Bismuth Sulfate Research Articles

Valuation of prescription patterns of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> drugs in outpatient department, Meru Teaching and Referral Hospital

BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori infects up to half of the world’s population. Infection with Helicobacter pylori is a major contributing factor for gastric ulcers, gastric carcinoma, and extra gastric disease. The main aim of this study was to observe the prescription patterns of Helicobacter pylori drugs at Meru Teaching and Referral Hospital, Meru. This infection is mostly treated by a triple-drug regimen for successful eradication. The available regimens are a combination of proton pump inhibitors, antibiotics, bismuth sulfate, and histamine blockers. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional retrospective review of the patient files for Helicobacter pylori was done at Meru Teaching and Referral Hospital (MeTRH). Systematic random sampling was used to select 262 medical records for review. Data was collected using the pre-tested abstraction forms and was coded and analyzed for descriptive statistics. RESULTS Out of the 262 medical records that were reviewed, 147 (56.4%) were males prescribed the Helicobacter pylori drug regimen. Among all the young adults (age: 12-39 years) were more likely to get Helicobacter pylori infection. The medication regimens that were highly preferred at MeTRH were 14-day and 7-day clarithromycin triple-based therapy. The 14-day triple therapy accounted for 74.5% of all patient files. The most administered drug class for Helicobacter pylori were proton pump inhibitors at 45.3% followed by antibiotics at 38.8% and the least prescribed drugs were the H2 blockers with 15.9%. CONCLUSION Regarding the most prescribed drug, the proton pump inhibitors while the most preferred regimen was the 14-day clarithromycin triple-based therapy. This data will certainly be important for the pharmaceutical management chain to manage the stock of analyzed drugs and also can spread awareness regards the appropriate handling of drugs which can improve adherence and reduce the rate of treatment failure and the emergence of antibiotic drug resistance.

Green and circular method for chloride separation from acid wastewater: Application in zinc smelter

• A circular dechlorination process was proposed. • Dechlorination rate of bismuth absorbing materials exceeded 90%. • The elution rate of the dechlorination residue reached 93.64%. • Bismuth antichlor exhibits excellent cyclic performance. • Chlorine in the wastewater was converted to sodium chloride eventually. A circular method for dechlorination of acid wastewater and application in a zinc smelter was proposed based on thermodynamic calculations, where bismuth oxide was used as the dechlorination agent, and the entire process comprised bismuth oxide acidification–adsorptive dechlorination – alkaline washing – regeneration. First, bismuth oxide (Bi 2 O 3 ) was converted to clusters of rod-like bismuth sulfate or basic bismuth sulfate by sulfuric acid maturation, after which Clin the acid solution was adsorbed and formed a BiOCl precipitate. The rate of Clremoval from the zinc smelter wastewater reached more than 90% under the following optimum conditions: initial pH of 1.5, reaction temperature of 40 °C, 10-fold concentration of bismuth relative to the amount of Cl and reaction time of 1 h. BiOCl was then subjected to alkaline washing for dechlorination and regeneration of Bi 2 O 3 . The morphology of the dechlorination residue was rod-like, and a high concentration of NaCl solution was obtained at a temperature of 90 °C, reaction time of 1 h, NaOH concentration of 80 g/L, and liquid–solid ratio of 5:1, where the chlorine elution rate reached 93.64%. Finally, the bismuth oxide was acidified again with sulfuric acid and again dechlorinated. Tests showed that the dechlorination rate of regenerated bismuth oxide was still over 90% after 10 cycles. The process actually consumes only cheap sodium hydroxide due to the reuse of bismuth oxide, thus reducing the production costs and has potential industrial application given its simplicity.

Helicobacter Pylori Eradication Therapy: Still a Challenge.

IntroductionHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is prevalent worldwide. H. pylori therapies' adverse effects can contribute to noncompliance among patients. This study aimed to assess the association between compliance to H. pylori eradication therapy and adverse effects using various drug regimens.MethodWe conducted an observational study from September 2017 to February 2020 in two tertiary care hospitals in patients with dyspeptic symptoms. H. Pylori detection was done by histopathological examination of gastric mucosa during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy or stool for H. pylori antigen. Patients with positive results were randomly assigned one of the nine different regimens consisting of a combination of proton pump inhibitors along with at least two antibiotics. The antibiotics used in different combinations were amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, doxycycline, levofloxacin, and bismuth sulfate. The treatment groups received standard triple therapy with and without probiotics, sequential, concomitant, levofloxacin-based triple therapy, or sequential and bismuth-based quadruple treatments. All treatments were given for two weeks. At the end of the treatment period, patients were interviewed about completing treatment and any adverse effects they may have experienced during therapy. Data were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.).ResultsA total of 250 patients were included in the study (62% males, 38% females) with a mean age of 37 years ± 13 years (range 12-84 years). Most patients completed the treatment regimen (80.4%), and 19.6% did not complete treatment because of adverse effects (p<0.005). The levofloxacin-based, concomitant, and standard triple regimen with probiotic treatments had the highest tolerance (≥85%). Common adverse effects were abdominal and epigastric pain (11%), alteration of taste, and diarrhea (6.5%).ConclusionH. pylori eradication therapy is always a challenge. Patient compliance to the treatment can only be ensured by medicines with fewer adverse effects. In our study, levofloxacin-based triple, concomitant, and standard triple regimens with probiotics are maximally acceptable treatments.

Molecular Engineering toward an Enlarged Optical Band Gap in a Bismuth Sulfate via Homovalent Cation Substitution.

Materials capable of generating coherent short-wave (<300 nm) light have attracted extensive scientific and technical interest due to their wide utilization in laser research. In this study, a the rare-earth-metal sulfate NaCe(SO4)2(H2O) (NCSO) was synthesized through a hydrothermal method, while NaBi(SO4)2(H2O) (NBSO) was successfully obtained via a homovalent cation substitution of the parent compound NCSO under hydrothermal conditions. The space groups of crystalline NCSO and NBSO are P3121 and P3221, respectively. Both compounds have similar connectivities which feature a three-dimensional channel structure formed by asymmetric [CeO9]15-/[BiO9]15- tricapped trigonal prisms and distorted [SO4]2- tetrahedra. The introduction of Bi3+ with larger ionic radii and stereochemically active lone-pair electrons simultaneously enhanced the SHG effect and band gap of NBSO in comparison to its parent compound NCSO. In contrast to NCSO, which possesses a narrow energy band gap (2.46 eV), NBSO displays the largest energy band gap (4.54 eV) among the reported bismuth sulfate NLO materials. Powder frequency-doubling-effect measurements exhibit that NCSO and NBSO possess phase-matchable SHG responses of 0.2 × KDP and 0.38 × KDP at 1064 nm, respectively. Theoretical studies have been implemented to further elucidate the structure-performance relationships of the two compounds. Experimental and theoretical studies both demonstrate that NBSO may be a promising nonlinear material applied in the short-wavelength region.

Extraction of tellurium and high purity bismuth from processing residue of zinc anode slime by sulfation roasting-leaching-electrodeposition process

Anode slime and its processing residue contains a variety of valuable elements, which are the main source of tellurium and bismuth. A systematic study on the extraction of tellurium and bismuth from processing residue of zinc anode slime and electrodeposition to obtain high purity bismuth was carried out. Sulfation roasting thermodynamics, leaching thermodynamics, and reduction potential involved in the extraction were calculated and used as theoretical guidance for the experiment. In the process of extracting tellurium and bismuth: the minimum amount of sulfuric acid and the appropriate low temperature of sulfation roasting conditions for processing residue of zinc anode slime are explained that the ratio of sulfuric acid to anode slime was 0.54:1, and the temperature was 435 °C. The leaching process of the roasting product was optimized. The optimal water leaching conditions were a liquid to solid ratio of 6:1 and a reaction time of 0.5 h at 25 °C. The optimal alkali leaching condition is 10% NaOH liquid to solid ratio of 6:1 and reaction time of 0.5 h at 25 °C. Tellurium and bismuth were separated, and tellurium was enriched from a low content of anode slime raw materials. The recovery rate of tellurium and bismuth were 84.9% and 97.1%, respectively. The reduced deposition process of bismuth ions on the cathode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry in the nitric acid. In the stable deposition state, electrodeposition overpotential of the bismuth ion on the titanium plate was 0.1068 V. Tributyl phosphate (TBP) was used as extraction solvent and nitric acid solution was used as stripping solution to purify the impurities in the basic bismuth sulfate. After extraction process, the removal rates of tellurium (Te), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), and antimony (Sb) were 96.5%, 93.3%, 99.1% and 100%, respectively. The content of other impurity elements also reduced greatly. The electrical separation process further reduced the content of impurities in the electrolyte, in which the concentration of tellurium was reduced to less than 1 ppm. A standard-compliant high purity elemental bismuth was obtained by electrodeposition from purified electrolyte.

