Bishoftu Town Research Articles

Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia

The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.

Factors associated with food safety practice and drinking-water quality of food establishments in Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia

IntroductionGlobally, food and waterborne diseases remain a critical public health problem, although the issue is severe in low and middle-income countries, including Ethiopia. This study aimed to identify factors associated with food safety practices and the drinking water quality of food establishments.MethodA cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 160 food outlets were enrolled using a systematic random sampling method. A structured questionnaire and observational checklist were used to collect data. Descriptive, binary, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. Drinking water samples were taken from the food establishments' drinking-water storage and were bacteriologically and chemically tested. Heat-sterilized bottles of 250 ml capacity for bacteriological and 1000 ml plastic bottles for chemical parameters were used to collect drinking-water samples.ResultsIn this study, food establishments with female managers were 3.7 times higher in good food safety practices than those with male managers (AOR = 3.7, with 95% CI 1.33–10.21). Moreover, food establishments that owned trained food handlers in sanitation and hygiene were 4.8 times more likely to be in good food safety practices than those that did not have trained food handlers (AOR = 4.8, with 95% CI 1.37–17.00). Besides, food outlets with large service were 9.6 times higher in good food safety practices than those with small service (AOR = 9.6, with 95% CI 2.2–42.1). On the other hand, food outlets which had married managers were 0.3 times less likely to be in good food safety practices than those food establishments which had single managers (AOR = 0.3, with 95% CI 0.11–0.93). In this study, only 51% of the food establishments had good food safety practices. Besides, 29.5%, 16.8%, and 7.4% of the food outlets’ drinking-water samples were positive for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and E. coli, respectively.ConclusionMany vital factors influencing the food safety practice of food establishments were identified. Almost half of the food outlets had poor food safety practices. A significant number of drinking water samples from the food outlets' were contaminated. Therefore, food establishments should implement continuous monitoring and inspection systems to improve food safety practices. In addition, the government should implement an effective regulatory system to improve the food safety practices, water quality, sanitation, and hygiene services of the food outlets.

Effect of demographic disparities on the use of the JMP ladders for water, sanitation, and hygiene services in Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia

Reducing inequalities in all its forms is one of the key principles of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). However, the 2030 SDG Agenda has been a real challenge in addressing inequalities in Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) services. There is a disparity in the use of WASH services in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify demographic factors affecting the use of Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) ladders for WASH services. In this study, a total of 5350 households were included. Households having heads with vocational education levels were 2.9 times higher in use of basic drinking-water services ((Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 2.9 with 95% CI 1.6–5.1) than household having heads who could not read and write. Besides, households living in urban areas were 21.7 times more likely to use basic drinking-water services (AOR = 21.7 with 95% CI 16–30) than in rural parts. Further, households with merchants’ heads were 2.1 times higher to use basic sanitation services (AOR = 2.1 with 95% CI 1.5, 3.1) than households with farmers’ heads. Moreover, households having higher monthly income per head were 2.9 times higher in utilizing basic sanitation services (AOR = 2.9 with 95% CI 2.32–3.58) than the poorest households. Similarly, households with female heads were 1.5 times higher in using the JMP ladder for basic hygiene services (AOR = 1.5 with 95% CI 1.24–1.71) than households with male heads. Additionally, respondents who live in urban areas had 2.8 times higher use of basic hygiene services (AOR = 2.8 with 95% CI 2.26–3.54) than those in rural areas. Many demographic factors that influence the use of the JMP ladders for water, sanitation, and hygiene services were identified. The use of surface water, open defecation practice, unimproved sanitation, and no hygiene services were positively associated with illiteracy. The findings suggest that state authorities should initiate firm WASH policies and strategies to achieve the SDG 6 and 10. Additionally, the government should apply effective WASH interventions that consider demographic disparities.

ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROFILE OF CORYNEBACTERIUM BOVIS FROM SELECTED DAIRY FARM IN BISHOFTU, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA

From January to May 2018, a cross-sectional study was undertaken on lactating dairy cows in Bishoftu town to isolate Corynebacterium bovis, determine the prevalence and risk factors, and evaluate the effectiveness of several antibiotics in lactating dairy farms. Study animals were selected randomly from selected dairy farms in the area. Collecting milk samples from mastitic cows, cultivating, and then performing an antibiotic sensitivity test were the procedures followed. A total of 384 lactating dairy cows were examined with inspection and California Mastitis Test (CMT), in which 86 of them were found to be CMT positive. Accordingly, prevalence was 3.9% and 18.5% for cows affected by clinical and subclinical mastitis respectively. The prevalence of mastitis showed statistically significant difference between, lactation stage, breed, age and washing (p > 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference noted in animal husbandry practice (p > 0.05). A total of 384 lactating dairy cows were examined with inspection and CMT, in which 86 of them were found to be CMT positive. Out of the 86 mastitis positive samples (sample indicates milk from one cow) sent to microbiology laboratory for microbiological examination, 7 bacterial isolates were identified as Corynebacterium bovis. The biochemical and morphological characteristics of 7 (1.8%) C. bovis isolated from bovine milk samples and the C. bovis reference strains were found to be uniform. Valuable criteria for identification were presence of catalase and oxidase, production of acid from glucose and a requirement for enriched basal media. C. bovis isolates have revealed a higher sensitivity to the kanamycin and streptomycin (71.4% each). A certain resistance has been noted to oxytetracycline (71.4%) and nalidixic acid (42.8%). Higher number of isolates showed moderate sensitivity or resistance to amoxicillin (51.1%). Regarding to multidrug resistance, the study reflects that only one isolate (14.3%) shows multidrug resistance to four drugs namely kanamycin, amoxicillin, nalidixic acid and oxytetracycline. This study demonstrated that mastitis due to C. bovis is rare in lactating dairy farms in Bishoftu. Some of the risk factors for mastitis can be addressed by practical management of dairy cows. Farm owners should selectively use the antibiotics to which the bacteria do not show resistance, such as streptomycin and kanamycin.

Assessment of Good Governance Principles Implementation in Urban Land Administration: The Case of Bishoftu Town

The main objective of the study is to assess implementation of good governance principles in Urban land administration of bishoftu town, to select sample respondents from the total population researcher was use both probability and non probability sampling techniques. The instruments used to collect data from participants for this study were; Questionnaire, Interview and Focused group discussion. Five selected principles of good governance were taken as variables of good governance. Cross sectional research design is applied in this study. To achieve the study objectives, Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were also carried out. The findings of the study revealed that the existing land administration practice in Bishoftu town can be characterized as it is not participatory as it is expected to be by its citizens. It shows a tendency of biasedness by sex, social group, and land ownership status differences of the general public, in none of all the five indicator parameters of good governance was the existing land administration practice perceived as good or very good by any of the social, economic, demographic groups considered in the study. Even the town’s Land development and management office employees characterized it as “satisfactory”. “Participation” and “Fairness and Equity” are the most problematic points on which the land administration practice of Bishoftu town is found to be ineffective and inadequately implementing good governance principles to the expectation level of the citizens. Keywords: Good governance, urban land administration DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/85-01 Publication date: May 31 st 2022

Retraction Note: Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from food of animal origin in Bishoftu town, Central Ethiopia

This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40550-018-0064-3.

Stacking-Based Ensemble Learning Method for Multi-Spectral Image Classification

Higher dimensionality, Hughes phenomenon, spatial resolution of image data, and presence of mixed pixels are the main challenges in a multi-spectral image classification process. Most of the classical machine learning algorithms suffer from scoring optimal classification performance over multi-spectral image data. In this study, we propose stack-based ensemble-based learning approach to optimize image classification performance. In addition, we integrate the proposed ensemble learning with XGBoost method to further improve its classification accuracy. To conduct the experiment, the Landsat image data has been acquired from Bishoftu town located in the Oromia region of Ethiopia. The current study’s main objective was to assess the performance of land cover and land use analysis using multi-spectral image data. Results from our experiment indicate that, the proposed ensemble learning method outperforms any strong base classifiers with 99.96% classification performance accuracy.

