Birth Weight Status Research Articles

Association of maternal 25(OH)D levels during pregnancy with fetal birth weight and preschooler growth status: A retrospective birth cohort study.

There is limited and conflicting evidence available regarding the correlation between maternal vitamin D status and childhood overweight and body mass index (BMI). The aim of this study was to investigate the following: (1) potential association between maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and newborn growth status; (2) relationship between maternal 25OHD levels and BMI and the risk of overweight with preschoolers being overweight. A cohort of 3213 eligible singleton mother-infant pairs were used to investigate the possible associations between maternal 25(OH)D levels and fetal growth status. Data of 1767 available singleton mother-infant pairs and 6-year-old preschoolers was applied to analyze the potential correlations between maternal 25(OH)D status and risk of childhood overweight. Compared with sufficient 25(OH)D in pregnancy group (≥75 nmol/L), there were no correlations between the maternal 25(OH)D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) and large gestational age (LGA) (p = 0.465), small gestational age (SGA) (p = 0.607), lower birth weight (LBW) (p = 0.725) or fetal macrosomia (p = 0.535). Moreover, no significant associations between insufficient maternal 25(OH)D (50-75 nmol/L) and LGA (p = 0.505), SGA (p = 0.816), LBW (p = 0.816), or fetal macrosomia (p = 0.413) were observed. We found statistically significant disparities between the fetal birth weight and height (p < 0.001), weight (p < 0.001), head circumference (p = 0.001) of 6-years preschooler. No significant associations were found between the maternal 25(OH)D levels and BMI and risk of overweight at 6-year-old preschoolers. There were no apparent correlation found between maternal 25(OH)D concentrations and fetal birth status. There was no evidence found to suggest the effect of maternal 25(OH)D level on overweight at 6-year-old preschoolers.

Maternal education and antenatal attendance in Georgia: A cohort study

Abstract Background Antenatal care (ANC) and maternal education are important determinants for maternal and newborn health outcomes. Understanding the impact of maternal education on ANC is crucial. Purpose To examine the association between maternal education and ANC attendance. Methods A retrospective cohort study utilized nationwide electronic medical birth registry data (2020-2022) in Georgia. the study includes pregnant women and their newborns. A randomized sample was selected, and extracted variables included maternal age, parity, body mass index, education, year of delivery, gestational age, infant sex, Apgar score, birth weight, delivery type, and newborn status. Statistical analysis via IBM SPSS v23 involved chi-square, t-tests, and logistic regression. Results The sample size contains 4976 mothers after excluding cases with missing data (n = 25). The mean maternal age was 30.5 years (SD = 5.4), with a mean BMI of 28.0(SD = 4.8), and the mean gestational week was 38.4(SD = 2.0), with a mean birth weight of 3263.0 (SD = 568.0) grams. Highly educated women had more than 3 times higher odds (OR = 3.636,95%CI:2.575-5.134) of having at least one ANC visit compared to those with Unknown education. primiparous women had significantly higher odds of having at least one ANC visit compared to Multiparous women, OR = 1.519, (95%CI:1.081-2.135). The chi-square test showed significant difference between ANC visits and the number of liveborn/stillborn (χ² = 53.026, p &amp;lt; .001). Moreover, there was a significant association between birth weight categories and ANC visits (χ² = 167.095, p &amp;lt; .001). Conclusions Our study emphasizes the role of education in improving access to ANC among women with low education levels. We can increase ANC visits and improve maternal and newborn health outcomes by focusing educational efforts on pregnant women. Additionally, focusing on high-risk populations, and using tailored interventions can further improve ANC attendance along with maternal and neonatal health. Key messages • Boosting ANC access and improving maternal and neonatal health by tailored community programs. • Conservative communities and underrepresented communities require additional resources to promote tailored healthcare. and extra effort in education about ANC.

