Bisporus Extract Research Articles

Extracts of Medicinal Mushrooms Agaricus bisporus and Phellinus linteus Induce Proapoptotic Effects in the Human Leukemia Cell Line K562

We have studied the effects of Agaricus bisporus and Phellinus linteus ethanol extracts on transcriptional regulation of genes involved in cytokine release and apoptosis in the human leukemia cell line K562. In particular, we applied quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) assays to monitor altera- tions of gene expression for the following genes: Bcl-2, Casp-9, NF-κB, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10. We found stronger proapoptotic activity for the Ph. linteus alcohol extract on K562 cells than for the A. bisporus extract: 4.4- and 2.2-fold increase of Bcl-2 and Casp-9 transcripts. Mushroom alcohol ex- tracts are suggested to exert their effects on tumor cells via the induction of apoptosis. K562 leukemia cells were shown to be most responsive to the transcriptional induction of tumor necrosis factor TNF-α when stimulated with IFN-γ and then treated with Ph. linteus alcohol extract: up to a 4.5-fold increase. Treatment of K562 cells with A. bisporus extract promoted transcription of the cytokine gene IL-10.

Pancreas Protective Effect of Button Mushroom Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach (Agaricomycetidae) Extract on Rats with Streptozotocin-Induced Dia betes

In the present study we describe the effects of hot water extract of the culinary-medicinal button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, on the symptoms of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Sprague Dawley rats. A. bisporus extract at the doses of 0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day were orally applied to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats for a period of 7 days after the onset of the diabetes. Food and water intake and body weight were recorded daily. Upon sacrifice, histological studies were performed on pancreas tissues, and biochemical parameters such as glucose, insulin superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde and catalase were measured of all experimental groups. The serum glucose levels significantly decreased after oral administration at the dose of 400 mg/kg bw per day by 29.68% with A. bisporus extract. Furthermore, the serum insulin levels in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were increased to 78.50% at the extract dose of 400 mg/kg bw per day. Also, catalase activities and malondialdehyde levels decreased to values slightly above the normal animal control. The most obvious and surprising change was, however, the increase in cellularity of the Langerhans islets of the pancreas and their apparent repopulation with beta cells. We conclude that the oral application of high doses of A. bisporus extract may result in decreased severity of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rat.

Comparitive study on the antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial property of Agaricus bisporus (J. E. Lange) Imbach before and after boiling

In this study, ethanol extracts of an edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus, before and after boiling were investigated for antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial activities. To confirm the total antioxidant activity, ABTS, DPPH free radical-scavenging assay was carried, along with total phenolic and flavonoid concentration. In measuring ABTS and DPPH free radical scavenging activities, scavenging activity was found to be similar in both the extracts. Total flavonoids were 16.4±0.5 and 15.2±0.2 mg/g (Quercetin equivalent), the phenolics were 90.2±0.6 and 70.6±0.1 mg/g (Catechin equivalent) in raw and boiled extract, respectively. A. bisporus extracts inhibited cell proliferation of HL-60 leukemia by the induction of apoptosis. In addition, A. bisporus extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria, as well as anticandidal activity against Candida albicans. Therefore, A. bisporus could be considered as a functional food with antimicrobial, anti-oxidative and antiproliferative activity.

Inhibition of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase by Agaricus bisporus Extract in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Agaricus bisporus, also known as white button mushroom, is one of the most popular mushrooms consumed in Korea. This mushroom contains high concentrations of flavanoids and exhibits antioxidant activity. In this study, we examined the effects of Agaricus bisporus ethanol extract (ABE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells. Nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein levels were assessed in cells treated with 100 μM LPS in the presence or absence of ABE. 0.5 ㎎/mL of ABE suppressed NO production significantly. Moreover, ABE inhibited levels of iNOS protein. Taken together, these results suggest that ABE exerts anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells.

Phenolic Compounds Present in Medicinal Mushroom Extracts Generate Reactive Oxygen Species in Human Cells In Vitro

