Birth Weight In Pregnant Women Research Articles

The maternal factors associated with infant low birth weight: an umbrella review

BackgroundIn this umbrella review, we systematically evaluated the evidence from meta-analyses and systematic reviews of maternal factors associated with low birth weight.MethodsPubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched to identify all relevant published studies up to August 2023. We included all meta-analysis studies (based on cohort, case-control, cross-sectional studies) that examined the association between maternal factors (15 risk factors) and risk of LBW, regardless of publication date. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the summary effect size along with the 95% confidence interval (CI), 95% prediction interval, and heterogeneity (I2) in all meta-analyses. Hedges’ g was used as the effect size metric. The effects of small studies and excess significance biases were assessed using funnel plots and the Egger’s test, respectively. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the AMSTAR 2 tool.ResultsWe included 13 systematic Review with 15 meta-analysis studies in our study based on the inclusion criteria. The following 13 maternal factors were identified as risk factors for low birth weight: crack/cocaine (odds ratio [OR] 2.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.26–3.52), infertility (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.2–1.48), smoking (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.76–2.28), periodontal disease (OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.67–3.47), depression (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.34–2.53), anemia (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.13–1.55), caffeine/coffee (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.14–1.57), heavy physical workload (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.00-3.47), lifting ≥ 11 kg (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.02–2.48), underweight (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.20–2.67), alcohol (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.04–1.46), hypertension (OR 3.90, 95% CI 2.73–5.58), and hypothyroidism (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.01–1.94). A significant negative association was also reported between antenatal care and low birth weight.ConclusionsThis umbrella review identified drug use (such as crack/cocaine), infertility, smoking, periodontal disease, depression, caffeine and anemia as risk factors for low birth weight in pregnant women. These findings suggest that pregnant women can reduce the risk of low birth weight by maintaining good oral health, eating a healthy diet, managing stress and mental health, and avoiding smoking and drug use.

Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor Use Increases Birthweight in Pregnant Women With Rheumatoid Arthritis Independently of the Soluble Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1/Placental Growth Factor Ratio.

To study whether the use of TNF (tumor necrosis factor) inhibitors (TNFi) by pregnant women with rheumatoid arthritis affects sFlt-1 (soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1), PlGF (placental growth factor), or their impact on birthweight. sFlt-1 and PlGF were measured in all trimesters of pregnancy in the Preconception Counseling in Active Rheumatoid Arthritis study and were compared according to the use of TNFi. The association of sFlt-1 and PlGF with birthweight in relation to TNFi was determined. The study included 158 women, of whom 52.5% used TNFi during pregnancy. Both sFlt-1 and PlGF increased during pregnancy, whereas their ratio declined. Taking into consideration the trimester-related variation in levels of sFlt-1 and PlGF, after correction for relevant confounders, the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio was not significantly different between patients who did or did not use TNFi (sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in the second trimester compared with the first trimester: estimated change 8.17 [95% CI, 2.54-26.29], P=0.79; sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in the third trimester compared with the first trimester: estimated change 6.25 [95% CI, 1.73-22.50], P=0.25). In women who did not use TNFi, birthweight was significantly lower (3180 versus 3302 g; P=0.03), and sFlt-1 displayed a negative correlation with birthweight (r=-0.462, P<0.001) and birthweight percentile (r=-0.332, P=0.008). In TNFi users, these correlations were absent. TNF inhibitor use increases birthweight in pregnant women with rheumatoid arthritis independently of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio. http://clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01345071.

Predictors of birth weight in pregnant women with malaria: a prospective cohort facility-based study in Webuye-Kenya

