Bitmap Image Research Articles

Zemax Modeling Of A Self-Aligned Focusing Schlieren System With Simulated Compressible Flow

A self-aligned focusing schlieren system is simulated in the ANSYS Zemax OpticStudio software environment. The model uses a custom scatter-defining dynamic link library on the retroreflective background in order to scatter rays in the direction of the incident ray rather than the specular ray. Simulated compressible flow refractive index fields are imported into Zemax by use of the grid gradient object and a workaround to the maximum point limit is introduced. The Ronchi ruling is built as a high resolution bitmap image in MATLAB and set in Zemax as a slide object allowing the bitmap image to either transmit or terminate rays at each line pair. The Zemax simulations are compared to computational numerical schlieren and experimental conventional, path-integrated schlieren results from a hypersonic stagnation point injection flow configuration and an experimental image of a shock wave from a laser-induced breakdown. In the stagnation point injection simulations, the Zemax schlieren images capture complex flow features such as the Mach disk, shear layers, contact surface, and bow shock well, but contains long, curved features (striations) between the model and the bow shock that are not present in the synthetic schlieren image from the CFD or the experimental image. The image from Zemax of the spark-induced shock wave captures the shape and curvature of the shock but appears blurry due to grid discretization in the computational data.

Pemanfaatan Aplikasi CorelDRAW Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Pada Siswa Jurusan Manajemen Mengenai Advertising Desain

The Corel Draw application as a learning medium aims to support students' creative spirit. The use of CorelDRAW is able to support student creativity by acting as a means for expressing creative ideas, as well as arousing curiosity so that students' creativity continues to develop while carrying out independent learning activities. Good for management students who use the CorelDRAW application as advertising design media (advertising promotion design). The Corel Draw application can be used as an indispensable medium for every student, both independently and for college assignments. The method used is a literature study by reviewing 11 journals and 2 theses that are most relevant to the research topic. CorelDRAW was chosen because it has tools for creating vector objects, drawing illustrations, manipulating bitmap images, giving effects, and creating and creating text. With these capabilities, CorelDRAW is considered a suitable medium for students to use to support creativity in their independent learning activities. The research results show that the use of CorelDRAW can increase student creativity. This is proven by the benefits students get after mastering the CorelDRAW application

A geometric framework for interstellar discourse on fundamental physical structures

This paper considers the possibility that abstract thinking and advanced synthesis skills might encourage extraterrestrial civilizations to accept communication with mankind on Earth. For this purpose, a notation not relying upon the use of alphabet and numbers is proposed, in order to denote just some basic geometric structures of current physical theories: vector fields, [Formula: see text]-form fields, and tensor fields of arbitrary order. An advanced civilization might appreciate the way here proposed to achieve a concise description of electromagnetism and general relativity, and hence it might accept the challenge of responding to our signals. The abstract symbols introduced in this paper to describe the basic structures of physical theories are encoded into black and white bitmap images that can be easily converted into short bit sequences and modulated on a carrier wave for radio transmission.

From Painting – to Picture

The article proposes a model for visual activities in the seventh grade, which is based on H. Rorschach's test. Part of the tasks are designed to be implemented in a digital environment through photography and digital retouching of bitmap images.

Development of electron beam lithography technique for large area nano structural color

Plasmonic color is a structural color generated via preferential light absorption and scattering in dielectric nanostructures. In this study, a large plasmonic color image was successfully fabricated by an electron beam lithography (EBL) system. A software program, referred to as P-color in this study, was developed to facilitate the conversion of a desired color bitmap image to a GDS file composed of multiple nano-patterns to realize plasmonic color. The relationship between the color, width, and pitch of the pattern structures was investigated under different area-dose conditions during EBL as basic data for plasmonic color image design. After establishing conversion techniques for both the large-capacity GDS and EBL files, a plasmonic color image sample with a size of 60 mm × 40 mm area (which is difficult to fabricate using a conventional point-type EBL system) was successfully fabricated.

Reconstruction of Machine-Made Shapes from Bitmap Sketches

We propose a method of reconstructing 3D machine-made shapes from bitmap sketches by separating an input image into individual patches and jointly optimizing their geometry. We rely on two main observations: (1) human observers interpret sketches of man-made shapes as a collection of simple geometric primitives, and (2) sketch strokes often indicate occlusion contours or sharp ridges between those primitives. Using these main observations we design a system that takes a single bitmap image of a shape, estimates image depth and segmentation into primitives with neural networks, then fits primitives to the predicted depth while determining occlusion contours and aligning intersections with the input drawing via optimization. Unlike previous work, our approach does not require additional input, annotation, or templates, and does not require retraining for a new category of man-made shapes. Our method produces triangular meshes that display sharp geometric features and are suitable for downstream applications, such as editing, rendering, and shading.