Hot-water extracts of the higher Basidiomycetes Agaricus bisporus (J. Lge) Imbach, A. brasiliensis S. Wasser et al., Coprinus comatus (O.F. Mull.) Pers., Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst., and Phellinus linteus (Berk. et Curt.) Teng were made, and the resulting polysaccharide mixtures were purified by DEAF-cellulose chromatography and ethanol precipitation. The extracts were noncytopathic. A. bisporus, A. brasiliensis, and G. lucidum strongly generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human PBMCs and K 562 cells. C. comatus and Ph. linteus extracts had low ROS-generating capacity. In A. bisporus extract, two different classes of polysaccharides were found. The colorless polysaccharide of MW > 250 kDa caused no intracellular ROS generation; acid hydrolysis followed by HPLC analysis showed it to consist of only glucose residues, thus being a pure glucan. The light brown polyphenol/polysaccharide complex of MW 75-200 kDa was found to strongly generate ROS. ROS generation by medicinal mushrooms could therefore be due to the presence of polyphenols rather than of glucan alone. A. bisporus polysaccharide extract showed a saturation level of ROS generation at 2 mg mL(-1). Generation appeared to continue in the presence of polysaccharide for more than 14 hours. Purified colorless polysaccharides of C. comatus and Ph. linteus showed no ROS generation in K562 cells; G. lucidum and A. brasiliensis polysaccharides could not completely be cleaned of phenolic compounds and remained active. Competitive inhibition of ROS generation by laminarin was not observed for any of the polysaccharide extracts, suggesting that polyphenol/glucan complexes isolated from higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms are able to generate ROS without binding to a dectin receptor.

Biological Decolourization of Textile and Paper Effluents by Pleurotus florida and Agaricus bisporus (White-rot Basidiomycetes)

The extracellular ligninolytic enzymes of white-rot fungi are thought to catalyse the initial steps during the degradation of highly complex compounds like lignin or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. We studied the ability of Pleurotus florida isolated from the foothills of the Western Ghats, India to decolourize the three dyestuffs, Reactive Green, Yellow and Blue, which are widely used in the textile industry around Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The crude culture filtrate of Pleurotus florida when incubated with different concentrations of dye decolourized it efficiently on the third day. The highest colour removal was found in the case of Reactive Blue. However, when Agaricus bisporus extract was supplemented with Pleurotus florida filtrate, the efficiency increased. The dye decolourization was advanced to the second day and the efficiency of dye decolourization of Reactive Yellow was 89% followed by Reactive Green, which was 45% when a dye concentration of 0.5% was used. Pleurotus florida filtrate alone and in combination with Agaricus bisporus extract reduced the aromatic compounds in textile and paper industry effluents on the first day with >90% efficiency.

Verticillium disease or "dry bubble" of cultivated mushrooms: theAgaricus bisporuslectin recognizes and binds theVerticillium fungicolacell wall glucogalactomannan

The step of recognition and (or) binding for the development of the disease of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus by the mycoparasite Verticillium fungicola was studied by several approaches: agglutination of V. fungicola germinated spores by an A. bisporus extract from fruit body cell walls, immunofluorescence microscopy of A. bisporus hyphae from fruit bodies and vegetative mycelia pretreated with purified V. fungicola cell wall glucogalactomannan, and finally, by hemagglutination experiments carried out with an A. bisporus fruit body lectin in the presence and absence of the same glucogalactomannan. Hemagglutinating activity of the purified A. bisporus fruit body lectin was clearly inhibited by the V. fungicola glucogalactomannan, whereas in the A. bisporus vegetative mycelium such lectin was not encountered. All the results obtained make evident the recognition and binding of the A. bisporus fruit body lectin to the V. fungicola cell wall glucogalactomannan, clarifying why the mushrooms, but not the vegetative mycelium, become diseased.

Mutagenic and genotoxic activities of extracts derived from the cooked and raw edible mushroomAgancus bisporus

A. bisporus has been reported to be carcinogenic to mice [Toth et al. (1986) Cancer Res 38:177-180] and mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium [Sterner et al. (1982) Mutat Res 101:269-281]. The effects of different heat treatments on the mutagenicity of raw, cooked (boiled) and fried A. bisporus extracts in the S. typhimurium test is reported. The spectrum of potential mutagenic activity of A. bisporus extracts was tested in vitro in Syrian hamster embryo cells for selective DNA amplification and in primary rat hepatocytes for DNA single-strand breaks. DNA single-strand breaks were also determined in liver cells of rats and micronuclei were measured in bone marrow cells of mice in vivo following oral application of A. bisporus extracts. It was shown that the complex A. bisporus extracts per se are not detectably mutagenic in S. typhimurium and that the previously observed increase in number of colonies per plate is probably due to a histidine artefact. No indication of genotoxicity was seen in the two in vitro assays with primary mammalian cells with two different end points. No evidence of in vivo genotoxic effects was observed in the rat liver cells. Finally, A. bisporus was not genotoxic in the micronucleus assay of mouse bone marrow cells in contrast to its previously reported carcinogenicity in mice.