The Influence of Birth Weight, Socio-Economic Status, and Adult Health on Brain Volumes during Ageing

Introduction: Greater late-life brain volumes are associated with resilience against dementia. We examined relationships between birth weight, lifelong socio-economic status, and health with late-life brain volumes. We hypothesised that early life factors directly affect late-life brain volumes. Methods: Adults aged 59–67 y underwent MRI and brain volumes were measured. Birth weight and lifelong health, and socio-economic status were quantified and the principal components of each extracted. Relationships were examined using regression and structural equation analysis. Results: Birth weight (β = 0.095, p = 0.017) and childhood socio-economic status (β = 0.091, p = 0.033, n = 280) were directly associated with brain volume. Childhood socio-economic status was further associated with grey matter volume (β = 0.04, p = 0.047). Adult health was linked to increased brain volume (β = 0.15, p = 0.003). Conclusion: Birth weight and childhood socio-economic status are associated with whole and regional brain volume through direct mechanisms. Optimal fetal development, reduced childhood poverty, and good adult health could reduce brain atrophy and delay dementia onset in late-life.

Red Blood Cell Transfusion for Incidence of Retinopathy of Prematurity: Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness in preterm infants. This study sought to investigate the association between red blood cell (RBC) transfusion and ROP in very preterm infants (VPIs) to inform clinical strategies for ROP prevention and treatment. We designed a prospective multicenter cohort study that included VPIs and follow-up data from January 2017 to December 2022 at 3 neonatal clinical medicine centers. They were categorized into a transfusion group (infants who received an RBC transfusion within 4 wk) and a nontransfusion group. The relationship between RBC transfusion and ROP incidence was assessed using binary logistic regression, with subgroup analyses based on gestational age, birth weight, sex, and sepsis status. Inverse probability of treatment weighting and propensity score matching were applied to account for all potential confounding factors that could affect ROP development, followed by sensitivity analysis. The study included 832 VPIs, including 327 in the nontransfusion group and 505 in the transfusion group. The transfusion group had a lower average birth weight and gestational age and a greater incidence of ROP, ≥stage 2 ROP, and severe ROP. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the transfusion group had a significantly greater risk of ROP (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.70, 95% CI 1.14-2.53, P=.009) and ≥stage 2 ROP (aOR 1.68, 95% CI 1.02-2.78, P=.04) but not severe ROP (aOR 1.75, 95% CI 0.61-5.02, P=.30). The trend analysis also revealed an increased risk of ROP with an increasing number of transfusions and a larger volume of blood transfused (P for trend<.001). Subgroup analyses confirmed a consistent trend, with the transfusion group at a higher risk for ROP across all subgroups. Inverse probability of treatment weighting and propensity score matching analyses supported the initial findings. For VPIs, RBC transfusion significantly increases the risk of ROP, and the risk increases with an increasing number of transfusions and volume of blood transfused.

Hubungan ASI eksklusif dengan kejadian stunting pada balita 6-24 bulan pada tiga kecamatan kasus tertinggi stunting di Kabupaten Jeneponto, Sulawesi Selatan

Background: Stunting is a major issue with toddlers' eating habits, which are frequently linked to malnutrition during these crucial early years of development. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines stunting as a developmental failure characterized by a body length deficit about age, specifically a z-score of less than -2. A persistent problem with public health in some communities is the high rate of stunting. A few elements add to hindering, with selective breastfeeding being a basic determinant. Hindering, or weakened direct development, is a typical wholesome issue among babies that influences long-haul well-being, mental turn of events, and future efficiency. This study looks to evaluate whether selective breastfeeding is a gamble factor for hindering kids between the ages of 6 and two years in the Jeneponto region. Methods: An observational research design with a case-control approach was used. Children aged 6 to 24 months who were recorded in the posyandu (community health post) toddler register across three sub-districts—West Bangkala, Bontoramba, and Rumbia—were chosen for their high stunting rates. Findings: The review uncovered that 39.67% of kids were solely breastfed, while 60.33% were not. Bivariate examination demonstrated a remarkable connection between restrictive breastfeeding and hindering in this age bunch (p = 0.03; OR = 1.74), recommending that non-only breastfed youngsters had a 1.74 times higher gamble of hindering contrasted with the people who were solely breastfed. In any case, multivariate examination, which represented factors, for example, kid age, birth weight, mother's level, and breastfeeding status, uncovered that the connection between restrictive breastfeeding and hindering was as of now not huge (p = 0.49; OR = 1.23). This suggests that when these extra factors are thought of, the gamble of hindering non-solely breastfed youngsters was just 1.23 times higher than in only breastfed kids, a distinction not measurably huge. Conclusion: Although the initial data indicate that not exclusively breastfeeding increases the risk of stunting by 74%, this risk is reduced when other factors like maternal height, child age, birth weight, and overall breastfeeding status are taken into consideration. This demonstrates the complexity of stunting and the need for comprehensive interventions that address breastfeeding practices as well as broader factors affecting the health of mothers and children.