Effect of Bismuth Sulfate Coated on Acidified CNT on Performance of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery

Bismuth sulfate (BiOS) is doped on acidified carbon nanotube (ACNT) (BiOS-ACNT) using sulfuric acid treatment and this is used as catalyst to improve the performance of vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). Its catalytic activity is compared with that of pure CNT and ACNT. Regarding the redox reactivity of vanadium ions, BiOS-ACNT whose weight ratio is 1:3 exhibits the best catalytic activity and reaction reversibility for both VO2+/VO2+ and V2+/V3+ reactions because the abundant oxygen atoms are well produced during the conversion of bismuth (Bi) nanoparticle into BiOS, and they act as active site for promoting the reactions of VO2+/VO2+ and V2+/V3+. These are confirmed by calculating kinetic parameters, such as electron transfer rate constant and diffusion coefficient, while BiOS-ACNT shows the best values (0.21 s−1 and 6.46 × 10−8 cm2 s−1). In VRFB including BiOS-ACNT, the performance of BiOS-ACNT VRFB is enhanced with voltage and energy efficiencies of 87.6 and 81.9% at 80 mA cm−2. Furthermore, in 50 cycle test of 120 mA cm−2, BiOS-ACNT VRFB shows lower overpotential (0.2 V) and capacity loss rate (0.04% cycle−1) than other VRFBs. This proves that BiOS-ACNT is beneficial for enhancements in the performance and long-term stability of VRFB.

Hydrothermal reaction of NaBiO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;·&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O with transition-metal (Co, Ni, Cu) salts

Hydrothermal reactions of a hydrated sodium bismuth oxide, NaBiO3·1.4H2O were performed with transition-metal salts MCl2, M(NO3)2 and MSO4 (M: Co, Ni, Cu). The common identified products from nitrate and chloride solutions were (Bi,M)2O2(OH)NO3 and (Bi,M)OCl, respectively and every product contained a small amount of unknown impurity phases. Various unknown phases also appeared in the products from the sulfate solutions, and no common crystalline phases were observed. During the course of these hydrothermal reactions, a new bismuth sulfate, BiOHSO4 was found by using a H2SO4 solution, and its crystal structure was clarified by using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. No photocatalytic activity for the phenol degradation of BiOHSO4 was observed under ultraviolet and visible light irradiation.

Evaluations of Gamma Radiation Shields Using a Monte Carlo Simulation

Background/Objectives: To identify a shielding material which can potentially replace the defense apron used in departments of nuclear medicine. GEANT 4 Gate simulation experiment was conducted to find a lighter shielding material with similar effects as lead. Methods/Statistical analysis: Virtual space was designed for a 3D simulation. The detector was designed with heights of 50 and 100 cm from the origin of radiation and 2 cm away from it the five types of shielding materials were positioned in relation to the different radioisotope of calculated transmissions with values taken after 7.40E+06 photon emissions. Findings: The components with the highest shielding rates in the gate simulation were tungsten, followed by lead, bismuth, antimony, and barium sulfate. The thicker the shielding material the lower the transmission values for 99mTc, 123I, and 201Tl, but 131I and 18F did not show noteworthy changes. Improvements/Applications: Gate simulation as employed in this study was not considered the detector’s response characteristics. As outcomes only indicate transmission values, there is a need to conduct additional research on the detector. Varying the shielding material components by radioisotope types will help in the production of aprons for nuclear medicine.

