Bird's Eye Research Articles

Long COVID symptoms: Basic aspects of cardio-pulmonary and neurological pathways!

Long COVID is more prevalent chronic health care issue in post COVID care settings. We are in great piece of relief due to nearly end of this deadly pandemic which has caused significant change in routine of entire globe. Long COVID is an unpredicted sequel of COVID-19 disease documented nearly in half cases globally. Long COVID is multisystem syndrome with nonspecific symptoms and organic signs of unidentified pathology occurs after COVID-19 disease. Long COVID symptoms has been documented in ‘selected’ cases irrespective of disease severity or hospitalization and possible link remains unknown. Long COVID symptoms has significant impact on quality of life in those cases suffered from disease in recent past and lingering to almost two years since infection. Importantly, not all cases of COVID-19 were shown long COVID symptoms. Most common long COVID symptoms as joint pain, fatigability, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, hair loss, chest pain, weight gain, anxiety/depression & memory impairment. Pathophysiology resulting into long COVID manifestations is still not completely validated. Researchers have reported ‘immune dysregulation’, ‘autoimmunity’, ‘antigenic mimicry’ & ‘coagulation abnormalities’ are probable pathophysiological mechanism for long COVID. Some of the long COVID effects shown complete reversibility including post COVID lung fibrosis. Reboot system to restore immune dysregulation and recovery in long COVID is real concern. Long COVID symptoms cases are more health conscious and usually follows pattern of doctor shopping due to underestimation by family physicians either due to lack of suspicion or lack of knowledge regarding treatment protocol. Still, we are not having right answer for exact duration of long COVID symptoms and when it will show complete reversibility. Further, it needs ‘birds eye vision’ to pick up and manage cases with long COVID manifestations during routine care in rehabilitation unit.

Antimicrobial Activities of Medicinal Plant on the Oral Diseases

Herbal therapy has long been used to treat and control human diseases including mouth diseases and disorders. Also, it can minimize the potential side effects of chemical drugs. However, may be a side effects appear from plants or herbs therapy. Most of the challenges with herbal therapy revolves around inadequate information about the effect of herbs in the mouth, the mechanism of action, and potential side effects. There are several herbs and plants described in this paper that have anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-disorders and anti-inflammatory in oral cavity. It includes 31 medicinal plants and herbs: Alakata pepper, Aloe vera, Airy shaw, Banana plant, Bird eye view, Bitter leaves, Bush pepper, Camelina, Cashew nut, Castor, Cinnamon, Clove, Common coleus, Common wire weed, Cypress, Fennel, Garcinia, Garden eggplant, Garlic, Ginger, Holy basil, Maca, Mint, Mexican tea, Neem, Okra, Onion, Orange fruits, Purple coneflower, Sunset shrub and Turmeric that act as alternative management option to current treatments for oral conditions such as caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, oral ulcers. In addition to, inflammation treatment after extraction, reduction dry mouth, pain, anesthesia, ill-fitting dentures. The current review of literature provides a summary of secondary metabolites most commonly used medicinal herbs and plants in maintaining oral health. They can be used in different forms such as mouthwashes, toothpastes, topical agents or local drug delivery devices. These findings show the role of antioxidant secondary metabolites in inhibiting the growth of oral pathogens and reducing oral diseases and mouth disorders.

Cognitive Science Progresses Toward Interactive Frameworks.

Despite its many twists and turns, the arc of cognitive science generally bends toward progress, thanks to its interdisciplinary nature. By glancing at the last few decades of experimental and computational advances, it can be argued that-far from failing to converge on a shared set of conceptual assumptions-the field is indeed making steady consensual progress toward what can broadly be referred to as interactive frameworks. This inclination is apparent in the subfields of psycholinguistics, visual perception, embodied cognition, extended cognition, neural networks, dynamical systems theory, and more. This pictorial essay briefly documents this steady progress both from a bird's eye view and from the trenches. The conclusion is one of optimism that cognitive science is getting there, albeit slowly and arduously, like any good science should.