Factors in the Incidence of Stunting in Children Under Five: Literature Review

Introduction: Stunting is a chronic condition of stunted growth caused by long-term malnutrition. This condition can be measured by the length or height of more than minus two standard child growth standards from the World Health Organization (WHO). Objective: This literature review study aims to determine factors related to the incidence of stunting in children under five. Method: This article uses a literature review research method using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items and Meta-analysis) method. Literature searches were carried out on Pubmed, Science Direct, Google Scholar which were published in 2013-2023. The number of articles reviewed in this literature review was 11 articles. Results: Of the 126 articles, 11 articles came from various regions in Indonesia. There was 1 article that conducted descriptive survey research, 8 cross-sectional research articles, 1 analytical observational article and 1 retrospective research article, which discussed factors related to the occurrence of stunting in children under five and met the inclusion criteria. Factors in the incidence of stunting from the articles obtained include maternal education, economic or family income, low birth weight (LBW), MPASI and nutritional status. Conclusion: Factors related to the incidence of stunting in children under five are maternal education, child, environment, early breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, early complementary feeding before 6 months of age, food quality, child growth and development, a history of low birth weight (LBW) or prematurity, socioeconomic status.

Impact of Infancy Conditions on Physical Growth of Children Under-five

Children under five years old is the age group most vulnerable to several health problems. It is important to evaluate the impact of infancy condition on their physical growth. This research aimed to examine the impact of infancy condition on the physical growth of children under-five years old. The unmatched case-control study was conducted in Puskesmas Griya Antapani areas, Bandung from May to July, 2023. A total of 112 children aged under 5 years were included in this study (56 cases and 56 control). The analysis used multivariate logistic regression to determine adjusted odds ratios (OR). The results showed that the variables associated with the children growth are infection or illness in infancy (OR is 0,138 95 percent CI 0,51 until 0,375), feeding patterns in infancy (OR is 11,000 95 percent CI 4,566 until 26,503), birth weight (OR is 0,170 95 percent CI 0,036 until 0,818) and economic status (OR is 0,062 95 percent CI 0,14 until 0,280). Multivariate logistic regression showed that economic status was the most dominant factor for children physical growth (OR is 6.701 95 percent CI 1,323 until 33,944). Education for families is needed in choosing food that is rich in nutrition and economical by utilizing alternative sources of protein, the amount of food, and the schedule of meals according to the needs of children according to their age.

Influence of Preterm Birth and Environmental Context on Academic Performance and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes.