Unmet need for family planning and associated factors among currently married women of reproductive age in Bishoftu town, Eastern Ethiopia.

Unmet family planning is one of the common causes for low contraceptive prevalence rates in developing countries, including Ethiopia. Rapid urbanization had profound effect on population health, however, little is known about the unmet need of family planning in settings where there was increased industrializations and internal migrations in Ethiopia. This study aims to determine the unmet need for family planning services among currently married women and identify factors associated with it in Bishoftu town, Eastern Ethiopia. Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st January to 28th February, 2021 among 847 randomly sampled currently married women of the reproductive age group. Data were collected using semi structured interviewer administered questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the outcome variable and a 95% confidence interval was used to declare the presence of statistical significance associations. Eight hundred twenty-eight women were participated in the study. The prevalence of unmet need for family planning among currently married women was 26% [95% CI: 23,29]. Maternal age [AOR, 3.00, 95% CI:1.51-5.95], educational status [AOR, 2.49, 95% CI:1.22-5.07], occupational status of self-employee [AOR, 1.98, 95% CI:1.15-3.39] and housewife [AOR, 1.78, 95% CI:1.02-3.12], being visited by health care provider in the last 12 months [AOR, 1.81, 95% CI: 1.26-2.60] and desired number of children less than two [AOR, 1.53, 95% CI:1.01-2.30] were significantly associated with unmet need for family planning. Unmet need for family planning was higher in the study area compared with the United Nations sphere standard of unmet need for family planning and the national average, and slightly lower than the regional average. Socio-demographic, economic, and health institution factors were determinants of the unmet need for family planning in the study area. Therefore, health education and behaviour change communication related to family planning services should be strengthened and access to family planning services should be improved.

Assessment of Biosecurity Status in Commercial Chicken Farms Found in Bishoftu Town, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia.

A survey was undertaken from December 2017 to April 2018 to assess the biosecurity status of 44 commercial chicken farms established in Bishoftu town, Ethiopia, by interviewing farm owners using a structured questionnaire. The obtained data were summarized using frequency tables and analyzed with Pearson's chi-square test and Fischer's exact value using Stata 14 statistical software. From the assessed chicken farms, 31 (70.45%) were located within 0–50 m from the main road, 39 (88.64%) situated 500 m from the nearest farms, and 27 (61.36%) placed within 0–20 m from the residential areas. Forty-one (93.18%) participants disclosed that their employees did not receive training on biosecurity. From the assessed chicken farms, 30 (68.18%) had fences, 40 (90.91%) had footbaths at their gates, 31 (70.45%) prohibited visitors entrance, and 39 (88.64%) did not exchange equipment with other farms. In addition, 26 (59.09%) farms were easily accessed by wild birds, each of 42 (95.45%) farms purchased day-old chicks and feed, and 40 (90.91%) shared trucks with other farms as well. Among the assessed farms, only 2 (4.55%) had signages to restrict people's access, 9 (20.45%) had isolation rooms for diseased chickens, 14 (31.82%) disposed of dead birds properly, and 10 (22.73%) kept various types of records. Occupation (Fischer's exact value = 8.40; P=0.019), previous training (Fischer's exact value = 4.40; P=0.044), source of the premises (χ2 = 5.50; P=0.019), and farm capacity (Fischer's exact value = 13.50; P=0.002) were found statistically significantly associated with the farm biosecurity status. The farm biosecurity status was found to be good in farms that were run by civil servants, had trained employees, are owned premises, and were of large and medium scales. In conclusion, the higher poor biosecurity status on chicken farms calls for the implementation of good biosecurity practices in each farm as well as the provision of training to the farm owners and their employees.

Perceptions and determinants of floriculture industry expansion on local communities in peri-urban area of Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia

Perceptions and determinants of floriculture industry expansion on local communities in peri-urban area of Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia

Dipylidium caninum Infection in Dogs and Humans in Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia.

