Wave Birefringence Research Articles

First Results from the Axion Dark-Matter Birefringent Cavity (ADBC) Experiment.

Axions and axionlike particles are strongly motivated dark-matter candidates that are the subject of many current ground based dark-matter searches. We present first results from the Axion Dark-Matter Birefringent Cavity (ADBC) experiment, which is an optical bow-tie cavity probing the axion-induced birefringence of electromagnetic waves. Our experiment is the first optical axion detector that is tunable and quantum noise limited, making it sensitive to a wide range of axion masses. We have iteratively probed the axion mass ranges 40.9-43.3 neV/c^{2}, 49.3-50.6 neV/c^{2}, and 54.4-56.7 neV/c^{2}, and found no dark-matter signal. On average, we constrain the axionlike particle and photon coupling at the level g_{aγγ}≤1.9×10^{-8} GeV^{-1}. We also present prospects for future axion dark-matter detection experiments using optical cavities.

Plane stress measurement on the cross-section of steel components using ultrasonic shear waves

Plane stress measurement is an important means to obtain the mechanical information of structural steel components. Traditional structural health monitoring techniques are difficult to perform non-destructive measurement of internal plane stress of the components. In this study, we theoretically and experimentally proposed a method for measuring average plane stress on the cross-section of steel components. We derived a new form of plane stress-acoustic relation based on shear wave birefringence and successfully achieved plane stress separation. The phase difference of two groups of echoes was used to calculate effective phase velocity information, where Fourier-transform was used for obtaining the echo phase spectra. The experimental calibration for determining the values of five stress coefficients was presented and the optimal frequency was found to be the center frequency of the probe. The strain gauge method was adopted to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method, and good experimental results were observed.

Gravitational wave birefringence in spatially curved teleparallel cosmology

We study tensor perturbations around the most general cosmologically symmetric backgrounds in a class of teleparallel gravity theories known as New General Relativity. These theories comprise a one-parameter class, which is fully consistent with observations at the post-Newtonian level, and which contains the teleparallel equivalent of General Relativity as a special case. We find that for a particular class of cosmological background geometries these theories exhibit gravitational wave birefringence and dispersion, i.e., the dispersion relation for gravitational waves depends on their polarization and wave number. The strength of this effect is directly related to the spatial curvature of the cosmological background and the parameter describing the deviation of the theory from General Relativity. We discuss the possibility of observing this effect in gravitational wave experiments.

Parity violation in stochastic gravitational wave background from inflation in Nieh-Yan modified teleparallel gravity

We study the inflationary implications of a novel parity-violating gravity model, which modifies the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity by introducing the Nieh-Yan term coupled to an axionlike field. The parity-violating Nieh-Yan term results in the velocity birefringence of gravitational waves (GWs) and triggers the tachyonic instability only for one of the two circular polarization states. We consider that the inflaton is identified as the coupled axionlike field with a wiggly potential characterized by steep cliffs connected by smooth plateaus. During inflation, the temporary fast roll of the axion on the clifflike region leads to the significant enhancement of the tensor perturbations in one polarization state with the wave numbers that exit the horizon around this period. In this setup, the resulting energy spectrum for GWs presents a sizable localized bump involving the contribution of only one polarization state. This chiral GW background is detectable by GW detectors like LISA and Taiji, and its chirality can be determined by correlating two detectors, which provides an opportunity to probe the inflation and test the gravity model.

Search for the Birefringence of Gravitational Waves with the Third Observing Run of Advanced LIGO-Virgo

Gravitational waves would attain birefringence during their propagation from distant sources to the Earth, when the charge, parity, and time reversal (CPT) symmetry is broken. If it was sizeable enough, such birefringence could be measured by the Advanced LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA detector network. In this work, we place constraints on the birefringence of gravitational waves with the third observing run of this network, i.e., two catalogs GWTC-2 and GWTC-3. For the dispersion relation ω 2 = k 2 ± 2ζ k 3, our analysis shows the up-to-date strictest limit on the CPT-violating parameter, i.e., , at 68% confidence level. This limit is stricter by ∼5 times when compared to the existing one (∼2× 10−16 m) and stands for the first ∼10 GeV-scale test of the CPT symmetry in gravitational waves. The results of the Bayes factor strongly disfavor the birefringence scenario of gravitational waves.