Preterm birth affects 10% of all births annually in the United States. Outcomes of people born preterm are challenging to predict because of multiple influences, including gestational age, birth weight, and social and environmental contexts, that contribute to an individual's growth and developmental trajectory. The influence of toxic stress is underrepresented in the literature assessing preterm birth outcomes. The current analyses use the eco-bio-developmental model of poverty and preterm birth as a framework to model the pathways among toxic stress, preterm birth, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Poverty and toxic stress were hypothesized to increase the risk for impaired neurodevelopmental and academic outcomes-both directly and indirectly. The analytic sample of 55,873 children aged 6-17 years was derived from the National Survey of Children's Health 2020-2021. Structural equation models with combined measurement and path models for each dependent variable were constructed using latent toxic stress variables. The structural path equations included direct paths from the latent measure of prenatal toxic stress, preterm birth status, and the latent measure of childhood toxic stress to the neurodevelopmental outcome, as well as an indirect, mediated path from prenatal toxic stress through preterm birth status to the outcome. Across models, higher levels of prenatal toxic stress were significantly associated with preterm birth and lower birth weight ranges. Preterm low birth weight status was associated with a greater likelihood of neurodevelopmental impairment, repeating a grade, and special education plans. The predicted probabilities of neurodevelopmental impairment, repeating grades, and special education plans are significantly higher with above-average levels of exposure to prenatal and childhood toxic stress. There is a need for prospective studies that assess predictors and outcomes of preterm birth that are stratified by gestational age and consider the timing, chronicity, and influence of toxic stress and environmental exposures. There is an imperative for public health programs and policies designed to support families, caregivers, and children to address the individual and structural social determinants of health that contribute to toxic stress, thereby increasing preterm birth rates and negatively affecting the outcomes of children born preterm.

Prenatal, newborn and childhood factors and the timing of puberty in boys and girls

BackgroundOur aim was to determine if prenatal factors, gestational age, birth weight and length, and childhood body mass index (BMI) are associated with the timing of puberty.MethodsOur population-based study comprised 4826 girls and 5112 boys born between 1997 and 2002. Multiple linear regression modeled the relationships between the maternal and child predictors and the age at peak height velocity (PHV).ResultsMaternal smoking throughout pregnancy was associated with earlier age at PHV (−1.8 months in girls, 95%CI = −3.2 to −0.3, p = 0.015 and −1.7 months in boys, 95%CI = −3.1 to −0.3, p = 0.016). Older gestational age predicted later age at PHV in boys. One SDS increase in birth weight led to 1.7 months later age at PHV in girls (95%CI = 1.2 to 2.2, p < 0.001) and 0.8 months in boys (95%CI = 0.2 to 1.3, p = 0.005). At the age of 9 years, each increment of BMI by 1 kg/m2 was associated with 1.7 months (95%CI = −1.9 to −1.6, p < 0.001) and 1.3 months (95%CI = −1.4 to −1.1, p < 0.001) earlier age at PHV in girls and boys, respectively.ConclusionsFetal exposure to smoking can potentially exert enduring effects on pubertal timing. Birth weight and childhood nutritional status are significant determinants of pubertal timing in both sexes.ImpactMaternal smoking was associated with earlier timing of puberty and greater birth weight with later timing of puberty in both girls and boys.Most previous studies have focused on girls and used surveys to assess pubertal development, but we studied both sexes and used the same objective measure (age at peak height velocity) for the timing of puberty.Our study increases knowledge especially regarding factors associated with the timing of puberty among boys.

Mother’s Knowledge and Child Nutritional Status Relationship

Background: Children are a group that has a high risk of their nutrition. Improper breastfeeding and lack of knowledge about nutrition or ability to apply information in daily life, especially mother’s knowledge, can increase mortality much higher. Eating patterns, birth weight and economic status are not related to the incidence of malnutrition. This proves that the mother's role is very important in her child's growth and development which can affect nutritional status. Purpose: To determine the relationship between mother’s knowledge and child nutritional status in Makasar Community Health Center, East Jakarta, Indonesia. Method: This study used cross sectional design. The research sample consisted of 30 respondents. The sampling techniqueuses purposive sampling. The research instrument is mother’s knowledge about child nutrition. Data analysis used the chi-square test to determine the relationship between variables. Results: It was found that 3.3% of child experienced malnutrition with a low level of mother’s knowledge and 50% child experience good nutrition with a good level of mother’s knowledge. The results of the study obtained a p value of 0.001 &lt;0.05 which indicates that there is a relationship. Conclusion: There is a relationship between mother’s knowledge and child nutritional status in Makasar Community Health Care.

