Diethylenetriamine Research Articles

Influence of DETA on Thermal and Corrosion Protection Properties of GPTMS-TEOS Hybrid Coatings on Q215 Steel

High-performance coating could be used to protect steels in engineering. The GPTMS-TEOS hybrid coatings were successfully prepared using (3-glycidoxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as reaction raw materials and diethylenetriamine (DETA) as both a curing agent and catalyst at room temperature. The hybrid coating contained amorphous SiO2 and was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The DETA content of the hybrid coating has a significant impact on the performance of the coating. As the DETA content increases, the thermal stability of the hybrid coating increases at 400–600 °C due to the production of more SiO2 in the amine-rich state. However, the gelation time decreases dramatically, preventing the hybrid coating from better infiltrating the surface of the steel substrate. In addition, there are not enough silicon hydroxyl groups to bond with the hydroxyl groups on the surface of carbon steel and adhesion is significantly reduced. Therefore, hybrid coatings with a moderate DETA content (NH:epoxy ratio equivalent to 1:1) show the best corrosion resistance, with a third-order magnitude increase in corrosion resistance compared to that of carbon steel.

Biphasic systems of mutual amine solution with tunable phase separation for CO2 capture: Optimal compositions and volume of rich phase

Research and development of biphasic systems with significant absorption performance and low energy penalties is the key to achieving CO2 capture. In this paper, the effect of diethylenetriamine (DETA) and diethylethanolamine (DEEA) as amine solution dissolved in N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and water with various molar ratios on the CO2 absorption was investigated. The formation of saturated solution including CO2-rich and lean phases was studied with scrutiny via 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR). Under the optimal conditions, the CO2 loading of fresh absorbents could reach 0.97 and 0.95 mol CO2/mol amine solution with the final solid–liquid and liquid–liquid systems, respectively. Also, overcoming the tradeoff between the volume of rich-phase and CO2 loading as one of the biggest challenges in the biphasic liquid system occurred. The addition specific amount of NMP to the solution (when the molar ratio of NMP to solution is 1) decreased the rich phase volume to 50%, while the CO2 loading is 0.93 mol.mol−1.

Direct air capture on amine-impregnated FAU zeolites: Exploring for high adsorption capacity and low-temperature regeneration

To develop an efficient adsorbent for direct air capture (DAC), capturing 400 ppm of CO2 in simulated air was investigated for amine-impregnated faujasite (FAU) zeolite. Six types of amines were used: monoethanolamine (MEA), diethylenetriamine (DETA), ethylenediamine (EDA), triethylenetetramine (TETA), tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), and polyethylenimine (PEI; average molecular weight = 600). To evaluate the Si/Al ratio, FAU zeolites with different Si/Al ratios (2.75–300) were prepared by dealumination and used for impregnation. The 400 ppm CO2 adsorption under dry conditions was performed using a thermogravimetric (TG) analyzer, while humid condition test was conducted using a breakthrough measurement instrument. Under dry conditions, 40 wt% of PEI-impregnated FAU zeolite showed high CO2 adsorption capacity of 0.64 mmol g−1 and an adsorption rate of 0.035 mmol g−1 min.−1. Additionally, the capacity of DETA-impregnated samples showed a relatively high capacity of 0.40 mmol g−1. With an increase in the Si/Al ratio of FAU zeolite, the adsorption capacity of the DETA-impregnated samples increased, whereas the PEI-impregnated samples retained an adsorption capacity of approximately 0.64 mmol g−1. Under humid conditions, an enhanced adsorption capacity (1.54 mmol g−1) was observed for the PEI-impregnated FAU samples. It is noteworthy that purging at 25 °C without additional heat treatment resulted in the release of CO2 from the DETA-impregnated samples after adsorption. The amount of released CO2 after purging the DETA-impregnated samples was up to 0.27 mmol g−1. PEI- and DETA-impregnated FAU zeolites showed excellent regeneration stability over 10 adsorption cycles under humid conditions.