Combination of transverse and longitudinal ultrasonic waves for plane stress measurement of steel plates

The measurement and monitoring of plane stress is important for the safety, reinforcement and maintenance of steel structures. In this study, a new method for plane stress measurement was developed theoretically and experimentally. Based on transverse wave birefringence, we deduced the stress-acoustic relations for plane stress separation by introducing longitudinal waves to increase the number of equations. In signal processing, we used the phase spectra of echoes to measure the polarized transverse wave phase velocity difference and the longitudinal wave phase velocity. The processed steel plate was regarded as a slightly orthotropic component and five stress coefficients need to be determined. Experiments were conducted on a total of four specimens. Strain gauge method was applied to confirm the validity of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method can realize the direct separation of plane stress and has good accuracy on the laboratory scale.

Measuring the Continuity of a Gas-Liquid Flow in a Pipeline

The principles of building a meter for the continuity of gas-liquid flows in pipelines have been proposed, based on the polarized electromagnetic wave characteristics. A two-component flow in a pipeline has been analyzed considering the cross-sectional area of the flow in the pipeline. The judgment about the flow continuity by the phase difference between the electromagnetic fields polarized parallel and perpendicular to the wave propagation direction has been justified. The naturally and artificially anisotropic flow continuity measuring study results are given. A polarization technique of electromagnetic wave birefringence in the isotropic medium has been considered, based on placing an isotropic medium in an electric field formed by two capacitor electrodes. The possibility of eliminating the parameter measuring errors induced by temperature impact on the electromagnetic wave refractive index in controlled media is shown based on two electrodes of a capacitor creating an electric field in the dielectric pipeline measuring section as an option for implementing flat reflectors of an open resonator. The study results can be used in the instrument-making industry in the development and implementation of smart contactless measuring instruments in the gas-liquid flow analysis and control.

Shear wave birefringence and current configuration of active tectonics of Shillong plateau: an appraisal of Indian plate motion and regional structures

Shear wave birefringence and current configuration of active tectonics of Shillong plateau: an appraisal of Indian plate motion and regional structures

Analysis of Birefringence and Dispersion Effects from Spacetime-Symmetry Breaking in Gravitational Waves

In this work, we review the effective field theory framework to search for Lorentz and CPT symmetry breaking during the propagation of gravitational waves. The article is written so as to bridge the gap between the theory of spacetime-symmetry breaking and the analysis of gravitational-wave signals detected by ground-based interferometers. The primary physical effects beyond General Relativity that we explore here are dispersion and birefringence of gravitational waves. We discuss their implementation in the open-source LIGO-Virgo algorithm library suite, and we discuss the statistical method used to perform a Bayesian inference of the posterior probability of the coefficients for symmetry-breaking. We present preliminary results of this work in the form of simulations of modified gravitational waveforms, together with sensitivity studies of the measurements of the coefficients for Lorentz and CPT violation. The findings show the high potential of gravitational wave sources across the sky to sensitively probe for these signals of new physics.

Geometric magnonics with chiral magnetic domain walls

Spin wave, the collective excitation of magnetic order, is one of the fundamental angular momentum carriers in magnetic systems. Understanding the spin wave propagation in magnetic textures lies in the heart of developing pure magnetic information processing schemes. Here we show that the spin wave propagation across a chiral domain wall follows simple geometric trajectories, similar to the geometric optics. And the geometric behaviors are qualitatively different in normally magnetized film and tangentially magnetized film. We identify the lateral shift, refraction, and total reflection of spin wave across a ferromagnetic domain wall. Moreover, these geometric scattering phenomena become polarization-dependent in antiferromagnets, indicating the emergence of spin wave birefringence inside antiferromagnetic domain wall.