Insights on the Role of α- and β-Tubulin Isotypes in Early Brain Development

Tubulins are the highly conserved subunit of microtubules which involve in various fundamental functions including brain development. Microtubules help in neuronal proliferation, migration, differentiation, cargo transport along the axons, synapse formation, and many more. Tubulin gene family consisting of multiple isotypes, their differential expression and varied post translational modifications create a whole new level of complexity and diversity in accomplishing manifold neuronal functions. The studies on the relation between tubulin genes and brain development opened a new avenue to understand the role of each tubulin isotype in neurodevelopment. Mutations in tubulin genes are reported to cause brain development defects especially cortical malformations, referred as tubulinopathies. There is an increased need to understand the molecular correlation between various tubulin mutations and the associated brain pathology. Recently, mutations in tubulin isotypes (TUBA1A, TUBB, TUBB1, TUBB2A, TUBB2B, TUBB3, and TUBG1) have been linked to cause various neurodevelopmental defects like lissencephaly, microcephaly, cortical dysplasia, polymicrogyria, schizencephaly, subcortical band heterotopia, periventricular heterotopia, corpus callosum agenesis, and cerebellar hypoplasia. This review summarizes on the microtubule dynamics, their role in neurodevelopment, tubulin isotypes, post translational modifications, and the role of tubulin mutations in causing specific neurodevelopmental defects. A comprehensive list containing all the reported tubulin pathogenic variants associated with brain developmental defects has been prepared to give a bird's eye view on the broad range of tubulin functions.

Mass spectra of double-bottom baryons

Based on the relativistic quark model and the infinitesimally shifted Gaussian basis function method, we investigate the mass spectra of double-bottom baryons systematically. In the [Formula: see text]-mode which appears lower in energy than the other excited modes, we obtain the allowed quantum states and perform a systematic study of the mass spectra of the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] families. We analyze the root mean square radii and quark radial probability density distributions to deeply understand the structure of the heavy baryons. Meanwhile, the mass spectra allow us to successfully construct the Regge trajectories in the [Formula: see text] plane. We also predict the masses of the ground states of double-bottom baryons and discuss the differences between the structures of our spectra and those from other theoretical methods. At last, the shell structure of the double-bottom baryon spectra is shown from which one could get a bird’s-eye view of the mass spectra. In this paper, we also make a hypothesis that the heavy baryon excitation may be dominated by the excitation of heavy quarks in the heavy quark limit. It could help to deepen the understanding of heavy baryons structure.

India's Digital Transformation by Optimized Payment Solution – A Bird's Eye View

India's Digital Transformation by Optimized Payment Solution – A Bird's Eye View

Un-Bordering the Species: Plantationocene Counter-Epistemologies in Sleep Dealer and Maquilapolis

ABSTRACT: Borderlands film has traced throughlines from (neo)colonial regimes of coerced labor and ecocide to modern day, extractive industries like the US/Mexico maquila industry. This essay analyzes two films from distinct generic traditions, the sci-fi film Sleep Dealer (2008) and the documentary Maquilapolis (2006), to explicate how scale and framing in each depict and construct counter-epistemologies for surviving the Plantationocene and its logic of division, separation, and domination. Sleep Dealer utilizes bird's-eye-views and endoscopic camera scales to link a dammed river system to protagonist Memo's Cruz's body, which is similarly drained of its labor-power in an infomaquila , a futuristic cybernetic maquila factory. Maquilapolis captures haunting, timelapse shots of workers and slow-pan, bird's-eye view shots of toxified landscapes to link the back-breaking and dehumanizing labor of the factory with the chemical pollution that transfers invisibly from the maquila to the river and into people's bodies. Yet, the body, as a site of toxification and racial violence, inspires unique forms of coalition between the laborer and the ecosystem as laborers uncover connections between their oppression and the river system's degradation. As a result, both films capture new alliances between self and landscape, including the milpa , a biodiverse dryland farm; the cartolandia , informal housing structures made up of salvaged organic and inorganic materials recycled from river pollution; "aquaterrorism," acts of postcolonial violence against mega dams; and alternative narrative forms that center the river as being, friend, and subject. The essay concludes that being and feeling with the ecosystem is one way to counteract and survive the permanent damages that the plantation has incurred to the individual, the community, and the world's ecosystem.