Functionalized Ordered Mesoporous MCM-48 Silica: Synthesis, Characterization and Adsorbent for CO2 Capture.

The ordered mesoporous silica MCM-48 with cubic Ia3d structure was synthesized using the cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a template agent and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as a silica source. The obtained material was first functionalized with (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (KH560); further, two types of amination reagents were used: ethylene diamine (N2) and diethylene triamine (N3). The modified amino-functionalized materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) at low angles, infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption experiments at 77 K. Characterization from a structural point of view reveals that the ordered MCM-48 mesoporous silica has a highly ordered structure and a large surface area (1466.059 m2/g) and pore volume (0.802 cm3/g). The amino-functionalized MCM-48 molecular sieves were tested for CO2 adsorption-desorption properties at different temperatures using thermal program desorption (TPD). Promising results for CO2 adsorption capacities were achieved for MCM-48 sil KH560-N3 at 30 °C. At 30 °C, the MCM-48 sil KH560-N3 sample has an adsorption capacity of 3.17 mmol CO2/g SiO2, and an efficiency of amino groups of 0.58 mmol CO2/mmolNH2. After nine adsorption-desorption cycles, the results suggest that the performance of the MCM-48 sil KH N2 and MCM-48 sil KH N3 adsorbents is relatively stable, presenting a low decrease in the adsorption capacity. The results reported in this paper for the investigated amino-functionalized molecular sieves as absorbents for CO2 can be considered as promising.

Comparison of characteristics and performance between PEI and DETA impregnated on SBA-15 for CO2 capture

Solid amine adsorbents have attracted much attention as a promising alternative to amine scrubbing. However, there have been few studies systematically comparing the differences between adsorbents modified with macromolecular amines and small molecular amines. This study selected polyethyleneimine (PEI) and diethylenetriamine (DETA) to impregnate into SBA-15 and set amine types (PEI and DETA), amine loadings (0%-50%), and temperatures (20–120 °C) as parameters, trying to provide advice for amine selection and practical application. The adsorbents modified with DETA had higher amine dispersion, while the adsorbents modified with PEI performed better at thermal stability, adsorption capacity, and adsorption kinetics. SBA-15 modified with 50% PEI could reach a CO2 uptake of 182.11 mg/g and an amine efficiency of 0.353. It also presented superior adsorption kinetics with a peak adsorption rate of 350 mg/(g · min) and could reach 90% CO2 adsorption capacity in 5 min, which controlled the activation energy below 7 kJ/mol. What’s more, the modified adsorbent had excellent cyclic stability, showing only 6.14% decay after 30 cycles. The double-exponential model was also investigated to explain the inherent properties. The 50%-PEI-modified SBA-15 proved to be a promising and efficient solid adsorbent for CO2 capture.

Osmium ester-hinged chlorin dimers

A bis(dihydroxychlorin) osmate ester is formed as a side product in the osmylation of meso-tetraphenylporphyrin. The product can also be formed in good yield along well-known reaction pathways of osmate esters by treatment of the monomeric chlorin diol osmate ester bispyridine complex with acid. The dimer was spectroscopically characterized. The free base dimer can be metalated with zinc(II). The bis([dihydroxychlorinato]zinc) osmate ester dimer was spectroscopically and structurally characterized, showing its clamshell architecture with a 42[Formula: see text] angle between the mean planes of the two metallochlorin chromophores and a 9.11 Å zinc-to-zinc separation. Upon reaction with dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), the clamshell structure pivots around the osmium center and arranges the two chromophores, each zinc center coordinated to DMAP, in maximum separation from each other, as shown by structural analysis. Preliminary 1H NMR titration data are presented that show the bis-zinc clamshell structure to form a 1:1 supramolecular complex with diethylenetriamine (DETA), expressing a three-point recognition motive: the terminal amine functionalities coordinate to the zinc ions in each half-shell, thus bridging both chromophores, and the central amine functionality was deduced to be H-bonded to the osmium oxo group pointing toward the inside of the host. The UV-vis spectroscopic response upon DETA binding shows greater complexity in the interaction at higher ligand:host ratios, suggesting multiple binding modes. A similarly complex binding situation is also observed for the interactions of the chlorin osmate ester monomer with DETA.