Birth weight and nutritional status in school-age children from Boane city, Mozambique.

Birth weight is considered an important marker of inadequate maternal nutrition, and it is a critical indicator of the newborn's health and development. This study evaluated the influence of low birth weight (LBW) on body composition in 7-10-year-old school children from Boane City-Mozambique. A total of 220 children (female = 122 and male = 98) were divided into two groups according to their birth weight (LBW, n = 41; and normal birth weight, NBW, n = 179). Anthropometric indicators of nutritional status were analyzed by the indices weight-for-age, height-for-age, BMI-for-age, and weight-for-height. LBW children showed reduced skinfolds, and weight-for-height when compared to NBW children. Birth weight was positively associated with all anthropometric variables, except for BMI, which was not associated with any other variable. The r2 value ranged from .09 (weight-for-age) to .72 (height-for-age). For body composition variables, older children had higher fat mass (β = .26; 95% CI = 0.05-0.48) and fat-free mass (β = 1.10; 95% CI = 0.71-1.48), and boys had lower fat percentage (β = -3.49; 95% CI = -4.35 to -2.65) and fat mass (β = -.92; 95% CI = -1.31 to -0.55) than girls. Birth weight was also positively associated with fat-free mass. LBW seems to influence some growth indicators of children living in Boane, however, current environmental factors seem to weaken this association. Our results suggest that public policies involving healthy nutrition and physical activity can reverse the effects of low weight in children from Boane.

SIGNIFICANT FACTORS INFLUENCING HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA AT SANTO YUSUF MOTHER AND CHILD HOSPITAL, NORTH JAKARTA USING BINARY LOGISTIC REGRESSION

Hyperbilirubinemia is a problem that often occurs in newborns. The cause of hyperbilirubinemia is multifactorial including maternal, perinatal or environmental factors that can be risk factors in newborns. Hyperbilirubinemia that occurs in infants is usually due to high bilirubin levels. High bilirubin can be a poison that causes brain damage so hyperbilirubinemia must be treated appropriately so as not to cause chronic complications. This study aims to identify significant factors affecting hyperbilirubinemia in infants at Santo Joseph Mother and Child Hospital, North Jakarta using binary logistic regression. This research was conducted at Santo Joseph Mother and Child Hospital for the first time. Factors that are thought to influence are gestational age, birth weight, childbirth, breastfeeding, and infection status. The results showed that the significant factors affecting hyperbilirubinemia in infants were the process of childbirth, milk feeding and infection status. Based on the odds ratio value for each variable, it can be concluded that babies with abnormal birth processes have a risk of hyperbilirubinemia of 2.9628 times greater than babies with normal births. Meanwhile, formula-fed infants have a risk of hyperbilirubinemia of 4.2854 times less than breastfed babies. Furthermore, infants affected by infection have a risk of developing hyperbilirubinemia of 5.5752 times greater than infants who do not get infection.&#x0D;

FAKTOR RISIKO KEJADIAN STUNTING PADA BALITA USI 24-59 BULAN

Stunting makes you short as an adult and increases cases of obesity. The prevalence of stunting in Central Lampung District reached 20.4% and in the Simpang Agung Health Center (10.10%). This study aims to analyze the risk factors for stunting at the Simpang Agung Health Center in Central Lampung Regency in 2022. Observational study with a case control approach. The sample in this study was 86 children under five who were divided into two sample and control groups. Bivariate analysis in this study used the Chi Square Test. The results showed that a history of maternal CED during pregnancy (p value = 0.029, OR = 6.2) and birth length history (p value = 0.041, OR = 5.5) are risk factors for stunting in toddlers aged 24 -59 months while history of birth weight (p value = 0.24), history of exclusive breastfeeding (p value = 0.217, OR = 0.4), and history of immunization (p value = 0.483, OR = 2.2) not a risk factor for stunting in toddlers aged 24-59 months at the Simpang Agung Health Center. The conclusion of this study is that the mother's history of CED during pregnancy and birth length are risk factors for stunting, while birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding and immunization status are not risk factors for stunting.

