Bisphenol A In Food Research Articles

24-hour human urine and serum profiles of bisphenol A: Evidence against sublingual absorption following ingestion in soup

Extensive first-pass metabolism of ingested bisphenol A (BPA) in the gastro-intestinal tract and liver restricts blood concentrations of bioactive BPA to <1% of total BPA in humans and non-human primates. Absorption of ingested BPA through non-metabolizing tissues of the oral cavity, recently demonstrated in dogs, could lead to the higher serum BPA concentrations reported in some human biomonitoring studies. We hypothesized that the extensive interaction with the oral mucosa by a liquid matrix, like soup, relative to solid food or capsules, might enhance absorption through non-metabolizing oral cavity tissues in humans, producing higher bioavailability and higher serum BPA concentrations. Concurrent serum and urine concentrations of d6-BPA, and its glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, were measured over a 24hour period in 10 adult male volunteers following ingestion of 30μg d6-BPA/kg body weight in soup. Absorption of d6-BPA was rapid (t1/2=0.45h) and elimination of the administered dose was complete 24h post-ingestion, evidence against any tissue depot for BPA. The maximum serum d6-BPA concentration was 0.43nM at 1.6h after administration and represented <0.3% of total d6-BPA. Pharmacokinetic parameters, pharmacokinetic model simulations, and the significantly faster appearance half-life of d6-BPA-glucuronide compared to d6-BPA (0.29h vs 0.45h) were evidence against meaningful absorption of BPA in humans through any non-metabolizing tissue (<1%). This study confirms that typical exposure to BPA in food produces picomolar to subpicomolar serum BPA concentrations in humans, not nM concentrations reported in some biomonitoring studies.

Concentrations of phthalates and bisphenol A in Norwegian foods and beverages and estimated dietary exposure in adults

Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are ubiquitous in our environment. These chemicals have been characterized as endocrine disruptors that can cause functional impairment of development and reproduction. Processed and packaged foods are among the major sources of human exposure to these chemicals. No previous report showing the levels of these chemicals in food items purchased in Norway is available. The aim of the present study was to determine the concentration of ten different phthalates and BPA in foods and beverages purchased on the Norwegian market and estimate the daily dietary exposure in the Norwegian adult population. Commonly consumed foods and beverages in Norway were purchased in a grocery store and analysed using gas- and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Daily dietary exposures to these chemicals in the Norwegian adult population were estimated using the latest National dietary survey, Norkost 3 (2010–2011). This study showed that phthalates and BPA are found in all foods and beverages that are common to consume in Norway. The detection frequency of phthalates in the food items varied from 11% for dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) to 84% for di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP), one of the substitutes for bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). BPA was found in 54% of the food items analysed. Among the different phthalates, the highest concentrations were found for DEHP and DiNP in the food items. Estimated dietary exposures were also equally high and dominated by DEHP and DiNP (400–500ng/kg body weight (bw)/day), followed by di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) and di-iso-decyl phthalate (DiDP) (30–40ng/kg bw/day). Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethylphthalate (DEP) and DCHP had the lowest concentrations and the exposures were around 10–20ng/kg bw/day. Estimated dietary exposure to BPA was 5ng/kg bw/day. In general, levels of phthalates and BPA in foods and beverages from the Norwegian market are comparable to other countries worldwide. Grain and meat products were the major contributors of exposure to these chemicals in the Norwegian adult population. The estimated dietary exposures to these chemicals were considerably lower than their respective tolerable daily intake (TDI) values established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).