Adsorption of Diethylenetriamine from Water by Activated Carbon: Kinetics, Isotherms and Thermodynamics

ABSTRACT The discharge of diethylenetriamine (DETA) into aqueous environment poses a threat to public health and environment. Therefore, it is imperative to take effective measures to remove DETA from water. The elimination of DETA from water may be realized via the way of adsorption with activated carbon. In this paper, the adsorption of DETA from water by activated carbon originated from coconut shell has been explored in batchwise operation. The effects of stirring speed, temperature, pH, DETA concentration, carbon dosage and particle size on DETA adsorption have been determined by experiment. The adsorption results exhibit that the DETA adsorption rate increases with its concentration in the aqueous solution and temperature. However, the amount of DETA adsorbed on the carbon at equilibrium decreases slightly with temperature. The DETA adsorbed increases with pH changing from 8 to 11 and remains constant if pH rising over 11. The kinetic study shows that DETA adsorption on the activated carbon is in good agreement with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The DETA removal from the solution increases with the carbon dosage. The Langmuir equilibrium isotherm model has been found to provide a better fitting of the adsorption data than the Freundlich equilibrium isotherm model with a maximum adsorption of 90.50 mg g−1. The thermodynamic parameters evaluated from the experiments are ΔS 14.49 J∙mol−1∙K−1, ΔH −11.32 kJ mol−1 and ΔG changing from −15.71 from −16.15 kJ mol−1with the temperature rising from 30°C to 60°C. The thermodynamic study suggests the exothermic and spontaneous natures of DETA sorption on activated carbon.

Novel quinoline-based sensitizers coupled with diethylenetriamine as a new co-adsorbent to improve photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells

Two novel metal-free dyes with 2-ethylhexyloxy substituted triphenylamine as the donor, quinoline as the π-conjugated bridge, benzothiadiazole (BIM27) and N-propylbenzotriazole (BIM28) as the auxiliary acceptors and cyanoacrylic acid as the anchoring group were synthesized and used as the sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). It was found that BIM 27 exhibits anti-aggregation ability, whereas BIM28 forms the undesired aggregates. Therefore, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and diethylenetriamine (DETA) molecules were employed as the co-adsorbents to suppress the dye aggregation of BIM28. The DSSC with DETA exhibited a highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.89%, a remarkable improvement of 25% compared with 3.11% of the cell fabricated without co-adsorbent, exceeding that of the benchmark CDCA-based cell (3.57%) under AM 1.5G conditions. The small DETA can effectively insert between the bulky dye molecules compared to the large CDCA, resulting a more compact dye packing on TiO2, able to less charge recombination. The results demonstrate that DETA may be more efficient for co-adsorption of the bulky dyes.

Corrosion inhibition performance of developed epoxy coatings containing carbon nanocapsules loaded with diethylenetriamine

In recent years, hollow structured nanomaterials owe high attention to research, especially when applied to organic coatings due to their high surface area, loading capacity, and flexible shape and structure. Towards this direction, mesoporous hollow carbon nanospheres (MPHS) have been synthesized using the self-assembly method with an average diameter of 280 nm using silica particles as a hard template. The etching of the silica cores was carried out using alkaline etching with NaOH which effectively removed the cores as confirmed by the EDX and FTIR. The MPHS has BET surface area, pore volume, and pore radius of 830.8 m2/g, 1.1 cc/g, and 3.4 nm respectively which support the loading of diethylenetriamine (DETA). The DETA acts as a corrosion inhibitor, surface modifier, and hardener loaded into MPHS with a high loading rate (44 %) to develop MPHS@ DETA. 3 wt% of the MPHS@ DETA was blended with an epoxy coating (MPHS@ DETA-EP) as an anti-corrosion pigment and then the properties of the developed epoxy coatings were systematically characterized. The developed MPHS@ DETA-EP shows excellent anti-corrosion behavior after continuous exposure to corrosive media for 40 days making the coating suitable for several industrial applications.

