Bird Diversity Indices Research Articles

Effects of spatial and temporal crop changes on bird diversity in peri‑urban agricultural lands

Numerous studies have investigated bird diversity-environment relationships in agricultural landscapes. While many studies have emphasized the importance of natural/semi-natural elements and their diversity within or surrounding farmlands, it remains unclear how crop diversity impacts birds. There is also a significant gap in our knowledge regarding the effects of temporal changes in crop composition on bird diversity. Using small farmlands in a sub-tropical city of China, we examined how spatial and temporal variation of crops and other local farmland features was linked to species diversity of birds and their traits. In small peri‑urban agricultural areas of Guangzhou, we collected bird and crop/non-crop data approximately bimonthly from December 2021 to October 2022. Overall crop diversity and seasonal crop changes were indexed by alpha diversity (Shannon-Wiener index) and beta diversity, respectively. Both alpha and beta crop diversities were positively associated with Shannon-Wiener diversity of birds. Alpha crop diversity also tended to have a positive impact on species richness. Percent cover of woody vegetation showed a positive effect on all three bird diversity indices, i.e., species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity, and evenness. Percent cover of rice affected species richness positively and evenness negatively, whereas the effects of percent cover of corn were the opposite. In a fourth-corner analysis, the abundance of plant/seed-eating birds was negatively associated with alpha crop diversity, whereas the abundance of ground-foraging birds was positively associated with beta crop diversity. These patterns indicate that seasonally dynamic crop changes as well as local crop diversity can influence bird diversity and traits in small farmlands. They also suggest that natural/semi-natural woody vegetation, such as trees and shrubs, play a critical role in enhancing species diversity of birds in farmlands dominated by herbaceous edible crops.

Attributing spatially stratified heterogeneity in biodiversity of urban–rural interlaced zones based on the OPGD model

Urban–rural interlaced zones are characterized by the interpenetration of urban and rural elements, drastic changes in construction, relatively weak planning and management, and anthropogenic activities that constantly impact the ecological background. However, the ecological barriers and hinterland spaces of the city center provide important ecological functions. In this study, we selected forest birds as indicator species of the urban ecological environment and explored the spatial stratification and heterogeneity effects of environmental substrates and anthropogenic activities on bird diversity (species richness, abundance, Shannon–Wiener index, and Simpson index) in urban–rural interlaced zones using the optimal parameter geographic detector model to characterize the changes in ecological functions in these zones. The results of this study are as follows:(1) The bird diversity index in Minhang District, Shanghai, showed an obvious urban-rural gradient divergence with the transition of urban zone- rural-urban interface - rural zone.An agglomerative spatial differentiation pattern was observed more in the southeast but less in the northwest, with a high degree of spatial distribution concentrations and evident imbalance characteristics.(2) The spatially stratified heterogeneity in bird diversity in urban–rural interlaced zones was because of the combined action of multiple driving factors under the three dimensions of habitat environment, degree of urbanization, and anthropogenic interference. Most of the interactions between any two factors showed non-linear or bifactorial enhancement effects. Furthermore, the one-factor explanatory power of urbanization and anthropogenic interference factors on bird diversity was significantly higher than that of the habitat environment factor.(3) Population heat distribution (PD), distance to the center of Shanghai (DC), and nighttime lighting index(NTL) were the main drivers of spatially stratified heterogeneity in bird diversity and the key indicators of urban–rural gradient changes. The interaction between PD and DC had the strongest explanatory power for the spatial differentiation of bird diversity.

Predicting avian diversity based on land use and cover on a national scale

This study explores the relationship between landscape features and avian diversity in South Korea, examining both taxonomic and functional diversity. The Korean Peninsula serves as a pivotal habitat for resident bird species and a migratory pathway in the East Asia-Pacific flyway. Using a national dataset with block sizes ranging from 3.5 to 4.5 kilometers per side, we found that less urbanized open plains exhibit higher taxonomic diversity, while coastal regions with diverse water bird populations show higher functional diversity. These findings underscore the significance of conserving the existing land types and qualities in specific regions to substantially impact bird distribution and regional biodiversity. Remarkably, closed forests display diversity patterns akin to urban/built-up areas, despite their disparate land use characteristics. The stability of bird diversity indices across different land use types enables us to predict bird diversity indices based on the particular land use and land cover configurations. This study emphasizes the complementary nature of functional biodiversity indices in comprehending bird distribution patterns alongside taxonomic diversity indices.