In sub-Saharan Africa, malaria, which remains a major public health burden, has a prevalence of 9 to 28% and malaria in pregnancy is associated with severe adverse outcomes for the mother and her baby. Here, we sought to determine the predictors of birth weight in a cohort of 140 women with malaria in pregnancy, who were recruited at the Webuye County hospital in Western Kenya. All study participants underwent malaria diagnosis through microscopic examination of blood smear samples and were grouped into the malaria-positive and malaria-negative groups. Both groups were followed up beginning at the first antenatal visit (March 2022) until delivery (December 2022) and various data, including demographic, parity, gravidity, socioeconomic, maternal and fetal outcomes were collected. Data analyses were done using SPSS version 27. Chi-square and Fisher’s Exact tests were used for bivariate and relative risk analyses at a p-value of ≤0.05 (95%) confidence level. Most of the participants were aged 18–25 years, were primigravidas and married, had secondary school-level education, earned 20–30 thousand Kenya shillings, resided in rural areas, and were in the second trimester. There were 6 (4.6%) cases of low birth weight, 3 (4.5%) in the malaria-negative group and 3 (4.7%) in the malaria-positive group. During pregnancy, 41 (31.5%) were anaemic, 5 (3.8%) were HIV-positive, 5 (3.8%) had preeclampsia, and 2 (1.5%) had gestational diabetes. Our analyses show that confounding factors like anaemia, HIV, pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes did not influence birthweight (p ≥ 0.923). The malaria-positive and malaria-negative groups did not differ significantly with regard to the low birth weight (relative risk: 0.999, 95% confidence interval: 0.926–1.077). Marital status, gestational age, and area of residence were associated with malaria p ≤ 0.001, ≤ 0.001 and 0.028 respectively. In both groups, 124 of the 140 deliveries had normal birth weights and of these 63 (95.4%, n = 70) were in the malaria-negative group, whereas 61 (95.3%, n = 70) belonged to the malaria-positive group.

Accuracy of Dare's formula in estimating fetal birth weight in pregnant women.

To evaluate the accuracy of Dare's formula in estimating fetal birth weight in pregnant women. A prospective study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi after institutional ethical committee clearance. In all, 175 pregnant women with singleton pregnancies of 37 weeks or more were included. The aim was to assess fetal birth weight by Dare's formula and ultrasonography. This estimated fetal weight (EFW) was compared with actual birth weight (ABW) of newborn. Estimated fetal birth weight by Dare's formula was within 10% of ABW in 77 (44.00%) cases. Meanwhilein the majority(98; 56.00%), EFW by Dare's formula was not within 10% of ABW. The proportion of EFW by ultrasonography within 10% and not within 10% of ABW were comparable (50.29% [88] and 49.71% [87], respectively). Dare's formula can be used by medical personnel as a clinical method in routine prenatal care to estimate fetal weight, for better management of women in labor to decrease the maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity.

MTRR gene rs1801394 polymorphism is associated with neonatal birth weight in pregnant women with fetal growth retardation

Aim: to assess associations between folate cycle gene polymorphism and neonatal birth weight in pregnant women with fetal growth retardation (FGR) and related functional effects in population of the Central Black Earth Region.Materials and Methods. 98 cases of women with FGR were enrolled to a retrospective molecular and genetic screening to assess prevalence 5 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) in genes involved in folic acid cycle and methionine metabolism (rs699517 TYMS, rs2790 TYMS, rs1979277 SHMT1, rs1805087 MTR, rs1801394 MTRR).Results. It was found out that allele A of the rs1801394 MTRR was associated with a lower neonatal birth weight (recessive model: β = –0.34 ± 0.13; p = 0.009). This polymorphic locus exerts crucial functional effects by determining the amino acid substitution in methionine synthase reductase (Ile22Met) localized in the region of modified histones, which mark enhancers and promoters in ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm cell cultures, primary osteoblast cells, brain, fat nuclei, skeletal muscles, etc. In addition, rs1801394 MTRR is found DNA sites (motifs) responsible for sensitivity to transcription factors STAT and TBX5 being also related to MTRR gene mRNA expression level in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue, thyroid gland, fibroblast cell culture as well as various brain regions.Conclusion. Thus, the allele A of the rs1801394 polymorphism in MTRR gene is a risk factor for a lower neonatal birth weight.