Non-Aqueous Solvent Mixtures for CO2 Capture: Choline Hydroxide-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents Absorbent Performance at Various Temperatures and Pressures

Carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption in a non-aqueous solution is a potential technology for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, a non-aqueous solvent, sulfolane and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), was functionalized with a deep eutectic solvent (DES) consisting of choline hydroxide and polyamines diethylenetriamine (DETA) and triethylenetetramine (TETA). The non-aqueous absorbents’ CO2 absorption ability was investigated in a high-pressure absorption reactor with a variable absorption temperature (303.15–333.15 K) and pressure (350–1400 kPa). The results showed that 2M ChOH:TETA−DMSO solution had the highest CO2 loading capacity when compared with other screened solutions, such as 2M ChOH:TETA−Sulfolane, 2M ChOH:DETA−DMSO and 2M ChOH:DETA−Sulfolane. It was also found that the absorption capacity increased with increasing pressure and decreased with temperature. The highest CO2 absorption by 2M ChOH:TETA−DMSO was observed at a partial pressure of 1400 kPa at 303.15 K 1.2507 mol CO2/mol DES. The use of a non-aqueous solvent in the mixture showed a phase separation phenomenon after the CO2 absorption reaction due to the formation of insoluble carbamate salt, which was identified through FTIR analysis. These findings suggest that the use of a DES polyamine mixed with a non-aqueous solvent could be a promising solution for CO2 capture.

Loosely bonded dual-functionalized ionic liquid-based phase change solvent for energy-saving CO2 capture

A phase change solvent based on a novel loosely bonded dual-functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) containing diethylenetriamine (DETA) and 1-methylimidazole (1-MI), namely [DETA][1-MI], was developed. The strong anion–cation interactions in an ILs inhibited the CO2–ILs interaction and decrease the absorption capacity of the ILs. The weak interaction of [DETA][1-MI] retained most of the absorption capacity of DETA and 1-MI (up to 2.06 mol CO2/mol ILs). When simulated flue gas was fed into the [DETA][1-MI] + dimethylformamide (DMF) + H2O phase change solvent, the CO2-rich phase had a CO2 concentration of up to 6.51 mol CO2/L and a volume ratio of 42.2%. Moreover, a regeneration efficiency of > 90% was maintained even after three regeneration cycles at 393 K. The corresponding regeneration heat (1.40 GJ/ton CO2) was only 36.8% of 30 wt% monoethanolamine (MEA, 3.80 GJ/ton CO2). To the best of our knowledge, it’s well below the reported regeneration energy of amine-based absorbents. In addition, the corrosion rates of the rich and lean phases were only 0.58% and 0.51% of those of the saturated MEA solution, indicating that the corrosivity of [DETA][1-MI] + DMF + H2O was negligible. Moreover, [1-MI]− was observed to promote the formation of m-DETACOO− and HCO3−/CO32−, further enhancing the CO2 absorption capacity. Therefore, the proposed [DETA][1-MI] + DMF + H2O was verified to be a promising absorbent with favorable absorption properties, a low corrosion rate, high cyclic stability, and superior energy efficiency for CO2 capture.

A Novel Powerful γ-Fe2O3 @ CPTMS - Diethylene Triamine (DETA) @SO3H as a Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst, Recyclable and Efficient via Microwave-assisted for the Synthesis of Benzoxazinone- 4(3H)-one Derivatives in Green Media