Un-Bordering the Species: Plantationocene Counter-Epistemologies in Sleep Dealer and Maquilapolis

ABSTRACT: Borderlands film has traced throughlines from (neo)colonial regimes of coerced labor and ecocide to modern day, extractive industries like the US/Mexico maquila industry. This essay analyzes two films from distinct generic traditions, the sci-fi film Sleep Dealer (2008) and the documentary Maquilapolis (2006), to explicate how scale and framing in each depict and construct counter-epistemologies for surviving the Plantationocene and its logic of division, separation, and domination. Sleep Dealer utilizes bird's-eye-views and endoscopic camera scales to link a dammed river system to protagonist Memo's Cruz's body, which is similarly drained of its labor-power in an infomaquila , a futuristic cybernetic maquila factory. Maquilapolis captures haunting, timelapse shots of workers and slow-pan, bird's-eye view shots of toxified landscapes to link the back-breaking and dehumanizing labor of the factory with the chemical pollution that transfers invisibly from the maquila to the river and into people's bodies. Yet, the body, as a site of toxification and racial violence, inspires unique forms of coalition between the laborer and the ecosystem as laborers uncover connections between their oppression and the river system's degradation. As a result, both films capture new alliances between self and landscape, including the milpa , a biodiverse dryland farm; the cartolandia , informal housing structures made up of salvaged organic and inorganic materials recycled from river pollution; "aquaterrorism," acts of postcolonial violence against mega dams; and alternative narrative forms that center the river as being, friend, and subject. The essay concludes that being and feeling with the ecosystem is one way to counteract and survive the permanent damages that the plantation has incurred to the individual, the community, and the world's ecosystem.

Exploiting Multi-Modal Fusion for Urban Autonomous Driving Using Latent Deep Reinforcement Learning

Human driving decisions are the leading cause of road fatalities. Autonomous driving naturally eliminates such incompetent decisions and thus can improve traffic safety and efficiency. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has shown great potential in learning complex tasks. Recently, researchers investigated various DRL-based approaches for autonomous driving. However, exploiting multi-modal fusion to generate perception and motion prediction and then leveraging these predictions to train a latent DRL has not been targeted yet. To that end, we propose enhancing urban autonomous driving using multi-modal fusion with latent DRL. A single LIDAR sensor is used to extract bird's-eye view (BEV), range view (RV), and residual input images. These images are passed into LiCaNext, a real-time multi-modal fusion network, to produce accurate joint perception and motion prediction. Next, predictions are fed with another simple BEV image into the latent DRL to learn a complex end-to-end driving policy ensuring safety, efficiency, and comfort. A sequential latent model is deployed to learn more compact representations from inputs, leading to improved sampling efficiency for reinforcement learning. Our experiments are simulated on CARLA and evaluated against state-of-the-art DRL models. Results manifest that our method learns a better driving policy that outperforms other prevailing models. Further experiments are conducted to reveal the effectiveness of our proposed approach under different environments and varying weather conditions.

An Overview of the SPAC Market: Problems, Solutions, and Prospects

This paper aims to present the current problems, solutions, and prospects of SPACs in the United States. First, the report introduces how SPACs function and merge with private companies. Then, it examines the advantages and disadvantages of the SPAC process, especially when contrasted with traditional IPOs. Finally, moving to more current events, it establishes the decline of SPACs in the past year before concluding with the new rules proposed by the SEC. We will also predict the future of SPACs and how the SEC's reforms will impact the market. The paper provides a bird's-eye view of the current status of SPACs in the United States, serving as a foundation for any expectations regarding SPACs.

Annual molt period and seasonal color variation in the Eared Dove´s crown.

Molting is an important process in which old and worn feathers are exchanged for new ones. Plumage color is determined by pigments such as carotenes, melanin and by the ultrastructure of the feather. The importance of plumage coloration has been widely studied in different groups of birds, generally at a particular time of the year. However, plumage coloration is not static and few studies have addressed the change in plumage color over time and its relationship to reproductive tasks. The Eared Dove (Zenaida auriculata, Des Murs, 1847) has a melanistic coloration with sexual dichromatism in different body regions. The Eared Dove´s crown is the most exposed body region during the bowing display. Our objective was therefore to accurately determine the molting period of the crown feathers and study the seasonal variation in their coloration in females and males. Our findings indicate a molting period of 6 months (January to June). The new feathers are undergoing changes in their coloration from July to December. During that period we apply an avian vision model then enabled us to reveal a seasonal variation in the coloration of the crown feathers in both sexes, as given by a change in the chromatic distances. The highest values in the chromatic distances towards the reproductive period are given by a change in the UV-violet component of the spectrum, indicating changes in the microstructure of the feather. This change in crown coloration towards the breeding season could be linked to reproductive behaviors.

