Bird Trade Research Articles

PERANCANGAN APLIKASI BERBASIS ANDROID UNTUK KOMUNITAS PENGGEMAR BURUNG KICAU

In English :
 
 Industry 4.0 is developing and industry 4.0 is the name of the latest automation and data exchange trends in manufacturing technology. This term covers physical-cyber systems, the internet for everything, cloud computing, and cognitive computing. Industry 4.0 produces "smart factories". Industry 4.0 can be seen from More than 50 percent or about 143 million people out of 262 million Indonesians have been connected to the internet throughout 2017, at least according to the latest report by the Indonesian Internet Service Providers Association. The problem in this research is not understanding the advantages and disadvantages of the birds owned and the level of extinction of birds owned. The purpose of this research is to design an Android-based application for the bird enthusiast community. Twitter is an android based forum for the bird lovers community. The application of Android technology to information about the activities of the birds chirping community is an application that serves to provide effective information for members of the chirping mania community at various events, competitions and buying and selling birds. In this application users can post photos of birds, bird trading transactions. see news and race schedule information and tips on bird care to be ready to compete. This application was built using Android Studio and uses Business Model Canvas (BMC) design methods, Use Cases, Activity Diagrams, and Mock-ups. The result can simplify the process of buying and selling birdsong, and makes it easier for community members to get information on various events related to birdsong.
 
 In Indonesian :
 
 Industri 4.0 sedang berkembang dan industri 4.0 adalah nama tren otomasi dan pertukaran data terkini dalam teknologi pabrik. Istilah ini mencakup sistem siber-fisik, internet untuk segala, komputasi awan, dan komputasi kognitif. Industri 4.0 menghasilkan "pabrik cerdas". Industry 4.0 dapat dilihat dari Lebih dari 50 persen atau sekitar 143 juta orang dari 262 juta orang Indonesia telah terhubung oleh jaringan internet sepanjang 2017, setidaknya begitu menurut laporan teranyar Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia. Permasalahan yang ada dalam penelitian ini yakni belum mengerti kekurangan serta kelebihan dari burung yang dimiliki dan tingkat kepunahan burung yang dimiliki. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah merancang aplikasi berbasis android untuk komunitas penggermar burung. Kicau adalah forum berbasis android untuk komunitas pecinta burung. Penerapan teknologi Android pada informasi tentang kegiatan komunitas kicau burung adalah aplikasi yang berfungsi untuk memberikan informasi yang efektif bagi anggota komunitas kicau mania di berbagai acara, kompetisi dan jual beli burung. Dalam aplikasi ini pengguna dapat memposting foto dari burung, transaksi jual beli burung. lihat informasi berita dan jadwal balapan serta tip tentang perawatan burung agar siap bersaing. Aplikasi ini dibangun menggunakan Android Studio dan menggunakan metode desain Business Model Canvas (BMC), Use Case, Activity Diagram, dan Mock-up. Hasilnya dapat mempermudah proses transaksi jual dan beli burung kicau, dan mempermudah para anggota komunitas untuk mendapatkan informasi berbagai acara terkait burung kicau.

Illegal trade of songbirds: an analysis of the activity in an area of northeast Brazil

BackgroundThis study aimed to analyze the chain and dynamics of the trade of wild birds between keepers and traders in an area of northeast Brazil. Profit from the purchase and sale of these animals in the trade chain was also estimated.MethodsThe information was obtained through interviews with direct participants in the wild bird trade chain.ResultsWe recorded a total of 34 bird species involved in illegal trade. In general, the purchase and sale values of songbirds are associated with the attractiveness and songs of the birds. Regarding the commercial potential of the species, those with high numbers of traded individuals had higher average purchase values and, especially, sale values. Birds with lower purchase values showed higher sale profits and were sold in large numbers. The purchase and sale values of songbirds in the present study show a significant economic return for those involved in this activity.ConclusionsThe results of this study may provide data to support future studies on the conservation of wild birds, assisting in monitoring illegal trade, a persistent problem in the region studied.

