Abstract
ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to examine the association between the oral microbiome and pregnancy outcomes, specifically healthy or preterm low birth weight (PLBW) in individuals with and without periodontal disease (PD).Material and methodsIn this prospective clinical trial, we recruited 186 pregnant women, 17 of whom exhibited PD and delivered PLBW infants (PD-PLBW group). Of the remaining women, 155 presented PD and delivered healthy infants; 18 of these subjects with similar periodontal condition and age matched to the PD-PLBW group, and they became the PD-HD group. From the total group, 11 women exhibited healthy gingiva and had a healthy delivery (HD) and healthy infants (H-HD group), and 3 exhibited healthy gingiva and delivered PLBW infants (H-PLBW group). Periodontal parameters were recorded, and subgingival plaque and serum were collected during 26–28 gestational weeks. For the plaque samples, microbial abundance and diversity were accessed by 16S rRNA sequencing.ResultsWomen with PD showed an enrichment in the genus Porphyromonas, Treponema, and Filifactor, whereas women with healthy gingiva showed an enrichment in Streptococcus, Actinomyces, and Corynebacterium, independently of the birth status. Although no significant difference was found in the beta diversity between the 4 groups, women that had PLBW infants presented a significantly lower abundance of the genus Neisseria, independently of PD status.ConclusionLower levels of Neisseria align with preterm low birth weight in pregnant women, whereas a higher abundance of Treponema, Porphyromonas, Fretibacterium, and Filifactor and a lower abundance of Streptococcus may contribute to periodontal disease during pregnancy.Clinical relevanceThe oral commensal Neisseria have potential in the prediction of PLBW.
Highlights
The oral microbiome is a complex microbial community with up to 1,000 total microbial species, comprised of bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, and protozoa that live in the oral cavity [1]
The analysis showed no obvious separation between the H, G, and P groups and between the H-healthy delivery (HD), H-preterm low birth weight (PLBW), periodontal disease (PD)-PLBW, and PD-HD groups, which corroborated the alpha diversity results, indicating similar microbial community structures for all groups
The results indicated that Capnocytophaga, Haemophilus, and Streptococcus genera were negatively correlated with periodontal parameters, such as periodontal probing depth (PPD) and bleeding on probe (BOP), whereas Filifactor, Fretibacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Selenomonas, TM7, and Treponema were positively correlated the same parameters
Summary
The oral microbiome is a complex microbial community with up to 1,000 total microbial species, comprised of bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, and protozoa that live in the oral cavity [1]. Changes in the oral cavity can alter the oral microbiome balance into a pathogenic state that can promote diseases in the host (dysbiosis) [2]. Over the past several decades, significant evidence has emerged that supports an association between periodontal pathogenic bacteria and preterm low birth weight (PLBW) [8, 11, 12]. Clinical studies indicated that a higher detection frequency of periodontal related microbial species, such as P. gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, and Tannerella forsythia, in saliva/dental plaque samples were related to PLBW [15]. P. gingivalis was observed in the placenta of the infection group by immunohistchemistry [18]
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