Seismic reflectivity and transmissivity parametrization with the effect of normal in situ stress

SUMMARY In situ stress has a significant effect on the properties of underground formations, including seismic wave velocity, porosity and permeability, and further affects seismic reflectivity and transmissivity. Research works on the effect of in situ stress are helpful to construct more precise seismic reflection and transmission coefficient equations. However, previous studies on seismic reflectivity equations did not take the effect of normal in situ stress into consideration. The mechanism of stress on seismic reflectivity and transmissivity is still ambiguous. In this study, we propose new explicit equations to help analyse the changes of seismic reflectivity and transmissivity under the effect of normal in situ stress. First, we deduce the Christoffel equation on the basis of solid acoustoelastic theory. Then, we utilize appropriate boundary conditions to formulate analytical equations of the reflectivity at the interface between two stressed formations, which can provide some new insights into the role of in situ stress. The shear wave birefringence will vanish because we assume that the wave propagates in the X–Z plane. Different rock models with different lithology and saturation are used to analyse the variation of seismic reflectivity and transmissivity with normal stress and incident angle at the interface. The main effect of normal stress on reflection and transmission coefficients is to change amplitude and critical incident angle. When the upper and lower layers are sandstones, the critical incident angle decreases with the increase of normal in situ stress, which is consistent with previous studies. In addition, the reflectivity equation can be degenerated to the Zoeppritz equation when the normal in situ stress vanishes, which further validates that the equation proposed is correct. Seismic reflectivity equations that couple the effect of stress can lay a foundation for direct prediction of in situ stress.

Birefringence of electromagnetic waves in the relic neutrino gas

We reconsider the problem of the birefringence of electromagnetic (EM) waves in a medium consisting of a plasma and a νν̅-gas within the Standard Model of particle physics. The considered effect arises in such a medium due to the parity violation for the electroweak neutrino-electron interaction. Our recent calculations of the electroweak correction to the photon polarization operator in the electroweak plasma allow us to significantly improve some previous estimates of such effect in astrophysics. We estimate the rotary power for EM waves propagating in a non-relativistic plasma in the intergalactic space and interacting with the gas of relic neutrinos and antineutrinos there. We show that, in presence of a plasma, the EM wave birefringence effect in a νν̅-gas exceeds significantly that effect in a νν̅-gas in empty space considered earlier. These previous treatments of the birefringence relied on the calculations of the refraction index for on-shell photons in vacuum using the forward scattering amplitude γν→γν with virtual charged leptons in Feynman diagrams. The possibility to observe experimentally the new effect suggested here is discussed.

Gravitational Wave Implications for the Parity Symmetry of Gravity in the High Energy Region

Abstract Einstein's general relativity, as the most successful theory of gravity, is one of the cornerstones of modern physics. However, the experimental tests for gravity in the high energy region are limited. The emerging gravitational-wave astronomy has opened an avenue for probing the fundamental properties of gravity in a strong and dynamical field, and in particular, a high energy regime. In this work, we test the parity conservation of gravity with gravitational waves. If the parity symmetry is broken, the left- and right-handed modes of gravitational waves would follow different equations of motion, dubbed as birefringence. We perform full Bayesian inference by comparing the state-of-the-art waveform with parity violation with the compact binary coalescence data released by LIGO and Virgo collaboration. We do not find any violations of general relativity, thus constrain the lower bound of the parity-violating energy scale to be 0.09 GeV through the velocity birefringence of gravitational waves. This provides the most stringent experimental test of gravitational parity symmetry to date. We also find third generation gravitational-wave detectors can enhance this bound to GeV if there is still no violation, comparable to the current energy scale in particle physics, which indicates gravitational-wave astronomy can usher in a new era of testing the ultraviolet behavior of gravity in the high energy region.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ ПЛАСТИЧЕСКОГО ДЕФОРМИРОВАНИЯ НА КРИСТАЛЛОГРАФИЧЕСКУЮ ТЕКСТУРУ И УЛЬТРАЗВУКОВЫЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ НИЗКОЛЕГИРОВАННОЙ СТАЛИ