Tavagnascoite, Bi4O4(SO4)(OH)2, a new oxyhydroxy bismuth sulfate related to klebelsbergite

AbstractThe new mineral tavagnascoite, Bi4O4 (SO4)(OH)2, was discovered in the Pb-Bi-Zn-As-Fe-Cu ore district of Tavagnasco, Turin, Piedmont, Italy. It occurs as blocky, colourless crystals, up to 40 μm in size, with a silky lustre. In the specimen studied, tavagnascoite is associated with other uncharacterized secondary Bi-minerals originating from the alteration of a bismuthinite ± Bi-sulfosalt assemblage. Electron microprobe analyses gave (average of three spot analyses, wt.%) Bi2O3 85.32, Sb2O3 0.58, PbO 2.18, SO3 8.46, H2Ocalc 1.77, sum 98.31. On the basis of 10 O apfu, the chemical formula is (Bi3.74Pb0.10Sb0.04)∑ = 3.88O3.68 (SO4)1.08(OH)2, with rounding errors. Main calculated diffraction lines are [d in Å (relative intensity) hkl] 6.39 (29) 012, 4.95 (19) 111,4.019(32)121,3.604(28)014 and 3.213(100)123. Unit-cell parameters are a = 5.831(1), b = 11.925(2), c = 15.123(1) Å, V = 1051.6(3) Å3, Z = 4, space group Pca21. The crystal structure was solved and refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data to R1 = 0.037 on the basis of 1269 observed reflections. It consists of Bi–O polyhedra and SO4 tetrahedra. Bismuth polyhedra are connected each to other to form Bi–O sheets parallel to (001). Successive sheets are linked together by SO4 groups and hydrogen bonds. Tavagnascoite is the Bi-analogue of klebelsbergite, Sb4O4(SO4)(OH)2, and it is the fifth natural known bismuth sulfate without additional cations. The mineral and its name have been approved by the IMA CNMNC (2014-099).

Tribochemistry of Bismuth and Bismuth Salts for Solid Lubrication.

One of the main trends in the past decades is the reduction of wastage and the replacement of toxic compounds in industrial processes. Some soft metallic particles can be used as nontoxic solid lubricants in high-temperature processes. The behavior of bismuth metal particles, bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3), bismuth sulfate (Bi2(SO4)3), and bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) as powder lubricants was studied in a range of temperatures up to 580 °C. The mechanical behavior was examined using a high-temperature pin-on-disc setup, with which the friction force between two flat-contact surfaces was recorded. The bismuth-lubricated surfaces showed low coefficients of friction (μ ≈ 0.08) below 200 °C. Above the melting temperature of the metal powder at 271 °C, a layer of bismuth oxide developed and the friction coefficient increased. Bismuth oxide showed higher friction coefficients at all temperatures. Bismuth sulfide exhibited partial oxidation upon heating but the friction coefficient decreased to μ ≈ 0.15 above 500 °C, with the formation of bismuth oxide-sulfate, while some bismuth sulfate remained. All surfaces were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), confocal microscopy, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). This study reveals how the partial oxidation of bismuth compounds at high temperatures affects their lubrication properties, depending on the nature of the bismuth compound.

Separation and Extraction of Bismuth and Manganese from Roasted Low-Grade Bismuthinite and Pyrolusite: Thermodynamic Analysis and Sulfur Fixing

A new environmentally friendly technology with higher recovery of bismuth is proposed to extract bismuth from low-grade bismuthinite and co-production MnSO4 from low-grade pyrolusite. The effects of simultaneous roasting process parameters on the sulfur-fixing rate and MnSO4 formation rate are investigated. Based on the Pourbaix diagram of metal-sulfur-oxygen system, the behavior of bismuth, manganese, and associated metal elements such ferrous, copper, lead, and sulfur in the bismuthinite and pyrolusite during roasting process is analyzed. The experimental results show that Bi in the ores can be converted into bismuth oxide or oxygen bismuth sulfate, and most of Mn in the ores can react with SO2 from bismuthinite to form MnSO4, which agree with thermodynamic analysis. A maximum of sulfur-fixing rate of 98.14% and MnSO4 formation rate of 70.2% are obtained under the conditions of 1.4 for the molar ratio of MnO2 to total sulfur in mixing ores of bismuthinite and pyrolusite (n(MnO2)/n(S)), 923 K for the roasting temperature, 2 h for roasting time, 140 L/h for air rate, and less than 74 μm for particle size. The ultimate recovery rate of bismuth reaches 96.25% by selective leaching of the roasted product, purification of leaching solution, and hydrolysis, which is higher than the current applied technology for the low-grade bismuthinite.