Unconventional plasticization threshold for a biobased bisphenol-A epoxy substitution candidate displaying improved adhesion and water-resistance

Toxicity concerns over bisphenol A (BPA) based materials like polycarbonates or diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (BADGE) lead to their progressive substitution in food packaging and can coating applications, even if the eventual release of BPA in food remains debatable. In this paper, we study the adhesive, water resistance and thermo-mechanical properties of a bio-based BADGE substitution candidate issued from Cardanol (CardDE). Different formulations with increasing ratio of BADGE substitution were evaluated, highlighting a real prospect for BPA-based epoxy substitution. During these studies, an unconventional relationship between water uptake by the biobased adhesive and property loss due to plasticization was evidenced. The water resistance of CardDE adhesives was investigated in detail revealing a plasticization threshold at elevated water content, attributed to their hydrophobic structure. While the adhesive properties of conventional BADGE networks are prematurely affected, the deterioration of CardDE adhesives is delayed.

Concentrations of phthalates and bisphenol A in Norwegian foods and beverages and estimated exposure in Norwegian adults

Background: Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are industrial chemicals used in a wide variety of consumer products and have been associated with several toxic outcomes. Food is one of the major sources of human exposure to phthalates and BPA. Contamination of food can occur during food processing and through migration from packaging materials. In order to provide data for human exposure assessment, it is important to monitor the occurrence of phthalates and BPA in food items. Aim: The aim of the present study was to determine for the first time concentrations of phthalates and BPA in common Norwegian foods and beverages and estimate dietary exposure to these chemicals in the Norwegian adult population. Methods: Thirty seven different food items were included in the study. For most of the food items, the three most sold brands were purchased. BPA and ten different phthalates were analysed in these food items by VITO NV, Belgium. Results: BPA and five phthalates occurred above the limits of quantification in more than 50 % of the food items.The concentrations of BPA and most of the phthalates in Norwegian foods and beverages were found in the same range as in other European countries. Although the use of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has been restricted in recent years due to its toxic properties, it still had the highest concentration among the 10 phthalates determined, followed by its replacement di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP). We present her for the first time comprehensive data on the occurrence of DEHP replacements DiNP and di-isodecyl phthalate (DiDP) in food in Europe. The highest levels of phthalates and bisfenol A were found in canned meals and food items containing &gt;10 % fat. We are presently combining the contaminant concentrations in food with intake data from the Norwegian national dietary survey Norkost 3 (2010-2011) to estimate the exposure from food.

Stability of Bisphenol A (BPA) in Oil‐In Water Emulsions under Riboflavin Photosensitization

Effects of riboflavin photosensitization on the degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) were determined in oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or sodium azide, which are a metal chelator or a singlet oxygen quencher, respectively. Also, the distribution of BPA between the continuous and dispersed phases in O/W emulsions was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The concentration of BPA in O/W emulsions significantly decreased by 38.6% after 2 h under visible light irradiation and in the presence of riboflavin (P < 0.05). Addition of EDTA and sodium azide protected the decomposition of BPA significantly in a concentration dependent manner (P < 0.05), which implies both transition metals and singlet oxygen accelerate the photodegradation of BPA in O/W emulsions. Approximately 21.7% of the BPA was distributed in the 2.5% (w/v) dispersed lipid particles and 78.3% was in the continuous aqueous phase of the emulsions. The amount of BPA in aqueous phase decreased faster than the amount of BPA in the lipid phase during riboflavin photosensitization (P < 0.05). Thus, the BPA in the aqueous phase was the major target of riboflavin photodegradation in O/W emulsions. Concentration of BPA, an endocrine disrupting chemical, was decreased significantly in oil-in-water emulsions under riboflavin and visible light irradiation. BPA in continuous aqueous phase was major target of riboflavin photosensitization. However, BPA was distributed more densely in lipid phase and more protected from riboflavin photosensitized O/W emulsions. This study can help to decrease the level of BPA in foods made of O/W emulsions containing riboflavin, which could be displayed under visible light irradiation.