Correlation of Cross-sectional Area of the Umbilical Cord on Antenatal Ultrasound with Neonatal Birth Weight in Pregnant Women with and without Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Cohort Study

Introduction: Many foetal and maternal complications, such as polyhydramnios, macrosomia, birth injuries, and operative interference, are linked with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). Among these, macrosomia is particularly significant, as it increases the risk of shoulder dystocia, brachial plexus injury, birth asphyxia, and maternal complications, including emergency Lower Segment Caesarean Section (LSCS), Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH), and perineal trauma. Therefore, one of the most essential perinatal goals in GDM is to predict macrosomia by estimating birth weight, thereby preventing adverse maternal and foetal outcomes. Aim: To evaluate whether there is a correlation between the cross-sectional area of the Umbilical Cord (UCA) and the Neonatal Birth Weight (NBW) in pregnant women with GDM. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted in the Departments of Radiology and Obstetrics Bangalore Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. A total of 100 pregnant women (50 with GDM and 50 without GDM) were recruited from July 2021 to July 2022. Ultrasound examination (USG) was performed on pregnant women after 36 weeks of gestation. The UCA was measured in a free-floating loop, and the NBW was measured using a digital scale. The correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the degree of correlation between UCA and NBW. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 26.5±3.9 years. The frequency of macrosomia was higher in the GDM group (8%) compared to the control group (4%). A strong positive correlation was observed between UCA and NBW in both diabetics (r=0.819) and control groups (r=0.736). Conclusion: A strong positive correlation exists between UCA and NBW in women with GDM. Therefore, it should be estimated during routine antenatal USG for the prediction of birth weight in such women.

PDX1 Methylation, NGN3 and Pax6 Expression Levels in Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and their association with neonatal blood sugars and birth weight.

To investigate the correlation of maternal PDX1 methylation, NGN3 and Pax6 expression levels with neonatal blood sugars and birth weight in pregnant women with GDM and non GDM. This was a prospective cohort study. Total 80 pregnant women who were examined and delivered in the Department of Obstetrics of Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University from January 2019 to June 2022 were recruited and divided into two groups according to the results of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): the control group and the observation group, with 40 cases in each group. PDXl methylation rate was measured by the methylation-specific PCR method, whereas gene expression levels of PDX1, NGN3 and Pax6 were measured by RT-PCR meanwhile, neonatal blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were also measured. In comparison with the control group, the observation group had higher levels of FBG, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (2hPBG) and HbA1c (P<0.05). Neonatal birth weight and insulin levels in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group, while Apgar scores and blood glucose were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05). Moreover, the observation group had significantly lower gene expression levels of PDX1, NGN3 and Pax6, and a higher PDX1 methylation rate than the control group (P<0.05). Correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between neonatal blood glucose levels and PDX1, NGN3 and Pax6 levels in the observation group, with statistical significance (P<0.05). Changes in maternal PDX1 methylation, NGN3 and Pax6 expression levels may lead to abnormal glucose metabolism in neonates, which has a close bearing on neonatal hypoglycemia and blood glucose levels caused by GDM.

Risk factors associated with low birth weight at the Northern Regional Hospital in Belize. July-December, 2021

Low birth weight is a significant challenge for public health. It represents one of the most important aspects that can affect a newborn to experience satisfactory growth and development. Objective: to describe the risk factors for low birth weight in pregnant women treated at the Northern Regional Hospital, Orange Walk, Belize, for a period of six months. Method: A descriptive, retrospective study was carried out, with an epidemiological approach, of 27 mothers having newborns weighing &lt;2500 g, between July and December 2021. Results: 65% of the newborns with LBW occurred in the second semester of the year, being August, September and December the most affected months. Dystocic births (C-sections) had the highest incidence, and most of the patients came from rural areas. Urinary tract infection had the highest incidence in almost all age groups, followed by anemia and hypertension as the three more prevalent comorbidities. Low maternal weight gain can be also considered as predictor for LBW. Conclusions: Improvement of preconceptional and prenatal care is essential to prevent LBW neonates and to decrease the high morbidity and mortality associated to this condition.

The Relationship Between Maternal Age And The Incidence Of Low Birth Weight Babies