Whole Genomes of Avian orthoavulavirus 1 (Newcastle Disease Virus Genotypes VIg or new genotype XXI.) in Wild Birds in Kazakhstan

Background: The remarkable diversity and mobility of Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) includes virulent viruses of genotype VI. These viruses are often referred to as pigeon paramyxoviruses 1 because they are normally isolated and cause clinical disease in birds from the Columbidae family. Genotype VI viruses occasionally infect, and may also cause clinical disease in poultry. Thus, the evolution, current spread and detection of NDV are relevant to avian health. Methods: Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic studies of three Kazakhstan isolations were performed to characterize the complete fusion (F)-protein gene as well as whole genome sequence. Sequence data were compared with 106 Fusion genes representing different NDV genotypes and sub-genotypes, as well as 225 fusion genes and 37 whole genome of class VI NDV strains from different regions of the world at different time periods. Phylogenetic trees were constructed to determine evolutionary relationships among these strains. We analysed fusion (F) protein gene and whole genome sequences, including the cleavage site. Results: The complete genome of these 3 isolates contained 15142bp, 15085bp and 15102bp in length, similar to those of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains in genotypes VIg, with the gene order 3’-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5’. The cleavage site of the fusion protein was 112KRQKR116-F117, a feature generally associated with virulent NDV strains. Phylogenetic analysis, based on genomic sequences, SNP and fusion gene sequences, revealed that three isolates should be classified as class II genotype VIg NDVs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the NDV from various sites in Kazakhstan was highly similar genetically and that it clustered together with NDV of genotype VIg. Based on our data analysis, VIg isolates shared highest sequence identity with Russian and Ukraine isolates of the VIg subgenotype, suggests the possible spread of velogenic NDV in this region through cross-border live bird trade. Conclusion: Our study provides baseline information on the genetic characteristics of NDV circulating in Kazakhstan and we propose that the evolutionary and epidemiological study of virulent NDV could help to provide accurate molecular data about variants circulating in this region, thus aiding in the design of more efficient recombinant vaccines.

Wildlife trade shifts from brick-and-mortar markets to virtual marketplaces: A case study of birds of prey trade in Thailand

The shift of wildlife trade from brick-and-mortar markets to virtual online marketplaces is reported using the trade of birds of prey (raptors) in Thailand from 1968 to 2019 as a case study. We analyzed data obtained from physical market survey data for 2,782 individuals from 27 species, with 2,420 individuals reported in early surveys (1968-1988) and 362 individuals reported in later surveys (2003-2015) and online surveys (February 2017 to January 2019). We compared information on asking prices and what species were traded using two comparative approaches to analyze how species composition may have changed over time (physical markets and online platforms; pre-Internet and Internet era). In comparison with the five previous market surveys, we did not find a statistically significant difference between species and availability of species offered for sale when comparing physical bird markets and online markets. In all data sets, biological factors such as wingspan were significant factors in explaining price variation. We conclude that sustained monitoring is needed to make direct comparisons between the trade platforms. With a continued increase of wildlife trade on online platforms, we recommend increased regulation and enforcement of wildlife trade laws.

Diversity and threats to endemic birds in the Wallacean region, Indonesia

Wallacean region, which covers Sulawesi and its satellite islands, Lesser Sunda islands, and Maluku islands, has the richest endemic birds. It contributes 70.1% (366 out of 510) of the total Indonesian endemic bird species. Sulawesi and its satellite islands have the highest number of endemic species (150) followed by the Lesser Sunda Islands (126) and Maluku islands (90). On the other hand, many species in the region are threatened. The number of critically endangered (CR) and endangered (EN) in Sulawesi (7 and 10 species) is higher than Maluku (2 and 4 species) or Lesser Sunda (1 and 6 species). There are two types of threats: direct and indirect threats. Direct threats can be caused by the biological character of the species such as low reproductive rate, long-term parental care; high utilization i.e. hunt (egg, nestling, adult): consumption, trade (pet, hobbies and other uses); and natural predation. Indirect threats include habitat loss, fragmented forest, land conversion, and restricted range because of requiring a very specific habitat type. Although Indonesian wildlife including some endemic birds has been protected by law (P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018), illegal trade has been the most important threat. Recent illegal bird trade was recorded from East Java in 2018 and 2019. Confiscated birds were parrots and hornbill from the Wallacean region and Papua, though all of those species are protected.