he article presents the results of a study of the influence of plastic deformation on the change in the coefficients of the orientation distribution function (ODF) W400 and W420 of low-alloy steel 09G2S. To calculate the ODF coefficients, the velocities and times of propagation of shear and longitudinal bulk elastic waves and their ratios were used. The physical interpretation of the ODF coefficients W400 and W420 is given. The W420 coefficient depicts the effect of birefringence of shear bulk elastic waves, the W400 ratio is linearly related to Poisson's ratio. Both coefficients are structurally sensitive characteristics and are used to assess the state of materials by non-destructive testing methods. As a results of the study, it was found that the characteristic areas on the tension diagram: the yield area, the area corresponding to parabolic hardening, the beginning of neck formation, have a corresponding display on the dynamics of changes in the coefficients of the orientation distribution function. The yield area is characterized by an active change in the characteristics of the texture. Hardening leads to a decrease in the intensity of change in the coefficients of the orientation distribution function. Expressions are given that relate changes in Poisson's ratio to the value of hardening of the steel under study, the parameter of acoustic anisotropy with the value of plastic deformation. The calculated values of the hardening value according to the data of acoustic measurements are in good agreement with the hardening value obtained by analyzing the tensile diagram. The error in determining the magnitude of plastic deformation by the acoustic method was no more than 0.3%. It was found that monitoring the elastic characteristics by the acoustic method makes it possible to effectively assess the state of plastically deformed steel by a non-destructive testing method.

Tests of CPT invariance in gravitational waves with LIGO-Virgo catalog GWTC-1

A discovery of gravitational waves from binary black holes raises a possibility that measurements of them can provide strict tests of CPT invariance in gravitational waves. When CPT violation exists, if any, gravitational waves with different circular polarizations could gain a slight difference in propagating speeds. Hence, the birefringence of gravitational waves is induced and there should be a rotation of plus and cross modes. For CPT-violating dispersion relation {omega ^{2}=k^{2}}{pm 2zeta k^{3}}, where a sign {pm } denotes different circular polarizations, we find no substantial deviations from CPT invariance in gravitational waves by analyzing a compilation of ten signals of binary black holes in the LIGO-Virgo catalog GWTC-1. We obtain a strict constraint on the CPT-violating parameter, i.e., zeta =0.14^{+0.22}_{-0.31}times 10^{-15},text {m}, which is around two orders of magnitude better than the existing one. Therefore, this study stands for the up-to-date strictest tests of CPT invariance in gravitational waves.

Fracture characterization and detection in the deep Cambrian dolostones in the Tarim Basin, China: Insights from borehole image and sonic logs

Characterization and detection of natural fractures using well logs in ancient deeply buried dolostones with low matrix porosity are very difficult. Core description, thin section analysis, conventional well logs, borehole image and sonic logs are used to document distribution of fractures in deep Cambrian dolostones in the Tarim Basin, China. The SHmax (maximum horizontal stress) direction is determined from drilling induced fractures, borehole breakouts and shear wave birefringence. Natural fractures with various attributes (open to partly open to closed) and orientation (including dip angles) are recognized. Natural fractures are classified into closed fractures, partly closed fractures, vuggy fractures and open fractures, and they can be further classified into high angle fractures, low-medium dip angle fractures, and low angle or horizontal fractures. Natural fractures are mainly associated with the more brittle rocks (dolograinstone, fine-medium-coarse crystalline dolostones), while fractures in dolomicrites and evaporitic gypsums-bearing dolostones are rare.Open to closed fractures are recognized as dark to bright sine waves on image logs, and the presences of open fractures cause minor deviations on the DEN logs, but significant deviations in resistivity values, while AC will be significantly increased in front of fractures. The energy of sonic full-waveforms will be strongly attenuated in front of open fractures. Fractures with strike parallel to the SHmax tend to have large aperture and good connectivity, and are suggested to enhance hydrocarbon productivity. Dolostones adjacent to the deep faults are heavily fractured, and fractures act as the hydrothermal fluid flow pathways, facilitating dissolution process. The abundance of vuggy fractures, and enlargement of the pre-existing microfractures support that fractures had enhanced dissolution. The dissolution along fracture surfaces helps increase fracture porosity. The results of this study about subsurface fracture patterns and their distributions are important for the hydrocarbon exploration and production in the Cambrian dolostones in the Tarim Basin.

