POSSIBILITIES OF USING PHOSPHOLIPIDES TO INCREASE THE ADHESIONAL ABILITY OF ROAD BITUMEN

The article is devoted to the issue of increasing the adhesive ability of road bitumens. The aim of the work is to show how oxidized phospholipids affect the adhesion of bitumen on the basis of studying the adhesion properties of road bitumens, as well as research. Laboratory experiments have shown that the addition of phospholipids to road bitumens has significantly increased flash point, softening temperature and adhesion, which makes this additive promising for improving the quality of bitumen as a binder for pavements. Experimental studies allow to evaluate of road bitumens; efficiency and optimal modes of using phospholipid concentrate; summarize the results obtained and assess the feasibility of using phospholipid concentrate in the process studied. It is established that a significant rank correlation is observed between the standardized indicators of the quality of bitumen being considered.

Improving the Bitumen Quality through the Comprehensive Polymer-Based Modification

One of the ways to improve the qualities of asphalt and concrete mixes is to modify the binding agent in its composition with polymer additives. The article presents rubber with polyethylene and vinyl acetate (sevilen) as a modifying additive to the road construction bitumen. The impact of rubber on the properties of the polymer bitumen binding agent (PBBA) was analysed. The mode of action of the complex additive was explained, the evidence-based concentration of rubber in PBBA was identified.

Challenges in developing polymer flocculants to improve bitumen quality in non-aqueous extraction processes: an experimental study

Western Canada’s oil sands hold the third-largest hydrocarbon deposits in the world. Bitumen, a very heavy petroleum, is currently recovered by surface mining with warm water or in situ. Recovery processes that use organic solvents are being developed to reduce water usage and tailings production. While solvent-based methods can effectively extract bitumen, removal of residual fine solids from diluted bitumen product (DBP) to meet the pipeline transport requirement of < 0.5 wt% solids and water in DBP remains a major challenge. We propose a novel area of application of polymer flocculants for fine solids removal from DBP. In principle, polymer flocculants can be applied to help remove these residual solids in conjunction with physical separation processes to increase process effectiveness and energy efficiency. Several polymers are selected and screened for flocculation behavior using kaolinite suspended in DBP and toluene, as a model system. Focused beam reflectance measurements and force tensiometer techniques are used to determine flocculation and sedimentation in DBP. The observed flocculation and sedimentation rate enhancements indicate that the polymers tested have only minor effects, providing opportunities for advanced polymer development. These findings exemplify the challenges in identifying polymers that may be effective as flocculants in heavy petroleum media.

Закономерности изменения качества дистиллятных вакуумных фракций и дорожных битумов при облагораживании нефтей

Закономерности изменения качества дистиллятных вакуумных фракций и дорожных битумов при облагораживании нефтей

Experimental investigation on the properties of bitumen added with industrial waste (cast iron)

Abstract Bitumen pavements or flexible pavements are the most commonly used type of pavements in India. Because of high temperature roads that are laid, especially in water prone areas are highly getting damaged due to heavy traffic and deteriorating before their life span. Decrease these damages and In order to avoid cracking of the pavement and improve its stability several measures such as, use of quality materials, and improving the roadway design. The bitumen that is available in India is of cheap quality, not gives good strength and stability to the pavement. So providing the reinforcement using admixtures to this may give us desirable results. In this research an attempt is made to utilize cast iron which is a waste material to enhance the quality of bitumen mix. This material can be successfully used in the construction of pavements. Experimental phase of this research starts with bitumen and aggregates quality tests. The optimum bitumen content is out using mix design process and penetration, softening, viscosity, ductility, conventional samples. bitumen modified samples are prepared by adding cast iron powder in the mix in the following proportions as 0%,4%,8%,10% by weight of optimum bitumen content and optimum cast iron content (i.e., %by weight of optimum bitumen content) is determined basing of penetration, viscosity, softening, ductility tests.

Nanostructured Bitumen with Nanocarbon

Physical and chemical indicators of bitumen quality of grade BND 70/100 with the added carbon nanopowder 2% by weight have been studied by laboratory test methods and analysis. High reaction ability of nanopowder particles and concentration of excess surface and internal energy in them have been determined, which provide the increase of low-temperature resistance, aggregate strength, and improvement of rheological properties of nanostructured bitumen. Essential structure variation has been proved: the increase of asphaltenes and oils content for 9% and 7.2% respectively due to the decrease of resins for 16.2% by weight. Methods have been discussed for preparing a liquid nanocarbon mix, adding of the mix into bitumen and homogenization of the bitumen. Some economic indicators have been represented which influence essentially the reduction for the cost value of the nanostructure bitumen.

Визначення фізико-механічних властивостей дорожніх бітумів, модифікованих епоксидом соняшникової олії

Експериментально доведено, що модифікація дорожніх бітумів з допомогою епоксиду соняшникової олії веде до зміни фізико-механічних властивостей модифікованого бітуму, таких як: пенетрація, температура розм'якшення, дуктильність, температура крихкості.

Biocomponent-Based Quality Improvement Opportunities of Binders for Road Construction

In our experimental work, stabilised pinewood-based fast pyrolysis bio-oil and the linear block copolymer styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) were used as additives in bitumen used for road construction (Penetration Grade 50/70) to produce a higher-performance asphalt binder. Our aim was to investigate the modifying effect of the biocomponent on bituminous binders and prepare a comparative analysis. In order to characterize our samples, conventional and rheological measurements were performed. It was concluded that the biocomponent by itself cannot provide a favourable bituminous binder with beneficial mechanical properties, however, a favourable solution may be achieved by combining it with the block copolymer SBS. Based on our test results, stabilised pinewood-based fast pyrolysis bio-oil could be blended with the examined bituminous binders up to concentrations of 10 w/w% resulting in good bitumen quality.