Dogs are reservoirs of many zoonotic diseases. In Ethiopia, the majority of owned dogs are semi-stray, freely roaming in the community. Studies reporting dog borne zoonotic diseases are scarce in Ethiopia. This study was conducted to assess Dipylidium caninum infection in dogs and in children with gastrointestinal complaints in Bishoftu Town, Oromia. We collected 384 fecal samples from dogs presented to veterinary teaching hospital and 259 stool samples from children presented to Bishoftu Hospital for clinical examination. Samples were first macroscopically examined for the presence of proglotids, followed by microscopic examination for the presence of eggs with the direct smear following flotation technique. The prevalence of D. caninum was 21% (95% CI: 16.6–24.9) in dogs. Although not statistically significant (p > 0.05), higher prevalence was detected in adult (11.9%), local breed (17.7%), and male (12.6%) dogs compared to young (8.59%), exotic breed (2.86%), and females (7.81%), respectively. Dipylidium caninum was detected in a stool sample obtained from a three year-old child (0.4%, 1/259). This study showed that the prevalence of D. caninum in the dogs is high while it is rare in children. Although the prevalence in children is negligible in this study, the high proportion of infected dogs can pose a significant risk of infection in the general human population. Public health risk can be reduced by eliminating the semi-roaming of owned dogs and proper management of dogs with regular deworming and prevention of environmental contamination with dog feces. Similarly, raising public awareness about dog borne zoonoses and avoiding contact with dog feces are important.

Dairy Value Chain Upgrading in Bishoftu Town, East Shewa, Oromia, Ethiopia

Despite tremendous potential for dairy production in Ethiopia, the sector is not upgraded generally in the country and specifically in Bishoftu town. Dairy value chain upgrading was analyzed with objectives of identifying actors in dairy value chain upgrading and measuring their performances. Data were collected in the town at dairy producers’ level, traders (retailers) level and expert level through structured questionnaire and key informant interviews. Censuses of 141 dairy producers were conducted by dividing them into three different scale farm producers. Accordingly producers who have 1-5 dairy cows were categorized as small scale producers, 6-10 medium scale producers and >11 dairy cows were taken as large scale dairy farms. Based on this classification there were 100, 34, and 7 small, medium and large scale dairy respectively in the town. It was assumed that all large scale were processors, but one producer was found to be non-processor and was omitted from census survey. So, the survey was conducted with 140 dairy producers in the town. Data were analyzed by value chain analysis. The results from the descriptive statistics shows that from total dairy producers 46% were processing dairy /milk into yogurt, cheese and butter. Twenty four percent of the producers convert milk into yogurt, 11% process into cheese and butter, and another 11% process dairy into yogurt, cheese and butter. Therefore, producers’ socioeconomic factors and institutional factors needed to be strengthened by supportive activities like training for capacity building of producers in order to upgrade dairy value chain in town. Keywords: Upgrading, Value chain, performances, Dairy, Bishoftu town DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/103-01 Publication date: December 31 st 2020

English

The main purpose of this study is to explore the perception of Bishoftu town residents about the impacts of urban tourism. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were employed to achieve the objective of this study. Random sampling procedure was used for selection of respondents from the residents. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze data. The result of factor analysis showed that three factors named economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts explained 53.24% of variation in the perceptions of residents. However, most of the local residents and stakeholders were unaware of negative impact of urban tourism. MANOVA analysis indicated that, there was no significant difference between the mean of underlying dimensions of the perceived urban tourism impacts, and socio-demographic characteristics. The concerned bodies and officials should take the issues into account while planning and devising various measures. Key words: Urban tourism, residents’ perception, tourism impacts, Bishoftutown.

Occurrence, Molecular Characteristics, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli O157 in Cattle, Beef, and Humans in Bishoftu Town, Central Ethiopia.