A computational model to analyze the impact of birth weight-nutritional status pair on disease development and disease recovery.

The purpose of this work is to analyse the combined impacts of birth weight and nutritional status on development and recovery of various types of diseases. This work aims to computationally establish the facts about the effects of individual birth weight-nutritional status pairs on disease development and disease recovery. This work designs a computational model to analyze the impact of birth weight-nutritional status pairs on disease development and disease recovery. Our model works in two phases. The first phase finds the best machine learning model to predict birth weight from "Child Birth Weight Dataset" available at IEEE Dataport (https://dx.doi.org/10.21227/dvd4-3232). The second phase combines the predicted birth weight labels with nutritional status labels and establishes the effects using differential equations. The experimental results find Gradient boosting (GB) to work the best with Information gain (IGT) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) with Chi-square test (CST) for predicting the birth weights. The simulated results establish that "normal birth weight and normal nutritional status" is the best pair for resisting disease development as well as enhancing disease recovery. The results also depict that "low birth weight and malnutrition" is the worst pair for disease development while "high birth weight and malnutrition" is the worst combination for disease recovery. The findings computationally establish the facts about the effects of birth weight-nutritional status pairs on disease development and disease recovery. As a social implication, this study can spread awareness about the importance of birth weight and nutritional status. The outcome can be helpful for the concerned authority in making decisions on healthcare cost and expenditure.

Stunting Prevention Stunting Prevention in the Low Birth Weight Status: A Qualitative Study in Bengkulu City

In 2022, 47 child cases with low birth weight were found in Indonesia. It is one of the risk factors for stunting. The role of mothers is very necessary in preventing children from being stunted. This study aims to analyze what efforts are made by the mothers so that the children with a history of low birth weight do not experience stunting. This type of research is qualitative research. The research was conducted in Bengkulu City, in May - July. Seven mothers with a birth history of Low Birth Weight (LBW) became the research informants. Interview guidelines were used to gather information. Furthermore, the data were analyzed with stages of analysis (reduction, presentation, and conclusion). Mothers realized that stunting is a condition in which children experience impaired growth and development. However, all mothers said the cause is malnutrition and intestinal worms. Therefore, the precautions taken by mothers are only related to intake. The mothers implement early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, and continue to give until the age of two years, complete immunization, and concern for the child's diet. Especially for mothers who have children with a history of low birth weight, special assistance should be carried out and given comprehensive education about stunting prevention efforts, not only from dietary factors but also from environmental health

The Incidence, Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Failure to Thrive in Children at King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Introduction Failure to thrive (FTT) in children involves insufficient weight or height gain, affecting general and hospitalized populations which leads to cognitive and behavioral changes. Causes include inadequate caloric intake and underlying diseases (organic - OFTT) or psychosocial factors (non-organic - NOFTT). Our study in King Abdullah Specialized ChildrenHospital (KASCH) aims to assess FTT incidence, prevalence, and clinical characteristics, and also, to distinguish between different causes. Methodology It is a retrospective cohort study, conducted at KASCH, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. This study includes children under three years old with documented FTT from 2017 to 2019. Data was collected from the hospital's electronic system and it was analyzed by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp., Version 29.0, Armonk, NY). Results Our study, including 214 FTT patients, revealed a balanced gender distribution of 109 males (50.9%), and 105females (49.1%), with a majority of Saudi nationality 208 (97.2%). In most cases, 120 (56.1%) are in the 0-12 months age group. The prevalence of FTTwas 26.75% (267 cases per 1000). Antenatal/post-natal features showed diverse delivery modes and NICU admissions. Chronic diseases like gastrointestinal diseases62 (29.1%), cardiac 50 (23.4%), and pulmonary 50 (23.4%) conditions were prevalent. Associations were found between NICU admission and pre-term births, birth weight status, and congenital anomalies, highlighting significant clinical correlations. Conclusion Our study concluded the significant burden of FTTat KASCH. Chronic diseases were playing a major role as a cause of FTT. Thus, emphasizing the causes and knowing the importance of addressing the prevalence and incidence iseffective for appropriate intervention.