Background: In order to synthesize benzoxazin-4 (3H) -one derivatives, a new inorganic- organic super-magnetic nano-hybrid (γ‐Fe2O3@ CPTMS-DETA @SO3H) nanocatalyst of the modified sulfuric acid represents a green and efficient catalyst to perform a three-component condensation reaction between various acyl chlorides, anthranilic acid and acetic anhydride (as cyclization agent), in one-pot and solvent-free conditions under microwave irradiation (4a-q). Introduction: In recent years, one of the most important subjects in synthetic organic chemistry has been green synthesis, which has applied environmentally friendly and efficient methods to synthesize biological derivatives. The use of catalysts has significant advantages, including simple separation and preparation, chemical and thermal stability, and eco-friendly nature and their features such as reusability, low cost, high efficiency and easy operation. Therefore, the mechanism is performed by a non-toxic organic catalyst that uses the chemical reactants and the least energy in accordance based on the least waste and green chemistry. Methods: Sequential addition and one-pot methods were applied to produce benzoxazinone derivatives. In the sequential addition approach, the reaction was begun by adding anthranilic acid and acetic anhydride to the reaction vessel under microwave irradiation and continued by adding γ‐ Fe2O3@ CPTMS-DETA @SO3H as super-magnetic nano-hybrid recyclable green catalysts and the desired acyl chlorides. Results: The main objective of this project was to synthesize benzoxazin-4 (3H) -one derivatives in the presence of super-paramagnetic organic-inorganic nanohybrid particles based on improved sulfonic acid (γ- Fe2O3 @ SiO2 - DETA @ SO3H) as an efficient recyclable heterogeneous catalyst. Conclusion: This paramagnetic nano-organocatalyst was characterized by EDX, VSM, TGA, FESEM, FT-IR, and XRD. Advantages of this catalyst include easy preparation, clear and easy operation, short reaction time (15–30 min), as well as without the use of toxic catalysts. In addition, the catalyst can be separated from the reaction solution using an external magnet by magnetic decantation; it can be recycled up to six times without reducing its activity.

Antimicrobial Properties of Nanofiber Membrane and Commercial Micromembrane by Modification with Diethylenetriamine (DETA) and Attachment of Silver Nanoparticles

Water demand is steadily increasing, and usable water supply is constantly decreasing. It is urgent to find a cheap and efficient way to recycle water. Currently, membrane technologies are getting promising results, but some factors drastically reduce their effectiveness. In membrane filtration, biofouling is one of the most limiting factors, reducing filtration efficiency. In this work, the micro- and nanofibres-composed membranes were modified with diethylenetriamine (DETA), and silver nanoparticles were attached to a modified surface to minimize biofouling risk during filtration. Different conditions were tested for reaction with DETA and attachment of nanoparticles. Antimicrobial tests were performed, and the leaching of nanoparticles over time was checked. The modified membranes (Nadir® MV020T and PA PVDF) containing silver nanoparticles ranging in size from 20 to 50 nm showed antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli in the form of 3–4 mm inhibitory zones. The percentage of released AgNPs was 0.47% and 2.12% for Nadir® MV020T and PA PVDF membrane after 21 days, respectively. Polyvinylpyrrolidone was used to increase the stability of the nanoparticles, and the results were compared.

The effect of lignin-based polyols on the properties of polyurethane coatings

The aim of this research was to replace petroleum-based polyols with polyols made from lignin and nano-lignin in the production of polyurethane coatings. Lignin and nano-lignin were first reacted with either diethylenetriamine or ethylenediamine. Subsequently, they were modified with propylene carbonate. The lignin- and nano-lignin-derived polyols replaced the conventional acrylic polyol in the production of polyurethane coatings. The results of Fourier transform infrared analysis showed that urethane, isothiocyanate and strong C–N bonds were formed in nano-lignin-based polyurethanes. Moreover, the surface adhesion test of the lignin-based polyurethane coating showed that with increasing lignin content, the adhesion strength of the coating decreased. Mixing lignin nanoparticles into the polyurethane substrate caused the adhesion strength to rise from 1.67 to 4.52 MPa. An increase in the amino nano-lignin content of oil-based polyol of up to 7% improved the curing of the coating and increased the scratch resistance to more than 5 kg. The results showed that lignin from a mechanical pulping process has a direct effect on reducing the smoothness and the glossiness of polyurethane coatings.