Multi‐feature subspace representation network for person re‐identification via bird's‐eye view image

AbstractPerson re‐identification (Re‐ID) is one of the most remarkable research topics that widely applied in our daily lives. For person Re‐ID in bird's eye scenes, traditional computer vision‐based methods used multiple features, for example, texture and color, of a pedestrian's head and shoulders. Those methods are difficult to cope with environments of variety and the change the appearance of different people due to the instability of feature detection. On the other hand, although recent advanced deep learning‐based methods are powerful to extract discriminative features, the requirement of a large amount of annotated training data restricts the appliable tasks. To overcome this problem, in this article, we propose a novel method fusing multiple heterogeneous features through a multi‐feature subspace representation network (MFSRN) to maximize the classification performance while keeping the disparity among features as small as possible, that is, common‐subspace constraints. We conducted comparative experiments with state‐of‐the‐art models on the bird's‐eye view person dataset, and extensive experimental results demonstrated that our proposed MFSRN could achieve better recognition performance. Furthermore, the validity and stability of the method are confirmed.

Transcriptomics-Driven Characterization of LUZ100, a T7-like Pseudomonas Phage with Temperate Features.

Autographiviridae is a diverse yet distinct family of bacterial viruses marked by a strictly lytic lifestyle and a generally conserved genome organization. Here, we characterized Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage LUZ100, a distant relative of type phage T7. LUZ100 is a podovirus with a limited host range which likely uses lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a phage receptor. Interestingly, infection dynamics of LUZ100 indicated moderate adsorption rates and low virulence, hinting at temperate characteristics. This hypothesis was supported by genomic analysis, which showed that LUZ100 shares the conventional T7-like genome organization yet carries key genes associated with a temperate lifestyle. To unravel the peculiar characteristics of LUZ100, ONT-cappable-seq transcriptomics analysis was performed. These data provided a bird's-eye view of the LUZ100 transcriptome and enabled the discovery of key regulatory elements, antisense RNA, and transcriptional unit structures. The transcriptional map of LUZ100 also allowed us to identify new RNA polymerase (RNAP)-promoter pairs that can form the basis for biotechnological parts and tools for new synthetic transcription regulation circuitry. The ONT-cappable-seq data revealed that the LUZ100 integrase and a MarR-like regulator (proposed to be involved in the lytic/lysogeny decision) are actively cotranscribed in an operon. In addition, the presence of a phage-specific promoter transcribing the phage-encoded RNA polymerase raises questions on the regulation of this polymerase and suggests that it is interwoven with the MarR-based regulation. This transcriptomics-driven characterization of LUZ100 supports recent evidence that T7-like phages should not automatically be assumed to have a strictly lytic life cycle. IMPORTANCE Bacteriophage T7, considered the "model phage" of the Autographiviridae family, is marked by a strictly lytic life cycle and conserved genome organization. Recently, novel phages within this clade have emerged which display characteristics associated with a temperate life cycle. Screening for temperate behavior is of utmost importance in fields like phage therapy, where strictly lytic phages are generally required for therapeutic applications. In this study, we applied an omics-driven approach to characterize the T7-like Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage LUZ100. These results led to the identification of actively transcribed lysogeny-associated genes in the phage genome, pointing out that temperate T7-like phages are emerging more frequent than initially thought. In short, the combination of genomics and transcriptomics allowed us to obtain a better understanding of the biology of nonmodel Autographiviridae phages, which can be used to optimize the implementation of phages and their regulatory elements in phage therapy and biotechnological applications, respectively.

Building capacity for cancer care infrastructure in Karnataka - the present and the future.