Escherichia coli O157 is a Shiga toxin-producing E. coli causing disease in humans. Cattle are the primary reservoir of the pathogen. Information regarding the contribution of cattle to diarrheal illnesses in humans through consumption of contaminated beef is scarce in Ethiopia. We collected samples from 240 cattle, 127 beef, and 216 diarrheic patients in Bishoftu town in Ethiopia to assess the occurrence and determine the virulence genes, genetic relatedness, and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli O157. E. coli O157 was detected in 7.1% of the rectal content samples from cattle in slaughterhouses, in 6.3% (n = 127) of the beef samples, and in 2.8% of the diarrheic patients' stool samples. All isolates were positive for eae gene, 24 (77%) of them were positive for stx2 gene (21 stx2c and 3 stx2a), whereas stx1 gene was not detected. Molecular typing grouped the isolates into eight pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pulsotypes with three pulsotypes containing isolates from all three sources, one pulsotype containing one isolate from human origin and one isolate from beef. The remaining four pulsotypes contained isolates unique either to beef or to humans. With the exception of 1 multidrug-resistant isolate from beef, which was resistant to 8 antimicrobial drugs, the remaining 30 isolates were susceptible to the 14 antimicrobials tested. In conclusion, the finding of genetically similar isolates in cattle, beef, and humans may indicate a potential transmission of E. coli O157 from cattle to humans through beef. However, more robust studies are required to confirm this epidemiological link.

Zoonotic helminth parasites of dog in Bishoftu Town, central Ethiopia: prevalence, dog owners’ knowledge and control practice

Many dog helminth parasites are endemic in many countries of the world posing public health threat. However, they were neglected and less studied in the developing countries such as Ethiopia. This cross-sectional study carried out from November 2016 to April 2017 in Bishoftu town aims at estimating the prevalence of major gastrointestinal tract (GIT) zoonotic helminth parasites of dogs and assessing dog owner’s knowledge and control practice against zoonotic dog parasites. Accordingly, the whole area of Bishoftu town was divided into 60 blocks, of which 10 were randomly selected for the study. A structured questionnaire was prepared in English, pretested and administered face to face to 140 dog-owning respondents using two local languages: Amharic and Affan Oromo. Fecal samples collected from 238 dogs after administration of ivermectin and praziquantel at recommended doses to increase sensitivity of detection and to get favorable cooperation of owners. For case detection flotation technique is used for parasite egg identification and parasite morphology for parasites observed in the feces. Pearson’s Chi-square (χ2), p-values and 95% confidence intervals calculated to measure association. Four zoonotic helminthic parasites detected with combined infection prevalence of 59.24% (95% CI: 52.84-65.35). The prevalence of each was 33.61% (95% CI: 27.86 – 39.90) Ancylostoma (A.) caninum, 29.41% (95% CI: 23.93 – 35.56) Toxocara (T.) canis, 19.75% (95% CI: 15.14 – 25.34) Dipylidium (D.) caninum, and 2.10% (95% CI: 0.87 – 4.98) Echinococcus (E.) granulosus. The prevalence of A. caninum and T. canis was significantly higher than the prevalence of D. caninum and E. granulosus. Mixed infection with two parasites recorded in 13.87% whereas concurrent infection with three parasites registered in 5.88% of the dogs. Statistically significant association (p<0.05) was observed between overall infection prevalence and the sex of dogs, where infection prevalence of A. caninum (p<0.001) and T. canis (p<0.001) were significantly higher in male than in female dogs. The questionnaire survey revealed that only 40% of the respondents were aware of the transmission of zoonotic helminthes to humans while none know the route of transmission. Of all the respondents, 58.57% reported regular deworming of their dogs, at least twice per annum, whereas 47.86% of respondents clean and dispose dogs’ excrement with household garbage and 88.57% of dog owners remove dogs’ excrement without using glove, facemasks, boots and/or coverall/gown for personal protection In relative terms high prevalence of zoonotic helminth parasites infestation was observed in owned dog population with poor awareness about route of transmission. Thus, it is advisable to create awareness of dog owners in waste management and use of Personal Protective Equipment’s (PPE).
 Keywords: Ancylostoma; Bishoftu; Dipylidium; Echinococcus; Ethiopia; Toxocara