Investigation of the effect of diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid chelating agent as an enhanced oil recovery fluid on wettability alteration of sandstone rocks

This study used the diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)-seawater (SW) system to modify the sandstone rock wettability and enhance oil recovery. The investigation involved conducting wettability measurement, Zeta potential measurement, and spontaneous imbibition experiment. The introduction of 5% DTPA-SW solution resulted in a significant decrease in the rock-oil contact angle from 143° to 23°, along with a reduction in the Zeta potential from −2.29 mV to −13.06 mV, thereby altering the rock surface charge and shifting its wettability from an oil-wet state to a strongly water-wet state. The presence or absence of potential determining ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42−) in the solution did not impact the effectiveness of DTPA in changing the rock wettability. However, by tripling the concentration of these ions in the solution, the performance of 5% DTPA-SW solution in changing wettability was impaired. Additionally, spontaneous imbibition tests demonstrated that the 5% DTPA-SW solution led to an increase in oil recovery up to 39.6%. Thus, the optimum mass fraction of DTPA for changing sandstone wettability was determined to be 5%.

In situ formed carbon nanoparticles enables colorimetric and fluorometric dual-mode immunoassay detection of amantadine in poultry foodstuffs

To prevent the hazard concerns of amantadine (AMD) on humans, a sensitive and reliable detection method is urgently required. Herein, we reported a one-pot method in situ synthesis of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) exhibited yellow color and green fluorescence. 4-Aminophenyl phosphate was catalyzed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) to ρ-aminophenol (AP), and induced polymerization with diethylenetriamine (DETA) under a mild condition, which promotes in situ formation of CNPs with excellent photoluminescence stability. According to ALP-triggered specific catalytic reaction and in situ formed CNPs as signal tags, we proposed a dual-signal immunoassay for colorimetric and fluorometric monitoring AMD residues in poultry foodstuffs. Under an optimized detection parameter, the linear range and detection limit corresponded to colorimetric and fluorometric were 0.03 to 200 ng g−1 and 0.03 to 200 ng g−1, 0.047 ng g−1 and 0.060 ng g−1, respectively. The convincing performance of our established in-situ dual-readout sensing platforms opened a promising horizon for monitoring AMD residues in poultry productions.

Automatic Multiscale Method of Building up a Cross-linked Polymer Reaction System: Bridging SMILES to the Multiscale Molecular Dynamics Simulation

An automatic method is introduced to generate the initial configuration and input file from SMILES for multiscale molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of cross-linked polymer reaction systems. Inputs are a modified version of SMILES of all the components and conditions of coarse-grained (CG) and all-atom (AA) simulations. The overall process comprises the following steps: (1) Modified SMILES inputs of all the components are converted to 3-dimensional coordinates of molecular structures. (2) Molecular structures are mapped to the coarse-grained scale, followed by a CG reaction simulation. (3) CG beads are backmapped to the atomic scale after the CG reaction. (4) An AA productive run is finally performed to analyze volume shrinkage, glass transition, and atomic detail of network structure. The method is applied to two common epoxy resin reactions, that is, the cross-linking process of DGEVA (diglycidyl ether of vanillyl alcohol) and DHAVA (dihydroxyaminopropane of vanillyl alcohol) and that of DGEBA (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A) and DETA (diethylenetriamine). These components form network structures after the CG cross-linking reaction and are then backmapped to calculate properties in the atomic scale. The result demonstrates that the method can accurately predict volume shrinkage, glass transition, and all-atom structure of cross-linked polymers. The method bridges from SMILES to MD simulation trajectories in an automatic way, which shortens the time of building up cross-linked polymer reaction model and suitable for high-throughput computations.