An Efficient One-Pot Multi-Component Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-Ones/Thiones Catalyzed by Bismuth (III) Sulfate Trihydrate under Solvent-Free Conditions

A convenient and efficient protocol for the one-pot synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-one/thione derivatives of aldehydes, and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with Bismuth (III) sulfate trihydrate as the catalyst was described. We had the advantages of good performance, simplicity, and short time reaction under solvent-free conditions. The catalyst can be repeatedly reused without loss of its activity.

The Growth of Bismuth Sulfide Nanorods from Spherical-Shaped Amorphous Precursor Particles under Hydrothermal Condition

A surfactant/solid-template-free hydrothermal process has been developed for the synthesis of single-crystalline nanorods of bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) using triethanolamine as a complexing agent for the Bi3+ ions and elemental sulfur, solubilized in monoethanolamine, as the sulfur source. X-ray diffraction and morphological studies of a series of samples synthesized at different reaction conditions suggest that the growth of nanorods occurred at the expense of the low-crystalline spherical precursor particles of aminium compounds of bismuth sulfide or bismuth sulfate formed at room temperature. In the process, the reaction condition is optimized for obtaining crystalline nanorods of pure Bi2S3 with high aspect ratio. From the XRD, XPS, and HRTEM analysis of the samples, the growth of nanorods was assessed to be due to the cooperative effects of solid-solution-solid transformation and controlled oriented attachment. The hydrothermal process parameters and the presence of water in the reaction system have been found to play a crucial role in the formation of high aspect ratio nanorods. The optical band gap of the synthesized sample at optimized conditions is found to be 1.46 eV as calculated from its diffused reflectance spectrum at room temperature.

Isolation and Characterization of Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp from the Wastes of Hospital Patients and Poultry

Abstract: Total 20 Isolates Of E. Coli (12 From Poultry And 8 From Hospital) Were Isolated Randomly From Poultry Farm Waste And Chittagong Medical College Hospital (Cmch) Liquid Waste. We Found Tetracycline Resistant E. Coli (150µg/Ml) From The Poultry Farm Waste Sample And Ciprofloxacin Resistant Strain (3000µg/Ml) From Hospital Waste. Our Finding Suggests That Antibiotic Should Not Be Used In The Growth Promotion Of The Poultry Farm And The Use Of Antibiotics By The Respective Users Need To Be Monitored Properly In Order To Avoid The Emergence Of Antibiotic Resistance In Bacteria. Abbreviations CMCH= Chittagong Medical College Hospital; BP= British Pharmacopoeia; PCA= plate count agar; EMB= Eosine Methylene Blue; BSA= Bismuth Sulfate Agar; NA= Nutrient Agar; TSI= Triple Sugar Iodine; BGA= Brilliant Green Agar. Keywords: Multidrug resistant; hospital wastes; poultry wastes; Escherichia coli; Salmonella; ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. I. Introduction Microbes are widely spread out in nature. The presence of resistant bacteria in food and food producing animals has led to much more question and assumption about the transmission of these bacteria from animals to humans. The microbiological food safety is an increasing public health concern worldwide. Many epidemiological studies and research have implicated foods of animal origin as major vehicles associated with illnesses caused by Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, Salmonella and Yersinia spp. [1]. Antibiotics have been used successfully in poultry for different purposes such as growth promotion, prophylaxis, or therapeutics. However, their use in animal production and human therapy has resulted in increased bacterial resistance to many [2]. As a result, chicken and meat can harbor antimicrobial-resistant strains that can be transmitted to humans. During the past two decades, severe outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness have occurred by food borne pathogenic Escherichia coli, especially 0157:H7 [3]. Escherichia coli are one of the common microbial floras of gastrointestinal tract of poultry and human being [4]. Although most isolates of Escherichia coli are nonpathogenic but they are considered as indicator of faecal contamination in food and about 10 to 15% of intestinal coliforms are opportunistic and pathogenic serotypes [5] and cause a variety of lesions in immunocompromised hosts as well as in poultry. Among the diseases some are often severe and sometimes lethal infections such as meningitis, endocarditis, urinary tract infection, septicemia, epidemic diarrhea of adults and children [6] and yolk sac infection, omphalitis, cellulitis, swollen head syndrome, coligranuloma, and colibacillosis [7]. Salmonella may cause three types of infection namely enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever), enterocolitis (gastroenteritis) and septicemia in human [8]. Typhoid fever is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries [9]. In the last two decades, the worldwide emergence of multi-resistant Salmonellae has led to the application of fluoroquinolones and broad-spectrum cephalosporins against