It's in the news: Characterising Indonesia's wild bird trade network from media-reported seizure incidents

Devising strategic conservation plans to curb Indonesia's wild bird trade is pivotal to protect species. However, limited understanding of nation-wide trade network patterns could hinder this urgently necessary action. Currently, available information either have restricted geographical scope or is focused on trans-national analysis, limiting understanding of domestic-level nation-wide spatial movement and patterns of traded birds. In this paper, we use media-reported local seizures to understand patterns in a domestic-level wild bird trade network. Indonesia's bird trade network involved 18 countries (including Indonesia), all 34 provinces, and 132,945 confiscated birds from 157 species. Songbirds (Passeriformes) (83.8% of all birds) dominated the trade, with the highest number of birds in demand for songbird competitions and listed as of conservation concern in the IUCN Red List. The most important region and the main transit point was Jakarta, the most important source of birds was Lampung and the most important destination for birds was West Java. Malaysia was the most important international source of songbirds (mostly smuggled into Indonesia), while the Philippines was the main international destination for the smuggling of Parrots and Cockatoos. Seizures mostly occur near transit and destination regions, and fewer near source regions. Despite the identified patterns, it is likely a small portion of the actual size of Indonesia's bird trade. This paper provided a low-cost approach for a rapid wildlife trade network analysis and could be easily used to identify trade patterns of other taxa in other countries.

Transaction records as a tool for bird trade monitoring in supporting bird’s conservation and sustainable use

Birds market survey has been proofed to be effective as a complementary method to evaluate the population of birds in the wild. We implemented this method to monitor the birds trade in Jambi. Rather than direct observation to the market, we examine the transaction records from three wholesalers to obtain data. Our results show that during the period of January-September 2017 the total birds traded is 11,660 specimens and transaction value is Rp 941,932,900.00. Number of generic species is 76 in which some names refer to same species. From those generic species, we can identify about 26 species and the rest of birds is grouped according to their genus or family by which consist of 11 kind of birds. There are 4 species (and group of species) that traded over 1000 specimens i.e Acridotheres javanicus (2,824), Chloropsis sp. (2,185), Garrulax mitratus (1,266), and Zosterops sp. (1,355). The expensive songbirds such as Pycnonotus zeylanicus and Kittacincla malabarica are absent but the least expensive species but favorable, Copsychus saularis, is only traded in small number (157 specimens). Combine field survey and market survey may give better picture of overall bird population that critical for setting up conversation strategy of Indonesian birds.

Low incubation temperature slows the development of cold tolerance in a precocial bird.

Incubating birds trade off self-maintenance for keeping eggs warm. This causes lower incubation temperature in more challenging conditions, with consequences for a range of offspring traits. It is not yet clear how low developmental temperature affects cold tolerance early in life. This is ecologically important because before full thermoregulatory capacity is attained, precocial chicks must switch between foraging and being brooded when their body temperature declines. Hence, we studied how cold tolerance during conditions similar to a feeding bout in the wild was affected by incubation temperature in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Cold-incubated (35.5°C) chicks took the longest to develop, hatched at a smaller size, and remained smaller during their first week of life compared with chicks incubated at higher temperatures (37.0 and 38.5°C). This was reflected in increased cooling rate and reduced homeothermy, probably on account of reductions in both heat-producing capacity and insulation. Lower cold tolerance could exacerbate other temperature-linked phenotypic effects and, hence, also the trade-off between future and current reproduction from the perspective of the incubating parent.

Plight of the commons: 17 years of wildlife trafficking in Cambodia

Southeast Asia is a hub for wildlife trafficking. Since 2001, the Wildlife Rapid Rescue Team (WRRT), a multi-agency law enforcement unit under the authority of the Cambodian Forestry Administration, has operated in Cambodia to counteract wildlife trafficking. We have analysed confiscation records from the WRRT for 2001–2018 to determine the compositional trends of trafficked species in Cambodia, and identify any detectable conservation gaps. Confiscations involved 95% native species. Over 60% of all confiscated species were either: (i) not listed in CITES; (ii) listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List; and/or (iii) Common under the Cambodian Forestry Law. These common, and usually less appreciated, species in trade may face greater future threats through trafficking and thus require better protection.Birds had the most number of animals confiscated, and songbirds were particularly heavily trafficked. In terms of the number of incidents, reptiles were the most confiscated Class. A small number of specific reptile species were consistently targeted, and particularly prominent was turtle and tortoise trafficking. Conversely, birds appeared to be trafficked opportunistically. Most bird species were only confiscated in a single year, and almost two thirds of all bird species were replaced by different species each year. We show that Cambodia is contributing substantially to the bird trade and this may be an under-reported element of the Asian songbird crisis.