The Riau Province health profile (2020) shows that the biggest cause of neonatal death is low birth weight babies (LBW). This is supported by national data (RISKESDAS 2019). One of the factors considered to be contributing to the high prevalence of low birth weight babies in Indonesia is the age of the mother. The purpose of the study : To determine the relationship between maternal age and the incidence of low birth weight in pregnant women at Selasih Pangkalan Kerinci Regional Hospital, Pelalawan District, Riau. Method: This an analytic research with a cross-sectional design. Samples were taken using a non-probability consecutive sampling from medical record in 2020-2021 . The number of respondents obtained was 93 and a chi square test was carried out. Results : Respondents who were &lt;21 years of age experienced the most low birth weight events, namely 19 people (20.4%). Respondents aged 21-34 years showed that as many as 17 respondents (18.2%) experienced low birth weight. Respondents who were &gt;35 years old showed that 22 people or 23.6% experienced low birth weight. Based on Chi-Square Tests, a relationship was found between maternal age and low birth weight babies with a p-value of 0.003 (p value &lt;0.05). The results of the study from 93 research samples found that 58 mothers (62.4%) gave birth to babies with low birth weight and 35 mothers (37.6%) did not. Conclusion: A significant relationship was found between age of pregnant women and the incidence of low birth weight babies at Selasih Pangkalan Kerinci Regional Hospital.

Evaluating Ultrasonography Fetal Weight in Comparison to Actual Birth Weight in Term Pregnant Women at Tertiary Care Center Hospital

Background: Prenatal mortality is very high in Pakistan. One of the most reasons is low birth weight and preterm babies. Hence, estimating the baby's weight is paramount in antennal care. Birth weight refers to the body weight of a newborn. Multiple elements, like genetics epigenetics, nutritional and environmental factors can influence fetal weight. Ultrasonography is an important non-invasive tool for fetal weight estimation in normal and high-risk pregnancies. The role of ultrasound as a safe and non-invasive measurement for fetal growth and weight in pregnancy is well established. Objective: To determine the relationship between Sonographic fetal weight estimation in the prenatal period and definite birth weight in pregnant women in a multidisciplinary hospital set up Study design: A comparative study Place and Duration: Study was conducted in Department of Radiology, Chiniot General Hospital Korangi Karachi from January 2022 to June 2022 for six months duration. Methodology: The sample size is 50. Expecting mothers were taken in this study. These women were booked and they underwent an ultrasound examination of fetal weight in a prenatal period which was then correlated to actual fetal weight after birth by a pediatrician. Fetal weight was estimated and noted. It was measured by using. Hadlock's formula: log (10) birth weight = 1.335-0.0034(abdominal circumference) (femur length) + 0.0316 (Biparietal diameter) +0.0457(abdominal circumference) +0.1623(femur length). Results: Most of our patients were between 20-30 year age brackets. There was a strong linear relationship between ultrasound fetal weight and real birth weight. The mean age of females was 26.12±5.65 years, and the mean BMI of patients was 26.17±4.19kg/m2. A strong positive correlation (r=0.575, p&lt;0.05) was found between the fetal weight estimation on USG and actual birth weight. Conclusion: This study shows that ultrasound can be a valuable method of assessing fetal weight in pregnant women. Hence ultrasound can be used for informed decision-making for birthing decisions in expecting mothers. Keywords: Correlation, Ultrasonography, Birth Weight, Fetal

Effectiveness of a structured exercise intervention in gestational weight gain in pregnant women with overweight and obesity: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

To assess the effectiveness of exercise interventions during pregnancy in managing gestational weight gain (GWG), excessive GWG, gestational diabetes (GD), hypertensive disorders, 2-h post-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and birth weight in pregnant women with overweight/obesity (OW/OB). The search strategy was conducted in five electronic databases, restricting to articles published within the past 10 years. Randomized controlled trials comparing exercise intervention with usual prenatal care in pregnant women with OW/OB were considered. Two reviewers extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials and the quality of studies using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation classification. Continuous data were calculated as mean differences (MDs) and dichotomous data as risk ratios (RRs). Seven trials comprising 1648 pregnant women were included. Exercise interventions were associated with lower GWG (MD, -1.19 kg [95% confidence interval, CI, -1.79 to -0.60]) and lower incidence of GD (RR, 0.56 [95% CI, 0.40-0.78]). When analyzing excessive GWG, 2-h post-OGTT, birth weight, and hypertensive disorders, there was no statistically significant difference between the exercise and usual care groups. The strength of evidence was considered moderate. Exercise interventions during pregnancy in women with OW/OB were shown to influence GWG and the incidence of GD.