A REVIEW RECENT DEVELOPMENT ON ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF BISPHENOL A IN FOOD AND BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical with major applications in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Polycarbonate is used in food storage containers, while epoxy resins are used in the internal coating for food and beverage cans. Residues of unreacted BPA in polycarbonate plastic containers and epoxy coating can migrate into foods, and thus humans of different age groups have been inevitably exposed to BPA. A significant amount of work has been conducted since the estrogenic activity of BPA was reported again in the 1990s to investigate the presence of BPA in both various food and biological samples. Methods based on liquid chromatography (LC) with various ultra violet (UV), fluorescence, electrochemical detection (ECD), mass spectrometry (MS), tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), gas chromatography (GC) with MS and MS/MS, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) have been developed for determination of BPA in food and biological samples over the past 10–15 years with significant improvements in method detection limits. This review is to give an overview of the recent development of the determination of BPA in food and biological samples and to identify knowledge gaps to further improve the analytical methods for BPA.

The Pharmacokinetics of BPA: Similarities in Human and Animal Metabolism Suggest Higher Exposure than Thought

Vol. 119, No. 4 NewsOpen AccessThe Pharmacokinetics of BPA: Similarities in Human and Animal Metabolism Suggest Higher Exposure than Thought Julia R. Barrett Julia R. Barrett Search for more papers by this author Published:1 April 2011https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.119-a177aCited by:2AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit Bisphenol A (BPA) has been shown to cause adverse health effects in animals, but attempts to extrapolate human health effects from this evidence are impeded by unanswered questions about routes and levels of exposure, metabolism, and whether animal models are appropriate proxies for humans. New findings show the kinetics of BPA metabolism are very similar in humans, monkeys, and mice and also suggest greater human exposure than previously estimated [EHP119(4):422–430; Taylor et al.].BPA in food and beverage packaging likely underlies most human oral exposure, and dermal and inhalation exposure may occur from other sources. BPA has been assumed to undergo rapid metabolism (conjugation) and clearance from the body. However, recent human biomonitoring data showed serum concentrations of unconjugated BPA, the bioactive form, at levels much higher than predicted given earlier assumptions about the amount of BPA ingested by humans and its expected rate of clearance.The authors of the current study studied clearance of radiolabeled unconjugated BPA in rhesus macaques and CD-1 mice, then compared the results with those from a previous oral dosing study in women. In the first experiment, female monkeys received deuterated BPA (dBPA) at 400 μg per kg body weight once a day for a week. Blood samples were collected prior to dosing and several times on days 1 and 7. The second experiment involved an oral dose of 400 μg 3H-BPA per kg body weight to female CD-1 mice and measurements of the unconjugated compound in serum over the next 24 hours. A second group of mice received a single dose of varying amounts of 3H-BPA, with unconjugated serum levels measured 24 hours later, and a third group received a single dose of BPA at 100,000 μg/kg, with serum assessed for unconjugated BPA several times over the next 24 hours.Unconjugated dBPA concentrations in monkeys averaged 0.5 ng/mL over 24 hours and peaked at 3.94 ng/mL 1 hour after treatment. These values are comparable to medians of 0.3–4.0 ng/mL reported in human biomonitoring studies. The amount of BPA needed to achieve the serum concentrations in monkeys far exceeded the 2007 U.S. Food and Drug Administration human exposure estimate of 0.16 μg/kg/day as well as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s daily intake dose of 50 μg/kg. Results from the mouse experiments showed a linear relationship between BPA dose and unconjugated BPA in serum, with the kinetics of metabolism remarkably similar to those observed in monkeys and humans.If the reported plasma BPA concentrations in humans are accurate, the results suggest human exposure is currently underestimated and that there may be significant sources of exposure though non-oral routes. Additionally, they support CD-1 mouse studies as being relevant for estimating serum levels of unconjugated BPA in humans.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited by Poet T and Hays S (2017) Extrapolation of plasma clearance to understand species differences in toxicokinetics of bisphenol A, Xenobiotica, 10.1080/00498254.2017.1379626, 48:9, (891-897), Online publication date: 2-Sep-2018. Chevrier J and Chalifour L (2018) Influence of Exposure to Bisphenols on Cardiac Structure/Function Comprehensive Toxicology, 10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.64270-8, (447-468), . Vol. 119, No. 4 April 2011Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Originally published1 April 2011Published in print1 April 2011 Financial disclosuresPDF download License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. Note to readers with disabilities EHP strives to ensure that all journal content is accessible to all readers. However, some figures and Supplemental Material published in EHP articles may not conform to 508 standards due to the complexity of the information being presented. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please contact [email protected]. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days.