The Status of Vultures Neophron Percnopterus, Gypaetus Barbatus, Gyps Fulvus, Aegypius Monachus (Accipitriformes) in Azerbaijan

The inventory of vultures was conducted in 2004–2016. Modern areal and nesting places of Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), Black vulture (Aegypius monachus), Egyptian vulture, (Neophron percnopterus) and Bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) in Azerbaijan was determined. Our results reveals that 60.6% (n=20) of nesting locations were found in Lesser Caucasus, 36.3% (n=12) in Great Caucasus, 3.0% (n=1) in Talysh mountains. Over the last 13 years the total known population of these species decreased by 15.3%. Primary reason of this decline is the abandonment of livestock farms and graze lands, accompanied by the expansion of cultivated areas (P = 0.0001) since large domestic ruminants are important source of food for Griffon vultures,. The other important threats to these species were identified as nestling removal, capture and trade of wild birds for exhibiting them in zoological gardens and roadside restaurants, destructing the nests of Black vultures, ecotourism and recreation has impacted on the decrease in the number of Griffon vultures (P =0.0001). In 2016, 61 pairs of Griffon vulture, 59 pairs of Egyptian vulture, 16 pairs of Black vulture, 9 pairs of Bearded vulture were recorded in the territories of Azerbaijan.

Testing microsatellite loci for individual identification of captive African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus): a molecular tool for parentage analysis that will aid in monitoring legal trade

Populations of wild African Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) are declining rapidly driven by the removal of individuals for the pet trade and accelerated habitat destruction and fragmentation. African Greys are currently listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red list and are on Appendix I of CITES, which prohibits all trade in wild-caught individuals. The demand for these parrots in the pet trade can, however, be met through legal trade in captive-bred birds. Determining which birds are captive-bred is often challenging. Genetic techniques have recently become established as a valuable tool in providing accurate information on the paternity of any offspring produced in captivity. Another advantage of using molecular data is that genotypes can also be used for measuring the genetic diversity and degree of relatedness within the captive population to prevent inbreeding. In this study, we test the utility of a suite of previously published microsatellite markers as a molecular tool for parentage analysis. The panel of 11 loci was found to have sufficient discriminatory power to be used in parentage assignment. In this study we present a set of markers that can be used with confidence to determine if a bird has been bred from captive parents and so can be legally traded. These molecular markers were also tested for use on low amounts of DNA extracted from feathers to aid law enforcement authorities to better control legal and illegal trade of this endangered parrot species.

STATUS PERLINDUNGAN BURUNG LIAR YANG DIPERDAGANGKAN DI KABUPATEN KUBU RAYA

Birds are aves class that have ecological, economic and socio-cultural functions. For the community, birds are used as pets and trading. The trading wild birds in Kubu Raya Regency for the last 3 years has greatly increased, along with the rise of the song birds contest this has made birds become popular pet among the people in Kubu Raya Regency. This study aims to determine the protection status of traded bird species in Kubu Raya Regency. This research used survey and observation methods, the technique of respondent data collecting usedsnowball sampling, which is to determine the key of respondents who are people had extensive knowledge of bird trading activities in Kubu Raya Regency. The results of the study there are 11 respondents that is 3 hunter categories, 1 collecting category and 7 bird shops / traders. The results obtainedthere are 572 traded birds consisting of 39 species belonging to 21families. The originlocation of the traded birds came from different regions that is Kubu Raya, Jungkat, Sambas, Tayan, Pahuman, Ketapang, Sintang, Badau, and Putussibau. There are 10 protected birds species including 4 species according to Indonesian Law, 1 bird species in the CITES Appendix II category (Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) and 8 bird species listed in the IUCN Red List category (International Union For the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources).Keyword : Bird Species, Trading Of Bird, Protection Of Bird, Kubu Raya

Analysis of Poultry Production and Marketing in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: The Case of Small Scale Intensive Poultry Producers

This article investigated the structure conduct and performance of poultry market and determinants of total sale value of poultry supply in Addis Ababa, using survey data 2017/18. To address these descriptive statistics and econometric models were employed. The study used the structure-conduct-performance model to determine the structure conduct and performance of poultry market and multiple linear regression econometric models to analyze determinants of poultry marketable supply. The data were generated by individual interview using pre-tested semi structured questionnaires and take a total of 100 farmers sample and 75 traders. This was supplemented by secondary data. Following the four firms’ criteria of concentration ratio, Addis Ababa poultry market showed tight oligopolistic behavior in bird market and loss oligopoly in egg markets with 64.4 and 24.90 percent concentration ratio respectively. The maximum total gross marketing margin in bird and egg trading channel were about 53 and 41 percent respectively in channel XI and the highest producers share for bird and egg marketing were along producer- consumer. From OLS model sex, flock size, production cost and average lagged price of egg were found to affect total sale value of poultry significantly and positively, while distance to market affect poultry value negatively. The findings suggests that, effective market information service has to be established to provide accurate information on current poultry supply, in addition, emphasis should be given in reducing the level of oligopolistic nature of bird market and the government set strategies that improve competitiveness and efficiency of poultry market. Keywords: poultry market; Structure conduct performance; Concentration ratio; marketing margin; oligopoly DOI : 10.7176/JMCR/62-01 Publication date: November 30 th 2019