Interactive formats: considerations for scientific publications

Introduction: in the digital age, information retrieval is dominated by digital data and the demand for digital media is continually growing, consequently the dynamics are very different and e-journals can take advantage of this transition phase as an opportunity to explore ways more effective.Methods: a bibliographic review was carried out in the main databases and other search services. The terms “interactive formats”, “data visualization”, “interactive graphics”, “scientific publication” were used as search descriptors.Results: an interactive publication could contain many multimedia objects: text, video, audio, bitmap images, spreadsheets, presentation graphics, or animation sequences. These objects can be in different file formats. Interactive media can be defined as the integration of various digital media content, including multimedia elements (text, graphics, audio, animation and video) into structured and engaging computerized digital content, facilitating dynamic interaction for specific purposes. An interactive approach is interesting and desirable, because users will get dynamic reactions. They have been revealed and demonstrated that the use of 3D technology for academic publications is useful and necessary. However, widespread application is yet to come. The new academic contexts can serve as a starting point for many scientific journals to redefine their position and open new fields of dissemination and financing.Conclusions: scientific journals must take advantage of the new virtual scenarios to reorganize their communication processes and face new formats of scientific dissemination

Hybrid GA-PSO method with local search and image clustering for automatic IFS image reconstruction of fractal colored images

AbstractOver the past few decades, the application of iterated function systems (IFS) in reconstructing fractal images has been a challenging research area. Numerous methods have been proposed to address this issue. However, they generally focus on binary or grayscale images, neglecting the color component of the process. Consequently, they are unsuitable for reconstructing colored images. In a previous paper presented at the ISCMI 2021 conference, the authors introduced a novel approach that utilizes the cuckoo search algorithm and k-means clustering for IFS fractal reconstruction of colored images. Building upon that work, this paper introduces an enhanced and extended method by combining genetic algorithms (GAs) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) with local search and image clustering. In this approach, GA and PSO are mutually coupled to automatically determine the color of the contractive functions and the IFS parameters, respectively. The output of each method serves as the input for the other in an iterative manner. Main contributions of this method are: (1) it computes automatically the optimal number and IFS code of the contractive functions; (2) the color of the contractive functions is determined automatically through an optimization process using GA; (3) a local refinement step is performed to further enhance the final solution. Overall, this new method yields highly accurate results in reconstructing the geometry and color of input fractal images, without requiring any additional information about the target beyond the bitmap image.

Hybridized Cryptographic Encryption and Decryption Using Advanced Encryption Standard and Data Encryption Standard

Abstract This research proposes an efficient hybridized approach for symmetrical encryption of image files in bitmap formats. Due to the heavy use of lightweight encryption in fields such as military and corporate workplaces, intruders try to intercept communication through illegal means and gain access to classified information. This can result in heavy losses if the leaked image data is misused. The proposed enhances the security and efficiency of one of the most used standard symmetric algorithms, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). In the proposed method, the AES architecture has been modified using a less intensive algorithm, Data Encryption Standard (DES). DES carries a sub-process of permuting data columns rather than the AES’s mixing feature. The proposed algorithm is analyzed using a set of 16 bitmap images of varying memory sizes and resolutions. The effectiveness of the algorithm is evaluated solely in terms of perceptual invisibility as per the main objective of the research.

Fractal Approach to Dielectric Properties of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Polymer Composites

In this paper, the internal structure and dielectric properties of unsaturated polyester resin-based neat and single-walled carbon nanotube reinforced composites were comprehensively evaluated with the fractal analysis using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The greyscale images, bitmap (BMP) images and 3D tomographic images were obtained by converting the scanning electron microscope images of the materials. It was observed that the distributions of components in the resin for both materials are irregular and their surfaces exhibit anisotropic behaviors. The surface coating rate (SCR) and fractal dimensionality (FD) of the materials were also calculated using the power spectrum. It has been observed that the fractal dimensionality of the composites can be changed by the doping process and the fractalization of the nanotube doped sample increases compared to the pure material due to nanotube agglomeration, spatial distribution and the orientation. The increase in fractalization as a result of this agglomeration and orientation in carbon nanotubes explains the high dielectric constant values observed at low frequencies by increasing the number and size of carbon nanotubes clusters that act as micro capacitors in certain regions of the matrix. It has been reported that the calculations for the surface coverage ratios for both samples also support these results.

Creating Digital Watermarks in Bitmap Images Using Lagrange Interpolation and Bezier Curves.