Cancer mortality has doubled in India, a lower and middle-income country, from 1990 to 2016, depicting the ever-increasing burden of non-communicable disease. Karnataka, situated in the south of India, is one of the states with a rich medical college and hospital milieu. We present the status of cancer care across the state from the data collected by the investigators through public registries and personal communication to the concerned units to know the distribution of various services across the districts and give probable directives to improve on the present situation with emphasis on radiation therapy. This study may be taken as a bird's eye view of the situation across the country and form a basis based on which future planning of services and areas to emphasize on, may be considered. The establishment of a radiation therapy center holds the key to the establishment of comprehensive cancer care centers. The existing situation of such centers and the need and scope for inclusion and expansion of cancer units is presented in this article.

A Bird Eye View on Natural Gums and Mucilage used in Drug Delivery System

Natural mucilage is utilized in drug delivery systems (DDS) to accomplish a variety of duties, including directly or indirectly regulating the rate and amount of drug release in specific circumstances. Gums are biomolecules composed of carbohydrates that may attract water and form gels. Proteins and minerals are typically found in the creation of the gums. Gums exist in a number of types, including mucilage gums, seed gums, exudate gums, and others. Plant gums are among the most important gums because of their bioavailability. Excipients are being used in unique dosage forms to fill specific tasks as a result of advances in drug delivery technology. In some cases, these additives have a direct or indirect effect on the amount and/or rate of drug release and absorption. Given the present trend toward the use of natural goods derived from plants, the substitution of synthetic additives with natural ones is important. The world is getting increasingly interested in natural drugs and excipients. Natural mucilage has advantages over synthetic mucilage because it is more easily available, less expensive, and chemically inert. They now compete with several polymeric materials for use as diverse drugs and have advanced from being an excipient to cutting-edge drug carriers. Extensive research has gone into the development of safe and effective natural-based mucilage particulate drug delivery systems. Natural gums and mucilage are examined, as well as their isolation, purification, standardization, and characterization properties, as well as their applications. This article provides an overview of natural excipients used in both traditional dosage forms and innovative drug delivery systems.

Bridging the View Disparity Between Radar and Camera Features for Multi-Modal Fusion 3D Object Detection

Environmental perception with the multi-modal fusion is crucial in autonomous driving to increase accuracy, completeness, and robustness. This paper focuses on utilizing millimeter-wave (MMW) radar and camera sensor fusion for 3D object detection. A novel method that realizes the feature-level fusion under the bird's-eye view (BEV) for a better feature representation is proposed. Firstly, radar points are augmented with temporal accumulation and sent to a spatial-temporal encoder for radar feature extraction. Meanwhile, multi-scale image 2D features which adapt to various spatial scales are obtained by image backbone and neck model. Then, image features are transformed to BEV with the designed view transformer. In addition, this work fuses the multi-modal features with a two-stage fusion model called point-fusion and ROI-fusion, respectively. Finally, a detection head regresses objects category and 3D locations. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method realizes the state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance under the most crucial detection metrics–mean average precision (mAP) and nuScenes detection score (NDS) on the challenging nuScenes dataset.

A bird's eye view on microscopy.

Journal of MicroscopyEarly View THEMED ISSUE ARTICLE A bird's eye view on microscopy Rita Strack, Corresponding Author Rita Strack rita.strack@us.nature.com orcid.org/0000-0003-1845-7116 Nature Methods, New York, New York Correspondence Rita L. Strack, Nature Methods, 1 New York Plaza – Suite 4500, New York, NY 10004-1562. Email: rita.strack@us.nature.comSearch for more papers by this author Rita Strack, Corresponding Author Rita Strack rita.strack@us.nature.com orcid.org/0000-0003-1845-7116 Nature Methods, New York, New York Correspondence Rita L. Strack, Nature Methods, 1 New York Plaza – Suite 4500, New York, NY 10004-1562. Email: rita.strack@us.nature.comSearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 January 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/jmi.13168Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation

Perovskite Solar Cells in the Shadow: Understanding the Mechanism of Reverse‐Bias Behavior toward Suppressed Reverse‐Bias Breakdown and Reverse‐Bias Induced Degradation