Abattoir-based prevalence of avian tuberculosis in chicken slaughtered at Poultry abattoir in Bishoftu, Central Ethiopia

A cross-sectional abattoir-based study was conducted in apparently healthy chicken in Bishoftu town, Ethiopia to estimate the prevalence of avian tuberculosis and isolate its causative agent. The occurrence of avian tuberculosis was investigated using postmortem examination, bacteriological culture and acid-fast staining methods. Of the total 648 chicken examined to detect avian tuberculosis, 42 tissue samples showing gross pathological tuberculous-like lesions were collected from liver, spleen and intestine. The overall prevalence of avian tuberculosis in poultry was 6.48% (42/648) (95%CI: 4.53-8.38) on the basis of detailed postmortem examination. Out of 42 tissue samples cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen medium, 14 (33.3%) were bacteriologically culture positive and showed growth of dough-shaped smooth colony characteristic and out of these 14 culture positive samples, 5 (35.7%) were acid-fast positive mycobacteria. Statistical significant difference was observed in the prevalence of avian TB among chicken with different body condition scoring (χ2 = 23.593, p =0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis for risk factors showed that body condition scoring has a high statistical significant association with the prevalence of avian tuberculosis in the study area (p<0.05). Poor body conditioned chicken were more likely to show TB lesions (OR=4.45, 95% CI, 2.33- 8.52) than good body conditioned chicken. The present preliminary study on avian TB using postmortem lesion examination and microbiological methods revealed the occurrence of avian TB in low prevalence inapparently healthy chicken originated from intensive poultry farms in Bishoftu area; hence detail poultry meat inspection should be practiced at poultry abattoirs in order to reduce the public health risk.
 Keywords: Abattoir, Avian tuberculosis, Postmortem examination, Poultry, Ethiopia

Isolation, Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Staphylococcus Aureus from Slaughtered Swine in Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia

Bacteria’s of the Staphylococcus species are major public health crisis which causes a number of human and animal diseases. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2017 to May 2018 to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in Bishoftu slaughter house from carcasses and lung swab and antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates found in the swine. In the present study a total of 150 swine were examined. From which the swab samples were obtained from carcass (n=67) and lung (n=83). Carcass was the most contaminated with S. aureus with a prevalence of 19.4% (13/67) and the prevalence from the lung swab was 15.7% (13/83). Consequently, there was no statistically significant association (P=0.547) observed between carcass and lung swabs. The prevalence of S. aureus was statistically significant difference (P=0.029) between the age of swine. Body conditions has statistically significant association (P=0.037) with the S. aureus . Swine at the age of ≤ 2 years are more susceptible to S. aureus infection. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was also conducted on 9 isolates of S. aureus , using the disc diffusion susceptibility method. In this study, varying level of resistance of S. aureus was recorded against Amoxicillin, Penicillin G, and Ampicillin, and 88.9% to Nitrofurantoin and Sulphamethoxazoletrimethoprim. Based on bacteriological culture result, and classic antimicrobial susceptibility test it is concluded that pork can be source of staphylococcus to human and routine inspections should be conducted. Keywords : Antimicrobial susceptibility tes; C oagulase positive; Ethiopia; Prevalence; Staphylococcus aureu; Swine DOI: 10.7176/ALST/81-03 Publication date: August 31 st 2020