Study on the correlation between maternal serum uric acid and foetal birth weight in Naqu, Tibet

In high-altitude regions, low birth weight is mainly caused by hypoxia. We aimed to determine whether maternal serum uric acid (SUC) level was associated with decreased foetal birth weight. The relevant data of individual pregnant women who delivered between 37 and 40 weeks in the People’s Hospital of Naqu City, Tibet were retrospectively collected. The correlation between maternal SUC and birth weight was examined using multivariate linear regression analysis and subgroup analysis. The results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between SUC and birth weight in pregnant women with proteinuria, female foetuses, and primiparas. Fitting smoothing curve analysis showed that there was a negative linear correlation between SUC and birth weight in primiparas and female foetuses. Maternal SUC is negatively associated with foetal birth weight in a single pregnancy with proteinuria, primipara, or female foetuses in the Naqu region of Tibet, China. IMPACT STATEMENT What is already known on this subject? Preeclampsia associated with hyperuricaemia can affect foetal birth weight, foetal birth weight in plains area is negatively correlated with maternal hyperuricaemia. What do the results of this study add? Maternal SUC was negatively correlated with foetal birth weight, especially in primipara, mothers with proteinuria, and pregnant girls. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? The results suggest that attention should be paid to SUC in pregnant women, especially in primipara, mothers with proteinuria, and pregnant girls, in the prevention of low birth weight infants in Naqu Plateau area of Tibet.

The effect of maternal metabolic factors and lipid profile on birth weight in pregnant women with gestational diabetes and normal glucose tolerance

The effect of maternal metabolic factors and lipid profile on birth weight in pregnant women with gestational diabetes and normal glucose tolerance

Impact Of Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), Derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (dNLR), Systemic inflammation index (SII), Systemic inflammation response index (SIR-I), and Aspartate transaminase/platelet ratio (APRI) In Predicting Pregnancy Outcomes Of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Objective: We aimed to investigate the effect of systemic inflammation indices in predicting pregnancy outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Materials and Methods: Pregnant women with Crohn’s disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC) were identified from hospital medical records. Demographic features, disease type, duration and activity, and obstetric outcomes such as gestational age, mode of delivery, birth weight, Apgar scores at the first and fifth minutes after birth, and neonatal intensive care unit admission were assessed. Laboratory tests were conducted in the first trimester, including complete blood count and liver function. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), derived neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (dNLR), systemic inflammation index (SII), systemic inflammation response index (SIR-I), and aspartate transaminase/platelet ratio (APRI) were measured. Results: The study involved 48 pregnant women, 26 diagnosed with UC and 22 with CD. At least one attack occurred in 31.3% of all patients during pregnancy. For predicting attacks during pregnancy, the optimal cutoff values of dNLR, NLR, SII, SIR-I, and APRI were 2.12 (86.7% sensitivity, 82.8% specificity), 2.89 (86.7% sensitivity, 81.8% specificity), 850.7 109/L (66.7% sensitivity, 63.6% specificity), 1.06 109/L (66.7% sensitivity, 72.7% specificity), 0.051 (80% sensitivity, 75.8% specificity), respectively. A cut-off value of 0.07 for APRI ( 71.4% sensitivity and 73.2% specificity) was calculated to predict low birth weight. Conclusion: NLR, dNLR, SII, SIR-I, and APRI might help predict attacks in pregnant women with IBD. In addition, APRI may be utilized to predict low birth weight in pregnant women with IBD.

Increased risk of low infant birth weight in pregnant women with low PAPP-A values measured in the first trimester