Development of low heavy metal − Linz-Donawitz slag for safe spinach cultivation

Linz-Donawitz Slag is regarded as a soil conditioner and can be exploited for its mineral and nutritional value in agriculture, however, it is necessary to check the Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) which could impact the soil rapidly and crop production adversely. Environmental hazards associated with mounting piles of Linz-Donawitz slag emanating from the steel producing industry and its sustainable management are a major challenge. A research study was carried out using different chemical chelating agents to achieve reduction in PTEs' concentration in Linz-Donawitz slag and to study the effect of transfer of PTEs’ from the treated and untreated LD Slag applied to the spinach. Optimization was done using response surface methodology, and the highest extraction efficiency for Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) removal was observed using a concentration of 10 mM, liquid-to-solid ratio of 5:1, and shaking time of 60 min to obtain Low heavy metal Linz-Donawitz slag (Low HM-LD Slag). The highest chelation was observed while using the chelating agent Ethylene diamine-N, N'-Di succinic acid (EDDS) followed by Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) then Diethylene triamine penta acetate (DTPA), and the least extraction was observed using the Citric acid (CA). The Low HM-LD Slag so obtained was assessed for its response on Spinach under the varied level of Recommended Dosage of Fertilizer (RDF) under field soil in pot culture. A significant difference in the growth of spinach was observed between 100% RDF treated Low HM-LD Slag and 50% RDF treated Low HM-LD Slag derived using different chelating agents The PTE analysis of soil and plant showed an undetectable level of Cd, Pb in both the shoot and root samples Under Low HM-LD Slag treatments @ 100% and 50% RDF condition. The present work advocates the use of chemical chelators reducing PTEs' load in Linz-Donawitz slag before using it for application in agriculture as a soil conditioner or as a fertilizer.

Facile Synthesis of Alkaline Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvents: Application for Effective and Reversible SO2 Uptake

Effective capture and recycling of SO2 are of great significance to environmental protection and high-value utilization. Herein, a promising strategy for effective and reversible capture of SO2 was proposed using alkaline ternary deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as absorbents. The absorbents consisting of choline chloride (ChCl), diethylenetriamine (DETA), and ethylene glycol (EG) with different molar ratios show a relatively lower viscosity and higher thermal stability. Here, ChCl/DETA/EG (1:1:2) could take out 0.87 g of SO2/g of solvent at 298.15 K and 1.0 bar. Surprisingly, a SO2 absorption capacity of 0.53 g/g could still be gained under a lower SO2 partial pressure (0.2 bar). Besides, the prepared absorbents also exhibit rapid equilibration time and satisfied reusability, providing a potential alternative strategy for the effective and reversible elimination of SO2.

Growing maize while biological remediating a multiple metal-contaminated soil: a promising solution with the hyperaccumulator plant Sedum alfredii and the earthworm Amynthas morrisi

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of earthworm Amynthas morrisi on the metal bioaccumulation by two plant species, Sedum alfredii Hance (Sedum) and maize (Zea mays L.), in a co-cropping system and possible influencing pathways, and assess the remediation potential of all combination of these organisms to identify the best option. In this study, an eight-week microcosm experiment was conducted to investigate the main and interactive effects of the earthworm Amynthas morrisi, the hyperaccumulator plant Sedum alfredii Hance (Sedum), and maize (Zea mays L.) on C and N forms, and microbial characteristics and diethylene triamine penta acetic acid (DTPA) extractable metals of a soil heavily contaminated by multiple metals (i.e., Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu). In addition, plant growth and metal accumulation were evaluated and the possible influencing pathways of metal accumulation by the two plant species were assessed. Finally, a remediation strategy was proposed based on the amounts of metals removed by sedum and maize. The soil quality index achieved after eight weeks of experiments, was best with Sedum, and worst in the control with no plants and no earthworms. A path analysis suggests that earthworms exerted strong effects on plant metal accumulation by changing plant growth, with soil microbes playing a mediating role. The association of Sedum and Maize significantly increased the Zn concentration and decreased the Pb and Cu concentrations in the aboveground parts of Sedum compared with Sedum alone, whereas Sedum decreased the Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu concentrations in the aboveground parts of maize compared with maize alone treatment. PCA showed that when maize was co-cropped with Sedum, metal transfer from its roots to the aboveground parts decreased. The Earthworm + Sedum + Maize treatment displayed the most effective Cd and Zn removal, indicating that the combined introduction of A. morrisi and S. alfredii can effectively remediate soils co-contaminated by Cd and Zn in maize cropping systems.