The article is devoted to the introduction of digital watermarks, which formthe basis for copyright protection systems. Methods in this area are aimed at embedding hidden markers that are resistant to various container transformations. This paper proposes a method for embedding a digital watermark into bitmap images using Lagrange interpolation and the Bezier curve formula for five points, called Lagrange interpolation along the Bezier curve 5 (LIBC5). As a means of steganalysis, the RS method was used, which uses a sensitive method of double statistics obtained on the basis of spatial correlations in images. The output value of the RS analysis is the estimated length of the message in the image under study. The stability of the developed LIBC5 method to the detection of message transmission by the RS method has been experimentally determined. The developed method proved to be resistant to RS analysis. A study of the LIBC5 method showed an improvement in quilting resistance compared to that of the INMI image embedding method, which also uses Lagrange interpolation. Thus, the LIBC5 stegosystem can be successfully used to protect confidential data and copyrights.

Development of the method for embedding information into raster images using Lagrange interpolation and Bezier curves

The article is devoted to the actual direction – steganography of digital images using interpolation. The review of embedding messages methods in raster files is carried out, the steganographic method of embedding in bitmap images using Lagrange interpolation and the Bezier curve formula for five points is developed. In this paper, the protocol of the developed BCES stegosystem is considered in detail, special cases and limitations of the method are analyzed, the result of RS analysis is obtained showing the stability of the BSEC method.

Testing The Accuracy of Fingerprint Recognition using Levenshtein Distance and Hamming Distance Methods

The presence or evidence of attendance is crucial in monitoring the presence of every individual working in a particular field. Developing an employee attendance system using fingerprints can expedite the processing of data of employees who have or have not attended. One brand of machine used as a fingerprint attendance tool is Fingerspot Flexcode. The data obtained from the machine comes in the form of bitmap images that are converted into strings using encoding. Although the resulting string sequences are different, there is a possibility of similarity in fingerprint data among employees because the system cannot distinguish data precisely. Therefore, the comparison between the Levenshtein Distance and Hamming Distance methods is used to determine which method has the highest accuracy in processing the system's calculation. The method with the highest accuracy will determine the level of compatibility of the method with the tested tool. For example, 6 fingerprint data are taken from each of the 7 different employees, resulting in a total of 42 data as test data. The calculation results show that the accuracy of the Levenshtein Distance method is 80,76 % with a precision of 46,43 %, while the Hamming Distance method is 78,34 % with a precision of 30,50 % in processing string similarity in fingerprint data. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the Levenshtein Distance method is better in calculating similarity in fingerprint data compared to the Hamming Distance method because it has a higher level of accuracy and precision compared to the Hamming Distance method.

Microwave QR Code: An IRS-Based Solution

This correspondence proposes to employ intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) as an information medium to display a microwave quick response (QR) code for Internet-of-Things applications. To be specific, an IRS is used to form a dynamic bitmap image thanks to its tunable elements. With a QR code shown on the IRS, the transmitting and receiving array antennas are jointly designed to scan it by radiating electromagnetic wave as well as receiving and detecting the reflected signal. Based on such an idea, an IRS enabled information and communication system is modelled. Accordingly, some fundamental systematic operating mechanisms are investigated, involving derivation of average bit error probability for signal modulation, QR code implementation on an IRS, transmission design, detection, etc. The simulations are performed to show the achievable communication performance of system and confirm the feasibility of IRS-based microwave QR code.

Information loss and run time from practical application of quantum data compression

We examine information loss, resource costs, and run time from practical application of quantum data compression. Compressing quantum data to fewer qubits enables efficient use of resources, as well as applications for quantum communication and denoising. In this context, we provide a description of the quantum and classical components of the hybrid quantum autoencoder algorithm, implemented using IBMs Qiskit language. Utilizing our own data sets, we encode bitmap images as quantum superposition states, which correspond to linearly independent vectors with density matrices of discrete values. We successfully compress this data with near-lossless compression using simulation, and then run our algorithm on an IBMQ quantum chip. We describe conditions and run times for training and compressing our data on quantum devices, and relate trainability to specific characteristics and performance metrics of our parametric quantum circuits.

Digital Video Compression Using DCT-Based Iterated Function System (IFS)

Large video files processing involves a huge volume of data. The codec, storage systems and network needs resource utilization, so it becomes important to minimize the used memory space and time to distribute these videos over the Internet using compression techniques. Fractal image and video compression falls under the category of lossy compression. It gives best results when used for natural images.
 This paper presents an efficient method to compress an AVI (Audio Video Interleaved) file with fractal video compression(FVC). The video first is separated into a sequence of frames that are a color bitmap images, then images are transformed from RGB color space to Luminance/Chrominance components (YIQ) color space; each of these components is compressed alone with Enhanced Partition Iterated Function System (EPIFS), then fractal codes are saved.
 The classical IFS suffers from a very long encoding time that needed to find the best matching for each range block when compared with the domain image blocks. In this work, the (FVC) is enhanced by enhancing the IFS of the fractal image compression using a classification scheme based on the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). Experimentation is performed by considering different block sizes and jump steps to reduce number of the tested domain blocks. Results shows a significant reduction in the encoding time with good quality and high compression ratio for different video files.