Objectives: Testing pregnant women as early as in the first trimester has multiple advantages. Firstly, the first trimester screening combining ultrasound and serum marker testing (PAPP-A and free β-hCG) offers the highest currently possible — except for expensive tests using cell-free DNA biomarkers from the mother’s blood (ccf DNA) — detectability of aneuploid fetuses. Secondly, nuchal translucency (NT) measurement helps determine the risk of numerous abnormalities other than aneuoploidies. Lastly, nearly complete ultrasound assessment of fetal anatomy can be performed as early as in the first trimester of pregnancy. Material and methods: This study is based on prospective analysis. Study subjects were 236 pregnant women. One hundred thirty-one patients with a single pregnancy were qualified into the study group and had a combined ultrasound and biochemical screening for Down’s syndrome performed between 11 + 0 and 13 + 6 weeks of gestation, with the measured PAPP-A value at ≤ 0.50 MoM (multiples of the median). The control group comprised 105 pregnant women with PAPP-A value at a similar stage of pregnancy at &gt; 0.5 MoM. Results: The average observed value of the PAPP-A in the study group was 0.35 MoM while in the control group 1.29 MoM. Moreover, combined observation of infant birth weights in both groups compared to the PAPP-A MoM values has shown a significant relationship between those characteristics (r = 0.15, p = 0.0184). Conclusions: The results showed that pregnant women with low PAPP-A MoM value measured during the first trimester have a higher risk of giving birth to a low-birth-weight infant (which is the value below 2500 g), than the pregnant women whose PAPP-A MoM value in the first trimester did not meet this criterion.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring Metrics and Birth Weight: Informing Management of Type 1 Diabetes Throughout Pregnancy.

To determine gestational weekly changes in continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics and 24-h glucose profiles and their relationship to infant birth weight in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes. An analysis of >10.5 million CGM glucose measures from 386 pregnant women with type 1 diabetes from two international multicenter studies was performed. CGM glucose metrics and 24-h glucose profiles were calculated for each gestational week, and the relationship to normal (10-90th percentile) and large (>90th percentile) for gestational age (LGA) birth weight infants was determined. Mean CGM glucose concentration fell and percentage of time spent in the pregnancy target range of 3.5-7.8 mmol/L (63-140 mg/dL) increased in the first 10 weeks of pregnancy and plateaued until 28 weeks of gestation, before further improvement in mean glucose and percentage of time in range until delivery. Maternal CGM glucose metrics diverged at 10 weeks of gestation, with significantly lower mean CGM glucose concentration (7.1 mmol/L; 95% CI 7.05-7.15 [127.8 mg/dL; 95% CI 126.9-128.7] vs. 7.5 mmol/L; 95% CI 7.45-7.55 [135 mg/dL; 95% CI 134.1-135.9]) and higher percentage of time in range (55%; 95% CI 54-56 vs. 50%; 95% CI 49-51) in women who had normal versus LGA. The 24-h glucose profiles were significantly higher across the day from 10 weeks of gestation in LGA. Normal birth weight is associated with achieving significantly lower mean CGM glucose concentration across the 24-h day and higher CGM time in range from before the end of the first trimester, emphasizing the need for a shift in clinical management, with increased focus on using weekly CGM glucose targets for optimizing maternal glycemia from early pregnancy.

EFFECT OF ZINK TABLETS INTERVENTION IN ZINC DEFICIENCY OF TRIMESTER III PREGNANT WOMEN TOWARD WEIGHT AND BODY LENGTH OF NEWBORN

Background: According to 2018 World Health Organization (WHO) data globally, an estimated 17.3% of the population has inadequate zinc intake, with estimates ranging from 5.7% in Oceania to 7.6% in Europe, 9.6% in America and the Caribbean, highest in Africa (23.9%) and Asia (19.6%). Zinc is important for the function of a number of enzymes and growth hormones during pregnancy. In pregnant women, the relative zinc concentration decreases up to 35% due to the influence of hormonal changes and the transport of nutrients from mother to baby.&#x0D; Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of giving zinc tablets to pregnant women with zinc deficiency in the third trimester on body weight and length of babies born at the Makassar City Health Center.&#x0D; Methods: This type of research is True Experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The sample in this study was 62 samples of third trimester pregnant women, and the sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Measurement of zinc levels in third trimester pregnant women using the Elisa reader kit at the Research Laboratory of the Hasanuddin University Teaching Hospital. The research instruments were in the form of a research explanation sheet, respondent's consent sheet, respondent's checklist sheet, and the mother's zinc tablet consumption control sheet for 14 days.&#x0D; Results: Judging from the average value of newborns in pregnant women who did not have zinc deficiency, the average value of birth weight in pregnant women with zinc deficiency was 15.70 g/dL and 18.95 g/dL. zinc deficiency with a value (p &lt; 0.05), while pregnant women with zinc deficiency have an average birth length of 10.00 g/dL and mothers who do not have a deficiency of 19.87 g/dL with a value (p &lt; 0.05). So, it can be concluded that giving zinc tablets to pregnant women in the third trimester has an effect on Birth Weight (BBL) and Birth Length (PBL).&#x0D; Conclusion: Giving zinc tablets has an effect on increasing zinc levels in third trimester zinc deficiency pregnant women and increasing birth weight and length of the baby.&#x0D;