Prevalence of Undernutrition and Associated Factors among Children Aged 6- 59 Months in Bishoftu Town, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Malnutrition is decreasing during the two-decade but still in a major public health problem in the world especially in developing countries including Ethiopia. The study was aimed to assess the prevalence of malnutrition and associated factors among children of aged 6 months - 59 months of Bishoftu town, Oromia region. Community based cross-sectional design was employed in the randomly selected five kebele. The sample size was determined by using single population proportion formula then adjusted by finite population correction factor to draw the final 410 sample children and then allocated proportionally to each Kebele in the town. The survey was conducted using standard procedures developed questionnaires with experienced enumerators. Anthropometric measurement was used to collect height, weight and MUAC following the standard measurement tools and procedures. Information was entered into Epi-Data version 3.1 and anthropometric measurements were converted into Z scores by WHO Anthro version 3.2.2., 2011 software. Then exported to STATA 13 and analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The result revealed that the prevalence of overall malnutrition was (46.1%); specifically, stunting was (16.1%), underweight (22.6%) and wasting (7.4%). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model was employed to analyze prevalence of child malnutrition. The result of multivariate model revealed that Family size, Birth interval, Child age and Frequency of breast feed as significant determinants for wasting. While for stunting, family size, level of mother’s education, birth order, currently breast feeding, exclusive breast feeding and monthly income were found as statistically significant (p<0.05) determinants of child malnutrition. Additionally, age of child and household who hadn’t got advice and visited by health extension workers were more than five as likely to be underweight compared to those who are frequently advised? Thus, the studied households need continues training, awareness creation activities, special attention for child and maternal healthcare services by the Health Office and other practitioners in different income generating activities to improve child nutrition.

Aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products marketed by local and industrial producers in Bishoftu town of Ethiopia

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) or milk toxin is a hydroxilated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 from a contaminated feed. This study investigated the occurrence of AFM1 in milk and milk products collected from Bishoftu town (one of the major milk producing place in Ethiopia). Milk (n = 108), cheese (82), yogurt (93) and butter (82) samples were collected both from industrial and local producers. From the 365 samples analyzed, 361 samples were positive for AFM1. Maximum value was in cottage cheese with a concentration of 5.580 ± 0.08 μg/kg and minimum was in butter of zero (Not detected) value. Comparing the mean level of AFM1 between the four dairy products; milk > cottage cheese > butter > yogurt. Considering the average daily intake of AFM1 obtained in this study and the current average milk consumption rate (19 L/year) in Ethiopian consumers, only adults are in the safe zone with TDI (Tolerable Daily Intake) of AFM1 (0.0002 μg/kg of body weight). But infants and young children might be more exposed to the toxin due to their higher consumption of milk and milk products in their diet.

Assessment of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Service in Bishoftu Town, South East, Ethiopia

Background: Hepatitis B virus infection is one of the serious public health problems in the world particularly in a developing country. It is transmitted from person to person by anybody fluid commonly through sexual intercourse. Hepatitis B virus infection has serious effects on both pregnant women and infants. Objective: This study aims to assess the magnitude of Hepatitis B virus infection and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care service in Bishoftu town. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving a total of 276 pregnant women attending antenatal care service at Bishoftu town from July 17 - August 17, 2019. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select the study subjects. A blood sample was drawn from each study subject to testing for Hepatitis B surface antigen and confirmation for positive results was done by an enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay. Completed data from questionnaires were entered into Epi info version 7 and, exported and analyzed by SPSS Version 21. Descriptive statistics were carried out to estimate the characteristics of the participants. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with Hepatitis B virus infection. Odds ratios at 95% confidence interval were calculated. P-value < 0.05 was considered as a significant. Result: The magnitude of Hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care services in Bishoftu town was 18 (6.5%). Study subject with the previous history of the dental procedure [AOR=4.79, 95%CI (1.41 -16.23)], body tattooing [AOR=3.18, 95%CI (1.01-10.03)] and those with a multi-sexual partner [AOR=5.19, 95%CI (1.09-24.60)] were known to have a significant association with Hepatitis B virus infection. Conclusion and Recommendation: This study indicates that Bishoftu town has intermediate endemicity of Hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women. Regarding the risk factors, pregnant women with a dental procedure, body tattooing, and multi-sexual partner were found to be at risk of Hepatitis B virus infection. To minimize the higher risk exposure status of mothers, increasing awareness and public health education on the mode of Hepatitis B virus transmission, high-risk behaviors and methods of prevention are recommended.