A Mathematically Generated Noise Technique for Ultrasound Systems

Ultrasound systems have been widely used for consultation; however, they are susceptible to cyberattacks. Such ultrasound systems use random bits to protect patient information, which is vital to the stability of information-protecting systems used in ultrasound machines. The stability of the random bit must satisfy its unpredictability. To create a random bit, noise generated in hardware is typically used; however, extracting sufficient noise from systems is challenging when resources are limited. There are various methods for generating noises but most of these studies are based on hardware. Compared with hardware-based methods, software-based methods can be easily accessed by the software developer; therefore, we applied a mathematically generated noise function to generate random bits for ultrasound systems. Herein, we compared the performance of random bits using a newly proposed mathematical function and using the frequency of the central processing unit of the hardware. Random bits are generated using a raw bitmap image measuring 1000 × 663 bytes. The generated random bit analyzes the sampling data in generation time units as time-series data and then verifies the mean, median, and mode. To further apply the random bit in an ultrasound system, the image is randomized by applying exclusive mixing to a 1000 × 663 ultrasound phantom image; subsequently, the comparison and analysis of statistical data processing using hardware noise and the proposed algorithm were provided. The peak signal-to-noise ratio and mean square error of the images are compared to evaluate their quality. As a result of the test, the min entropy estimate (estimated value) was 7.156616/8 bit in the proposed study, which indicated a performance superior to that of GetSystemTime. These results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the conventional method used in ultrasound systems.

Objects outline delineation by nonliniear filtration methods for boundary pixels

A processing of border pixel from pixel map originate problem while work with outline objects segmentation algorithm on bitmap images, which are based on 2D convolution operation. The problem correspond with addition set of pixels which are outside pixel matrix border of processing image. This problem is actual also in other algorithms, which have a common feature – 2D convolution operation. The level of importance are defined by multi used nonlinear filters to border pixels and then union a few images without distortions at the boundaries. The existing methods of pixel set redefining on pre processing step are primitive and affects on subsequent stages of processing. This affects exist between methods of redefining border pixels and algorithms of outline objects segmentation: Sharra, Pruitta, Sobel. The object of investigation is pixel map of halftone image. The subject of investigation is relation assessment between algorithms of outline objects segmentation with methods redefining border pixels. The main target is describing of features special methods to redefining border pixels which positively affecting the subsequent evaluation of the responses for this pixels by algorithms of outline objects segmentation. Analysis, the influence of the algorithm for the outline objects segmentation on the boundary pixels from the preliminary selection of methods of redefinition is carried out by example of combining several satellite images along the outline of urban infrastructure. For simplicity and by necessary of large data volume visualization (pixel half tone matrix size) presented graphs: halftone codes for redefining and border pixels, pixels requests for the algorithm of outline objects segmentation. By analysis criteria and characteristics of an effective method of redefining boundary pixels are described with correspond affects on algorithms of outline objects segmentation on bitmap images.

Security system using mobile image processing and color recognition for the visually impaired

Voice technology at traffic lights or bus stops is emerging for the independent daily life of the blind, but there are few technologies that efficiently help the blind, such as knowing the color of clothes to wear before going out or entering the bus stop at once. To support such difficulties, this paper proposes a method that can be helped by using a smartphone application to distinguish the color of outdoor clothes. Smartphones, which are hardware-based for applications, have the advantage of predictable results, ease of transportation, independence from direct use, and personal support for the blind through various applications. However, there are very few applications to help the blind. This paper proposes the development of an application that can efficiently and independently recognize colors and images at anytime, anywhere by scanning images using smartphone cameras and converting them into bitmap images. Finally, the effects that can be expected through the application proposed in this study are described.

Dynamic speckle imaging with SVD compression

Dynamic speckle imaging (DSI) of areas with different speed of processes ongoing in industrial or biological objects relies on statistical processing of a large number of images of the speckle patterns formed on the objects surface under laser illumination. The DSI visualizes the speed spatial distribution as an activity map. We propose compression of the raw DSI data by applying singular value decomposition (SVD). A specific feature of speckle images for DSI is lack of a structure with areas of close intensity values. The gain from the direct SVD application may be modest in cases when a great number of non-zero singular values is needed to build an activity map comparable in quality to the ground truth map from bitmap images. For higher compression, we propose SVD to be applied to the 2D arrays containing the differences between the successive images. The SVD compression has been verified by using synthetic and experimental data.