Frequency of Low Birth Weight in Pregnant Women with Anemia

Objective: To determine the frequency of low birth weight in pregnant women with anemia. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional survey, was conducted at OMC Hospital, Jail Road, Lahore and Medicine Deptt. of Lahore General Hospital during March 2020 to November 2020. We included 320pregnant females with gestational ages between 30 to 36 weeks with hemoglobin level of &lt;10g/dl and further classified as moderate anemia with (Hb levels 8-9.9g/dl) and in severe anemia for those having Hb 8g/dl. All cases with known systemic diseases/abnormalities like hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell anemia/thalassemia), diabetes, hypertension, smoking, renal problems, oligo/polyhydramnios were excluded from the study. The neonates were examined after the delivery is done with the help of pediatrician and all protocols for neonates assessment were followed. All findings were recorded, low birth weight was considered if the neonatal weight was &lt;2500g. These neonates were followed until they are discharged from the hospital or mortality (if any). Routine informed consent was also obtained from the patients attendants to use their data in the study. Results: In our study, 32.5% of the cases were low birth weight whereas 67.5%(n=216) cases had normal birth weight. Conclusion: Frequency of low birth weight is higher in mothers presenting with anemia. Keywords: Maternal anemia, low birth weight, association

Low Birthweight in Women with Vitamin D Deficiency

Objective: to record the rate of low birth weight in pregnant women with vitamin D deficiency Methodology: We enrolled 120 pregnant women having &lt;30ng/mL serum level of 25(OH)D during first trimester of pregnancy. These cases were enrolled from Deptt. of Obstet &amp; Gynaecol, Nishter Hospital, Multan. The age range was reproductive age group with any parity and 37-40weeks of gestation. The levels of 25(OH)D were evaluated through hospital laboratory whereas these cases were followed till delivery with routine treatment of Vitamin D deficiency. Birth weight of the neonate i.e. weight&lt;2.5kg was considered as low birth weight neonates Results: Frequency of vitamin D deficiency in low birth weight neonates was 40.83%(n=49) Conclusion: We concluded that the frequency of low birth weight is higher among pregnant women with vitamin D deficiency. Keywords: Pregnant women, vitamin D deficiency, low birth weight

Clinical study showing a lower abundance of Neisseria in the oral microbiome aligns with low birth weight pregnancy outcomes

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to examine the association between the oral microbiome and pregnancy outcomes, specifically healthy or preterm low birth weight (PLBW) in individuals with and without periodontal disease (PD).Material and methodsIn this prospective clinical trial, we recruited 186 pregnant women, 17 of whom exhibited PD and delivered PLBW infants (PD-PLBW group). Of the remaining women, 155 presented PD and delivered healthy infants; 18 of these subjects with similar periodontal condition and age matched to the PD-PLBW group, and they became the PD-HD group. From the total group, 11 women exhibited healthy gingiva and had a healthy delivery (HD) and healthy infants (H-HD group), and 3 exhibited healthy gingiva and delivered PLBW infants (H-PLBW group). Periodontal parameters were recorded, and subgingival plaque and serum were collected during 26–28 gestational weeks. For the plaque samples, microbial abundance and diversity were accessed by 16S rRNA sequencing.ResultsWomen with PD showed an enrichment in the genus Porphyromonas, Treponema, and Filifactor, whereas women with healthy gingiva showed an enrichment in Streptococcus, Actinomyces, and Corynebacterium, independently of the birth status. Although no significant difference was found in the beta diversity between the 4 groups, women that had PLBW infants presented a significantly lower abundance of the genus Neisseria, independently of PD status.ConclusionLower levels of Neisseria align with preterm low birth weight in pregnant women, whereas a higher abundance of Treponema, Porphyromonas, Fretibacterium, and Filifactor and a lower abundance of Streptococcus may contribute to periodontal disease during pregnancy.Clinical relevanceThe oral commensal Neisseria have potential in the prediction of PLBW.