Structure Conduct and Performance of Poultry Market in Some Selected Area of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

This article investigated the structure conduct and performance of poultry market in some selected area of Addis Ababa, using survey data 2017/18. The study used the structure-conduct-performance model. The data were generated by individual interview using pre-tested semi structured questionnaires and take a total of 100 farmers sample and 75 traders. This was supplemented by secondary data. Concentration ratio and gross margin were used for this analysis. Following the four firms’ criteria of concentration ratio, Addis Ababa poultry market showed tight oligopolistic behavior in bird market and loss oligopoly in egg markets with 64.4 and 24.90 percent concentration ratio respectively. The maximum total gross marketing margin in bird and egg trading channel were about 53 and 41 percent respectively in channel XI and the highest producers share for bird and egg marketing were along producer- consumer. The findings suggests that, effective market information service has to be established in addition, emphasis should be given in reducing the level of oligopolistic nature of bird market and the government set strategies that improve competitiveness and efficiency of poultry market. Keywords: poultry market; Structure conduct performance; Concentration ratio; marketing margin; oligopoly DOI : 10.7176/JMCR/62-02 Publication date: November 30 th 2019

Inventory, Conservation Statement and Classification of Bird Trade in Cianjur based on Data Mining Methods

Currently in the community many who keep birds. To get the birds people are looking for in the bird market. Total species of birds traded (Kabupaten Cianjur) as many as 46 types of 23 tribes. From the search results were found by IUCN endangered bird species but by law in Indonesia excluding protected ones such as the species of ekelgeling (Cissathalassina) whose conservation status is highly endangered. The excavation of the rule based on available data using the c45 algorithm shows that the dominance status of bird species in the Cipanas area has a significant influence on the status of the dominance of bird species for the entire Cianjur region.

Trends in legal and illegal trade of wild birds: a global assessment based on expert knowledge

Wildlife trade is a profitable economic activity. Birds are among the most heavily traded animals worldwide, with numerous species threatened by pet trade. Information on both legal and illegal aspects of trade and consumer demand is difficult to obtain across different countries, particularly given substantial socio-economic and cultural variation. Focusing on consumer demand in each country, we conducted a global survey among 105 international experts on bird conservation to identify expected trends, drivers and market characteristics of legal and illegal wild-caught pet bird trade. Our results suggest that future trends in legal bird trade will be mostly driven by socio-cultural motivations and intentional demand for wild-caught, rather than captive-bred birds. Bird popularity and rarity are the main factors expected to influence the choice of which bird species will be the most traded legally. Percentage of rural population was the main national-level socio-economic predictor for legal bird trade in the future. Demand for future illegal trade is expected to be driven by bird popularity and particular species identity. Experts consider illegal trade to be sustained mainly by consumers from higher socio-economic and educational backgrounds. Human population growth rate was the main national-level socio-economic predictor of illegal trade expected for the future. Legislation enforcement remains a critical issue in wildlife trade. Expanding trade networks and socio-economic changes continue to incorporate new regions into the wildlife trade. Investigating the multidimensional and synergistic determinants of wildlife trade will thus help address potential detrimental impacts bird trade might cause on biodiversity.

Disease surveillance in wild Victorian cacatuids reveals co-infection with multiple agents and detection of novel avian viruses