Synthesis of magnetic resonance–, X-ray– and ultrasound-visible alginate microcapsules for immunoisolation and noninvasive imaging of cellular therapeutics

Cell therapy has the potential to treat or cure a wide variety of diseases. Non-invasive cell tracking techniques are, however, necessary to translate this approach to the clinical setting. This protocol details methods to create microcapsules that are visible by X-ray, ultrasound (US) or magnetic resonance (MR) for the encapsulation and immunoisolation of cellular therapeutics. Three steps are generally used to encapsulate cellular therapeutics in an alginate matrix: (i) droplets of cell-containing liquid alginate are extruded, using an electrostatic generator, through a needle tip into a solution containing a dissolved divalent cation salt to form a solid gel; (ii) the resulting gelled spheres are coated with polycations as a cross-linker; and (iii) these complexes are then incubated in a second solution of alginate to form a semipermeable membrane composed of an inner and an outer layer of alginate. The microcapsules can be rendered visible during the first step by adding contrast agents to the primary alginate layer. Such contrast agents include superparamagnetic iron oxide for detection by (1)H MR imaging (MRI); the radiopaque agents barium or bismuth sulfate for detection by X-ray modalities; or perfluorocarbon emulsions for multimodal detection by (19)F MRI, X-ray and US imaging. The entire synthesis can be completed within 2 h.

Acidic corrosion of aluminum under conditions of contact bismuth deposition

The regularities of the corrosion behavior of aluminum are studied under the conditions of contact exchange in hydrochloric solutions containing bismuth sulfate additive. The main factors that determine the nonmonotonic dependence of the corrosion rate on the concentration of bismuth cations in solution are discovered. Kinetic parameters of the corrosion process are considered and the conditions that lead to the inhibiting effect of the additive are found. The time dependences of the deceleration factor and partial deceleration factors that take into account the effect of the change in the free-corrosion potential of aluminum and the blockade of the aluminum surface with the bismuth deposit on the corrosion rate are analyzed. The analysis revealed a prevailing effect of the factor that is determined by the blockade of the aluminum surface with the contact bismuth deposit on the corrosion rate of aluminum.

THE COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT ENRICHMENT BROTH MEDIA AND SELECTIVE SOLID MEDIA FOR GROWING OF Salmonella typhimurium AND Listeria monocytogenes

The effect of different enrichment media i.e brain heart infusion (BHI broth), tryptic soy broth (TSB), nutrient broth (NB), buffered peptone water (BPW), university of Vermont medium (UVM1) and Listeria enrichment broth (LEB) on the growth of Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes was stueid. Plating selective media as well as bismuth sulfate, brillient green and xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) was also evaluated for isolation of Salmonella typhimurium. Effect of modified buffered peptone water for growth of Salmonella typhimurium was studied. The influence of acriflavine and nalidixic acid on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes was also evaluated. The results revealed that the best enrichment medium for Salmonella typhimurium was TSB followed by BHI broth, while BPW was the lowest enrichment medium for Salmonella typhimurium. On the contrary BPW was the most suitable one for enrichment of Listeria monocyto genes. Bismuth sulfate was the most suitable for isolation of Salmonella typhimurium. Modification of dextrose or lactose content (or percent) paid to the ability increasing of BPW for enrichment of Salmonella typhimurium. The addition of acriflavine and nalidixic acid to TSB and BHI broth had not the ability to enrichment of L. monocytogenes. On the contrast unaddition acriflavine and nalidixic acid to LEB and UVM1 had the ability to enrichment of L. monocytogenes.