AbstractIn recent years, the power conversion efficiencies of halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have reached 25.7%. Further commercialization puts forward higher requirements for the stability of PSCs under different stresses. Current research on the stability of PSCs predominantly focuses on investigating the effects of temperature, humidity, oxygen, ultraviolet light, and electrical bias stress, while stability under reverse bias has been poorly studied among the many factors. When large‐area application of PSCs panels occurs, the shading effect and local hot spots of PSCs modules in real scenarios all indicate that the research on reverse bias stability of PSCs is urgently needed. Within this review, a bird's‐eye view of the recent advances on the reverse bias stability issue and reverse bias behavior of PSCs is obtained, and the related mechanisms behind that have been proposed so far are reviewed and discussed. Furthermore, future directions are provided for further improving the reverse bias stability of PSCs via increasing the reverse breakdown voltage (VRB). This review aims to promote the establishment of well‐established reverse bias degradation and reverse breakdown mechanisms of PSCs as well as to establish standardized test procedures for reverse bias stability issues on the road to commercialization of PSCs.

Recognition of field roads based on improved U-Net++ Network

Unmanned driving of agricultural machinery has garnered significant attention in recent years, especially with the development of precision farming and sensor technologies. To achieve high performance and low cost, perception tasks are of great importance. In this study, a low-cost and high-safety method was proposed for field road recognition in unmanned agricultural machinery. The approach of this study utilized point clouds, with low-resolution lidar point clouds as inputs, generating high-resolution point clouds and Bird's Eye View (BEV) images that were encoded with several basic statistics. Using a BEV representation, road detection was reduced to a single-scale problem that could be addressed with an improved U-Net++ neural network. Three enhancements were proposed for U-Net++: 1) replacing the convolutional kernel in the original U-Net++ with an Asymmetric Convolution Block (ACBlock); 2) adding a multi-branch Asymmetric Dilated Convolutional Block (MADC) in the highest semantic information layer; 3) adding an Attention Gate (AG) model to the long-skip-connection in the decoding stage. The results of experiments of this study showed that our algorithm achieved a Mean Intersection Over Union of 96.54% on the 16-channel point clouds, which was 7.35 percentage points higher than U-Net++. Furthermore, the average processing time of the model was about 70 ms, meeting the time requirements of unmanned driving in agricultural machinery. The proposed method of this study can be applied to enhance the perception ability of unmanned agricultural machinery thereby increasing the safety of field road driving. Keywords: image segmentation, unmanned agricultural machinery, field roads, point cloud super-resolution, point cloud bird's eye view DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20231602.7941 Citation: Yang L L, Li Y B, Chang M S, Xu Y Y, Hu B B, Wang X X, et al. Recognition of field roads based on improved U-Net++ Network. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2023; 16(2): 171-178.

The pecten oculi comparison of the different bird species

The pecten oculi is a unique and highly specialized structure found in the eyes of birds. It is a thin, folded, fan-like membrane that extends from the optic nerve region into the vitreous fluid of the eyeball. This membrane is primarily composed of pigment cells, an extensive network of blood vessels, and a thick basal lamina. The pecten's main function is to supply nutrients and oxygen to the retina, maintain the internal eye temperature, and support sharp vision, especially during activities such as migration and hunting. The number of folds in the pecten varies between diurnal and nocturnal birds, with diurnal birds generally having larger and more complex pecten structures. The pigmentation of the pecten, especially at the apical and peripheral regions, plays a role in protecting the blood vessels from UV radiation and oxygen radicals. Different bird species exhibit variations in the number, size, and thickness of pecten folds, reflecting their specific visual requirements. For example, species like the emu have a more primitive, pleated pecten, while birds like the seagull and quail have a greater number of folds and capillaries. Additionally, the presence of melanocytes and their interactions with capillaries and blood vessels contribute to the pecten's structural integrity. The study of the pecten oculi's histology reveals that it is essential for the bird's visual health and can be linked to their lifestyle and environmental conditions. The structure and size of the pecten are tailored to the bird's daily activities, with diurnal birds having larger and more complex pecten structures compared to their nocturnal counterparts. This specialized organ's morphology and vascularization are crucial for delivering nutrients to the retina and protecting it from UV radiation. In summary, the pecten oculi is a remarkable anatomical feature in the avian eye, and its structure and function are closely related to the lifestyle and visual requirements of different bird species. This study provides valuable insights into the diverse adaptations of the pecten across bird species and its significance in maintaining avian visual health.