Unveiling triglyceride levels in preterm neonates: a study to guide targeted monitoring.

Mixed lipid emulsion (MLE), most commonly soybean, medium chain triglycerides, olive, and fish oils (SMOF), has replaced soybean-based lipid emulsions in many neonatal intensive care units. Only a few studies report the triglyceride (TG) trajectory in neonates receiving MLE. We designed a study to compare TG levels in neonates receiving MLE stratified by gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW), and growth restriction status. We included neonates born at <32 weeks GA or with BW <1500 gm. SMOF is started on admission, and plasma TG levels are measured 24 hours after 2 gm/kg/day and 24 hours after 3 gm/kg/day. TG levels were compared across groups defined by GA (<28 weeks vs. 328 weeks), BW (<1000 gm vs. 31000 gm), and small for GA (SGA) vs. appropriate plus large for GA groups using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. From 2018 to 2021, 427 infants met the inclusion criteria. TG levels were significantly higher in neonates with GA <28 weeks, BW <1000 grams, and SGA with a notable broad distribution of TG levels. Logistic regression analysis confirmed SGA and BW as significant independent predictors of hypertriglyceridemia after SMOF at 2 gm/kg/day and 3 gm/kg/day, respectively. The study emphasizes the importance of TG monitoring for neonates with GA <28 weeks, BW <1000 grams, and SGA. Conversely, it is advisable to individualize TG monitoring for infants with GA>28 weeks, BW>1000 grams, and non-SGA status. Prospective studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to validate our findings.

Predicting long-term neurocognitive outcome after pediatric intensive care unit admission for bronchiolitis—preliminary exploration of the potential of machine learning

PurposeFor successful prevention and intervention, it is important to unravel the complex constellation of factors that affect neurocognitive functioning after pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission. This study aims (1) to elucidate the potential relevance of patient and PICU-related characteristics for long-term adverse neurocognitive outcome after PICU admission for bronchiolitis, and (2) to perform a preliminary exploration of the potential of machine learning as compared to linear regression to improve neurocognitive outcome prediction in a relatively small sample of children after PICU admission.MethodsThis cross-sectional observational study investigated 65 children aged 6–12 years with previous PICU admission for bronchiolitis (age ≤ 1 year). They were compared to demographically comparable healthy peers (n = 76) on neurocognitive functioning. Patient and PICU-related characteristics used for the prediction models were as follows: demographic characteristics, perinatal and disease parameters, laboratory results, and intervention characteristics, including hourly validated mechanical ventilation parameters. Neurocognitive outcome was measured by intelligence and computerized neurocognitive testing. Prediction models were developed for each of the neurocognitive outcomes using Regression Trees, k-Nearest Neighbors, and conventional linear regression analysis.ResultsThe patient group had lower intelligence than the control group (p < .001, d = −0.59) and poorer performance in neurocognitive functions, i.e., speed and attention (p = .03, d = −0.41) and verbal memory (p < .001, d = −0.60). Lower intelligence was predicted by lower birth weight and lower socioeconomic status (R2 = 25.9%). Poorer performance on the speed and attention domain was predicted by younger age at follow-up (R2 = 53.5%). Poorer verbal memory was predicted by lower birth weight, younger age at follow-up, and greater exposure to acidotic events (R2 = 50.6%). The machine learning models did not reveal added value in terms of model performance as compared to linear regression.Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that in children with previous PICU admission for bronchiolitis, (1) lower birth weight, younger age at follow-up, and lower socioeconomic status are associated with poorer neurocognitive outcome; and (2) greater exposure to acidotic events during PICU admission is associated with poorer verbal memory outcome. The findings of this study provide no evidence for the added value of machine learning models as compared to linear regression analysis in the prediction of long-term neurocognitive outcome in a relatively small sample of children.What is Known:• Adverse neurocognitive outcomes are described in PICU survivors, which are known to interfere with development in other major domains of functioning, such as mental health, academic achievement, and socioeconomic success, highlighting neurocognition as an important outcome after PICU admission.• Machine learning is a rapidly growing field of artificial intelligence that is increasingly applied in health care settings, with great potential to capture the complexity of outcome prediction.What is New:• This study shows that lower birth weight, lower socioeconomic status, and greater exposure to acidotic events during PICU admission for bronchiolitis are associated with poorer long-term neurocognitive outcome after PICU admission. Results provide no evidence for the added value of machine learning models in a relatively small sample of children.• As bronchiolitis seldom manifests neurologically, the relation between acidotic events and neurocognitive outcome may reflect either potentially harmful effects of acidosis itself or related processes such as hypercapnia or hypoxic and/or ischemic events during PICU admission. This study further highlights the importance of structured follow-up to monitor long-term outcome of children after PICU admission.