BISMUTH RECOVERY FROM HYDROCHLORIC ACID SOLUTION

In order to minimize undesired effects in copper electrolytic refining process, unwanted impurities, especially bismuth, must be controlled. As an effective control method, the Molecular Recognition Technology (MRT) has been successfully applied in bismuth removal in sulfuric acid media from tankhouse electrolytes. However, it was the first time that MRT was used to load bismuth from hydrochloric acid (HCl) media, which was then eluted by 9 molar sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for bismuth sulfate recovery. This paper describes the process development of practising state-of-the-art quality control and presents the pilot test results of using the MRT technology for Bi production.Afin de minimiser les effets négatifs dans le procédé de raffinage électrolytique du cuivre, on doit contrôler les impuretés indésirables, spécialement le bismuth. Comme méthode efficace de contrôle, on a appliqué avec succès la Technologie de Reconnaissance Moléculaire (MRT) dans l’enlèvement du bismuth de milieux d’acide sulfurique des réservoirs d’électrolytes. Cependant, c’était la première fois que la MRT était utilisée pour charger le bismuth de milieux d’acide chlorhydrique (HCL), lequel était ensuite élué avec de l’acide sulfurique (H2SO4) 9 molaire pour la récupération du sulfate de bismuth. Cet article décrit le développement du procédé de mise en pratique de contrôle de qualité de pointe et présente les résultats de l’essai pilote utilisant le technologie MRT pour la production de Bi.

Radiopaque Alginate Microcapsules for X-ray Visualization and Immunoprotection of Cellular Therapeutics

Alginate-poly-L-lysine-alginate (APA) microcapsules have been explored as vehicles for therapeutic drug and cell delivery. The permselectivity of these capsules provides a unique means of controlled drug release and immunoisolation of encapsulated cells. Immunoisolation is especially attractive as it abrogates the need for chronic immunosuppressive therapy and opens up the possibility for the delivery of numerous cell sources including xenogeneic grafts. APA microcapsules containing cellular therapeutics have proven effective in the short-term treatment of a wide range of diseases requiring enzyme or endocrine replacement therapy, including type I diabetes. If these microcapsules could be noninvasively monitored with X-ray imaging modalities (i.e., fluoroscopy, CT, and digital subtraction angiography), questions such as the ideal transplantation site, the best means of delivery, and the long-term survival of grafts could be better addressed. We have developed two novel alginate-based radiopaque microcapsule formulations containing either barium sulfate (Ba X-Caps) or bismuth sulfate (Bi X-Caps). As compared to conventional, nonradiopaque APA capsules, Ba X-Caps and Bi X-Caps containing human cadaveric islets resulted in a decrease in cellular viability of less than 5% up to 14 days after encapsulation. Both radiopaque capsules were found to be permeable to lectins < or =75 kDa, but were impermeable to lectins > or =120 kDa, thus ensuring the blockage of the penetration of antibodies while allowing free diffusion of insulin and nutrients. The glucose-responsive insulin secretion of the radiopaque encapsulated human islets was found to be unaltered compared to that of unlabeled controls, with human C-peptide levels ranging from 3.21 to 2.87 (Ba X-Caps) and 3.23 to 2.87 (Bi X-Caps) ng/islet at 7 and 14 days postencapsulation, respectively. Using fluoroscopy, both Ba X-Caps and Bi X-Caps could be readily visualized as single radiopaque entities in vitro. Furthermore, following transplantation in vivo in mice and rabbits, single capsules could be identified with no significant change in contrast for at least 2 weeks. This study represents the first attempt at making radiopaque microcapsules for X-ray guided delivery and imaging of cellular therapeutics. While human cadaveric islets were used as a proof-of-principle, these radiopaque capsules may have wide ranging therapeutic applications for a variety of cell types.

Electrochemical behaviour of bismuth in sulfuric acid solution

Bismuth is considered to be a detrimental element to lead–acid batteries because it has lower hydrogen evolution overpotential than lead. On the other hand, bismuth can improve the performances of negative or positive active-materials. It is necessary to understand the performance of bismuth in sulfuric acid solution in order to reduce its detrimental effect on lead–acid batteries and make good use of its beneficial aspects. In this paper, the electrochemical behaviour of bismuth in sulfuric acid solution is studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electronic spectroscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). At potentials near close to the open-circuit value bismuth dissolves actively when it is anodized. As the potential increases, two oxidation peaks are observed. The first peak corresponds to the formation of bismuth sulfate, that follows a dissolution–precipitation mechanism and suppresses the dissolution of bismuth. The second peak due to secondary oxidation of bismuth under the bismuth sulfate film. There is a large current plateau at higher potentials this involves the dissolution of bismuth sulfate into solution, the formation of bismuth sulfate from bismuth oxide, and the formation of bismuth oxide from matrix bismuth. Hydrogen evolution takes place on bismuth just after the potential where the reduction of lead sulfate is completed. Oxygen evolution cannot occur on bismuth covered with bismuth sulfate.