Exploring the CPT violation and birefringence of gravitational waves with ground- and space-based gravitational-wave interferometers

In the gravitational sector, we study the CPT violation and birefringence in gravitational waves. In presence of the CPT violation, a relative dephasing is generated between two circular polarization states of gravitational waves. This effect induces the birefringence of gravitational waves. Given the gravitational waveform modified by the CPT violation, we estimate the expected constraints on the CPT violation from Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, Einstein Telescope and Laser Interferometer Space Antenna.

Evaluation of Damage Degree of Inconel 718 Alloy with the Use of Non-Destructive Methods

The article presents results of the investigation of the quantitative evaluation of the degree of damage, described by the measure of accumulated plastic strain obtained in a static tensile test, using selected non-destructive techniques. Inconel 718 alloy was tested. The tests were conducted using a new type of specimens of variable cross-sectional area of measuring part. This provided a continuous distribution of plastic strain in the gage part of the specimen. The permanent deformation that varies along the sample axis enables an analysis of damage induced by a plastic deformation. The proposed method enables replacing the series of specimens by one sample. Degradation of the alloy corresponds with the changes of the electromagnetic properties of the material—the phase angle of the complex impedance of the eddy current, as well as with acoustics properties of material—acoustic birefringence of ultrasonic waves. It allows to determine the degree of damage of the material using noninvasive, non-destructive methods. Using the damage parameter proposed by Johnson it is possible to obtain the correlation between the non-destructive results and a damage degree of the material. The presented testing method delivers information about changes in the material structure caused by permanent deformation.

Influence of plastic deformation temperature on ultrasonic and electromagnetic properties of austenitic steel

Plastic deformation at different temperatures of austenitic steel AISI 321 was carried out. The temperature dependencies of acoustic and electromagnetic characteristics of material are investigated. The obtained results allow us to divide the effect of damage and martensitic transformation on the elastic parameters under study. The difference in the dependencies of shear wave velocities and birefringence at different deformation temperatures is found. The shear wave birefringence at deformation of 20 °C and 40 °C changes nonmonotonically, and at a temperature of 60 °C monotonically is found. It is shown that the difference is due to the intensity of the martensitic transformation.

Probing gravitational parity violation with gravitational waves from stellar-mass black hole binaries

The recent discovery of gravitational wave events has offered us unique testbeds of gravity in the strong and dynamical field regime. One possible modification to General Relativity is the gravitational parity violation that gives rise to the amplitude birefringence in gravitational waves, where one of the circularly-polarized mode is amplified while the other one is suppressed during their propagation. In this paper, we study how well one can measure gravitational parity violation via the amplitude birefringence of gravitational waves from stellar-mass black hole binaries. We choose Chern-Simons gravity as an example and work within an effective field theory formalism. We consider gravitational waves from both individual sources and stochastic gravitational wave backgrounds. Regarding bounds from individual sources, we estimate them using a Fisher analysis and carry out Monte Carlo simulations by randomly distributing sources over their sky location and binary orientation. We find that the bounds on the scalar field evolution in Chern-Simons gravity from GW150914 are too weak to satisfy the weak Chern-Simons approximation, while aLIGO with its design sensitivity can place meaningful bounds. Regarding bounds from stochastic gravitational wave backgrounds, we set the threshold signal-to-noise ratio for detection of the parity-violation mode as 5 and estimate projected bounds with future detectors assuming that signals are consistent with no parity violation. We find that a network of two third-generation detectors is able to place bounds that are slightly stronger than current binary pulsar bounds. Since gravitational wave observations probe either the difference in parity violation between the source and the detector or the line-of-sight integration of the scalar field, such bounds are complementary to local measurements from solar system experiments and binary pulsar observations.