Wild birds are known reservoirs of bacterial and viral pathogens, some of which have zoonotic potential. This poses a risk to both avian and human health, since spillover into domestic bird populations may occur. In Victoria, wild-caught cockatoos trapped under licence routinely enter commercial trade. The circovirus Beak and Feather Disease Virus (BFDV), herpesviruses, adenoviruses and Chlamydia psittaci have been identified as significant pathogens of parrots globally, with impacts on both aviculture and the conservation efforts of endangered species. In this study, we describe the results of surveillance for psittacid herpesviruses (PsHVs), psittacine adenovirus (PsAdV), BFDV and C. psittaci in wild cacatuids in Victoria, Australia. Samples were collected from 55 birds of four species, and tested using genus or family-wide polymerase chain reaction methods coupled with sequencing and phylogenetic analyses for detection and identification of known and novel pathogens. There were no clinically observed signs of illness in most of the live birds in this study (96.3%; n = 53). Beak and Feather Disease Virus was detected with a prevalence of 69.6% (95% CI 55.2–80.9). Low prevalences of PsHV (1.81%; 95% CI 0.3–9.6), PsAdV (1.81%; 95% CI 0.3–9.6), and C. psittaci (1.81%; 95% CI 0.3–9.6) was detected. Importantly, a novel avian alphaherpesvirus and a novel avian adenovirus were detected in a little corella (Cacatua sanguinea) co-infected with BFDV and C. psittaci. The presence of multiple potential pathogens detected in a single bird presents an example of the ease with which such infectious agents may enter the pet trade and how novel viruses circulating in wild populations have the potential for transmission into captive birds. Genomic identification of previously undescribed avian viruses is important to further our understanding of their epidemiology, facilitating management of biosecurity aspects of the domestic and international bird trade, and conservation efforts of vulnerable species.

Flying into extinction: Understanding the role of Singapore’s international parrot trade in growing domestic demand

SummarySouth-East Asia’s bird trade is of global conservation concern as it has massively depleted wild populations of many species. Parrots (Order Psittaciformes) are especially vulnerable because they are the most heavily traded group of birds globally under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) appendices. Singapore’s involvement in the global pet bird trade as a transhipment hub is well documented, particularly for parrots. Yet, much less is known about the links between its domestic and international trade. We attempt to quantify this relationship by comparing bird trade data on the CITES database with past market surveys of pet shops, complemented with semi-structured interviews with 30 parrot owners in Singapore. We report a decline in total imports and exports of CITES-listed birds in Singapore from 2005 to 2016, consistent with global trends after the European Union trade ban on wild bird imports. However, parrots continue to make up the majority of total imports; and there was a yearly increase in the percentage of parrot imports out of total imports. In addition, we report a difference in imports and exports of 54,207 CITES I, II and III listed birds into Singapore i.e. birds imported but not re-exported. A substantial proportion of these birds were possibly channelled into the domestic pet trade or used as breeding stock. Interviews with parrot owners confirmed the growing demand and popularity of parrots and particularly of larger species. We conclude that the domestic demand for parrots may have been previously underestimated, and make recommendations to manage Singapore’s international and domestic pet bird trade such as implementing a licensing and records system to track the movement of birds.

Rearing and trade of wild birds in a semiarid region of Brazil

The rearing of wild birds as pets is directly related to cultural and socioeconomic issues, as well as to population declines for the species involved. This study aimed to inventory wild birds that are reared as pets and analyze aspects of their commercialization and the sociocultural context of this activity in the semiarid region of Paraiba, Brazil. The data were obtained through interviews and semistructured questionnaires comprised of questions regarding wild birds kept in captivity. Thirty men with a mean age of 45 years were interviewed. The birds were identified through direct observation of the species. The Use Value Index, which is a quantitative index that lists species by importance based on usage citations, was calculated for each species in three different ways: UVgeneral, UVcurrent, and UVpotential. Thirty-six wild bird species distributed among 10 families and 26 genera were recorded. The birds were raised because of beautiful plumage and birdsong, ability to mimic sounds, and fighting potential. Trade on wild birds is a widespread activity. Twenty-one (70%) interviewees had obtained their animals from illegal trade, which encompassed all recorded species. Nine respondents were authorized to legally raise and breed these species in captivity. Bird trade is a widespread activity throughout the study region, where individuals of many species are sold at prices ranging from R$ 5.00 (US$ 1.29) to R$ 5000.00 (US$ 1288.85). The results demonstrate the need to implement effective public policies aim at mediating the use and conservation of avian biodiversity, and improving the implementation of management plans for its conservation.

Wildlife trade and consumer preference for species rarity: an examination of caged-bird markets in Sumatra

AbstractThis study examines conservation effects of wildlife trade using demand and supply data from caged-bird markets in Sumatra, Indonesia. When consumers have a strong preference for species rarity, trade could result in wildlife overexploitation and species extinction. Results from a choice experiment show that buyers of caged birds indeed value species rarity. However, not all rare species are equally preferred. Species that are frequently traded lose their rarity value, even if rare in the wild. Analysis of time-series data collected from traders over a period of 20 months between 2013 and 2015 reveals an inelastic supply function for rare species, with market arrivals being insensitive to price changes. This may be due to a declining stock of rare species in the wild. Bird trade together with habitat loss can lead to extinction of a number of rare species in Indonesia. Several policy approaches on regulating caged-bird markets are discussed.