Relationships of pregnancy and postpartum diet quality with offspring birth weight and weight status through 12 months.

This study examined relationships of maternal pregnancy and postpartum diet quality with infant birth size and weight status indicators through 12 months and tested whether breastfeeding duration modifies these associations. In the Pregnancy Eating Attributes Study (PEAS), dietary intake was assessed six times in 458 mothers who were followed from early pregnancy through 12 months postpartum (2014-2018). Logistic and linear mixed models estimated relationships of pregnancy and postpartum diet quality (Healthy Eating Index [HEI]) with offspring who were large-for-gestational-age (LGA) at birth, as well as BMI z score (BMIz) and weight-for-length z score (WFLz) at birth, 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months. Pregnancy HEI was inversely related to LGA (odds ratio [OR] = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92 to 0.98); HEI was also inversely related to WFLz (β = -0.01, 95% CI: -0.02 to -0.002) and BMIz (β = -0.009, 95% CI: -0.02 to -0.0009) from birth through 12 months. Postpartum HEI was inversely related to WFLz (β = -0.01, 95% CI: -0.02 to -0.0009) and BMIz (β = -0.008, 95% CI: -0.02 to 0.0007) in infants who were breastfed for at least 6 months, but not in those who were breastfed for a shorter duration. Maternal diet quality during pregnancy (and during postpartum in mothers who breastfed for a longer duration) was inversely related to LGA and weight status indicators from birth through 12 months. Increasing maternal diet quality may have use for promoting healthy infant weight development.

Outcomes for non-treatment-requiring infants evaluated for retinopathy of prematurity

To evaluate the rates of visually significant disorders in patients without treatment-requiring retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) at initial follow-up after completion of ROP examinations. The medical records of all babies evaluated for retinopathy of prematurity between June 2015 and September 2020 were reviewed. Patients with documented gestational age, birth weight, and single versus multiple birth status who did not require ROP treatment and who followed-up with our institution's pediatric ophthalmologist were included. A total of 304 patients were included. Of these, 15 (4.9%) had strabismus (12 [4.0%] with esotropia, 3 [0.9%] with exotropia), 30 (9.9%) had myopia, 174 (57.2%) had hyperopia, 54 (18%) had astigmatism, 4 (1.3%) had amblyopia, 5 (1.6%) were labeled amblyopia suspects, 1 (0.3%) had congenital glaucoma, and 1 (0.3%) had congenital cataract. Nineteen (6.3%) had a condition requiring intervention at the first evaluation following completion of ROP examinations, and in 5 (2%), this was a condition that would typically not have been identified without evaluation by a pediatric ophthalmologist. In our population of infants evaluated for retinopathy of prematurity who did not require ROP treatment, the incidence of other ocular disorders requiring intervention at the first non-ROP evaluation was about 6%. This study highlights the need for further research that may aid in the creation of an evidence-based follow-up strategy for premature infants who never undergo ROP treatment.