Bisphenol a in canned food products from canadian markets.

A method based on solid phase extraction followed by derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was validated for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) in canned food products. This method was used to analyze 78 canned food products for BPA. Concentrations of BPA in canned food products differed considerably among food types, but all were below the specific migration limit of 0.6 mg/kg set by the European Commission Directive for BPA in food or food simulants. Canned tuna products had the highest BPA concentrations in general, with mean and maximum values of 137 and 534 ng/g, respectively. BPA concentrations in the condensed soup products were considerably higher than those in the ready-to-serve soup products, with mean and maximum values of 105 and 189 ng/g, respectively, for the condensed soups and 15 and 34 ng/g, respectively, for the ready-to-serve soups. BPA concentrations in canned vegetable products were relatively low; about 60% of the products had BPA concentrations of less than 10 ng/g. Canned tomato paste products had lower BPA concentrations than did canned pure tomato products. The mean and maximum BPA concentrations were 1.1 and 2.1 ng/g, respectively, for tomato paste products and 9.3 and 23 ng/g, respectively, for the pure tomato products.

Bisphenol A (BPA) daily intakes in the United States: Estimates from the 2003–2004 NHANES urinary BPA data

Investigations into human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) have, for the most part, assessed intake based on food consumption estimates combined with measurements or estimates of BPA in foods. In this study, nationally representative data on urinary levels of BPA in the United States (US) from the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were used to estimate daily intake of BPA, assuming steady-state excretion. Distributions of intakes for the US population were determined for (i) all NHANES participants with urinary BPA data; (ii) participants by the following age groups: 6-11 years, 12-19 years, 20-39 years, 40-59 years, and 60+ years; and (iii) participants by gender. On the basis of the NHANES urinary BPA data and the assumptions described in this paper, daily BPA intakes for male participants are statistically significantly higher than for female participants, and there are statistically significant differences in daily BPA intakes according to age groups, with the oldest group having the lowest estimated intakes. Median intake was approximately three orders of magnitude below health-based guidance values of 50 microg/kg-day.

Migration of bisphenol A from can coatings—effects of damage, storage conditions and heating

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an important monomer used in the manufacture of epoxy resins for internal food can linings. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different storage conditions and can damage on the migration of BPA to foods. These experiments were conducted in a systematic fashion by filling empty epoxyphenolic coated cans with four foods: soup, minced beef, evaporated milk and carrots and a food simulant (10% ethanol). Filled cans of each food type or simulant were then sealed and processed using appropriate conditions, before storage at three different temperatures: 5°C, 20°C and 40°C. For each of the storage regimes, 50% of the cans were dented to establish if this would lead to increased BPA migration. Cans were removed from these stocks at intervals of 1, 3 and 9 months storage at 5°C and 20°C or 10 days, 1 and 3 months at 40°C. Some initial problems of heterogeneity between samples was overcome by determining the amount of BPA in food as well as in the can lining. It was found that 80–100% of the total BPA present in the coating had migrated to foods directly after can processing by pilot plant filling with food or simulant, sealing and sterilization. This level was not changed by extended storage (up to 9 months) or can damage, indicating most migration was occurring during the can processing step. There was no noticeable difference, in this respect, between the different foods or the food simulant. Analysis of control samples (foods fortified with ∼0.1 mg kg−1 BPA and contained in Schott bottles) showed that BPA was stable under both processing and storage. Experiments were also conducted to investigate the potential effects, on the migration of BPA from can coatings, of cooking or heating foods in the can prior to consumption. Food cans were purchased and the food either cooked or heated in the can. BPA was analysed prior to and after the heating/cooking process. It was concluded from the results that there were no appreciable differences in the BPA level before and after cooking or heating.