Keberadaan Avivauna Sebagai Dampak Pembangunan Taman Keanekaragaman Hayati (KEHATI) Pt. Tirta Investama Pabrik Solok

ABSTRACTIndonesia is one of the world's megabiodiversity countries, but it is also a country with a high reduction in biodiversity, so efforts need to be made to maintain this biodiversity. One of these efforts is to build a Taman Keanekaragaman Hayati, as has been done by PT. Tirta InvestamaPabrikSolok. The existence of a biodiversity park will certainly attract animals, especially birds, to come. In order to determine the extent of the presence of these birds, a study was carried out with the aim of obtaining data on bird species, the level of diversity, abundance and diversity as well as their conservation status. The research was conducted from June to July 2023 using the point count method. Placed as many as 6 counting points in an area of 2.5 ha. The results of the study found 31 species belonging to 16 families, with the Nectarinidae and Pycnonotidae families having the highest number of species. The bird diversity index was 2.7130 (medium), the evenness index was 0.7900 (high) and the dominance index was 0.0896 (low). Insectivorous birds were found at 58%, granivorous birds 19%, nectivorous 13% and piscivorous birds as much as 10%. 90% are land birds and 10% water birds. One species (3%) was found to be protected nationally, while internationally 3% met VU criteria, 3% NT criteria and 94% LC.

Keanekaragaman Jenis Burung pada Berbagai Tipe Habitat di Pulau Belitung

Belitung Island is a satellite island of the mainland of Sumatra Island. So far, bird research has been very rare and there have been almost no recent publications, so research on birds on Belitung Island is needed. The research was conducted during February-April 2020 in seven habitat types in 18 locations. Data were taken using the IPA (Index Point of Abundance) method with observation times between 05.30-09.00 am and 03.00-06.00 pm. Qualitative analysis was carried out on the bird status, while quantitative analysis was carried out using: 1) chi-square for bird species richness; 2) Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'); 3) evenness index (E); and 4) bird community similarity index (IS). There were 111 bird species from 40 families and 13 orders. The birds found significantly different between habitat types for the number of species (χ²count = 23.73; df = 6; P < 0.05) and the number of individuals (χ²count = 361.65; df = 6; P < 0.05). The number of bird species found ranged from 14 species (lake habitat) to 50 bird species (coastal habitat). One bird species can be found in all habitat types, namely Cinnyris jugularis. Nine species of shorebirds were found. The bird diversity index (H') was obtained at 3.83 which is included in the high category and the bird evenness index (E) was obtained at 0.81 which is included in the high category and means the community is stable. The community similarity index (IS) values between habitat types ranged from 0.10-0.33.

Habitat heterogeneity promotes bird diversity in agricultural landscapes: Insights from remote sensing data

Understanding the main drivers of biodiversity loss in Europe's agricultural landscapes has been a research priority in the last decades. One of the most important factors promoting biodiversity in farmed landscapes is habitat heterogeneity, which has often proved crucial for avian species and communities. Birds are highly sensitive to environmental changes and make use of a broad range of ecological niches, thus being exceptionally sensitive to the loss of habitat heterogeneity. Remote sensing data are particularly suited to quantify habitat heterogeneity at fine scales over relatively large extents, allowing to consider how different measures of heterogeneity may affect biotic communities at a regional scale. Here, we used airborne LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) and satellite multispectral data to derive vegetation canopy height and primary productivity for 118 sites in complex agricultural landscapes in a region in the Central Alps. We computed different bird diversity indices and classified bird species into guilds according to specific traits to analyse the relationship between avian communities and different facets of habitat heterogeneity. Results confirmed that habitat heterogeneity is essential in shaping rich and diverse bird communities, and it is particularly important for several farmland birds. By comparing the effects of canopy height, primary productivity, and specific vegetation features (e.g., cover of grassland, shrub, and tree layers), we showed how different habitat characteristics as well as landscape heterogeneity affected bird richness, diversity, functional entropy, and trait patterns. Landscape and height heterogeneity, estimated by NDVI and LiDAR Rao's Q indices, strongly influenced all response variables, for example, high NDVI values promoted species diversity and ground-understory nesters, and shrub layer was important for ground-understory nesters and forest specialists. Finally, we provide recommendations for conservation practices and mitigation measures to improve bird diversity in agricultural landscapes.

The diversity of birds in the young oil palm agroforestry plot in Jambi, Indonesia

By 2010, Sumatera Island of Indonesia had lost the highest annual forest cover due to oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) expansion, leading to adverse environmental impacts. The introduction of oil palm agroforestry (OPAF) within the social forestry program was to reduce these environmental impacts, conserve biodiversity, enhance wildlife habitat, and improve smallholder household resilience. However, the information on OPAF implementation progress and its benefits and ecological impacts still need to be explored. This research aims to measure the diversity of birds in young OPAF by comparing birds’ diversity in four land covers: young oil palm agroforestry (three years after establishment), old oil palm agroforestry (20 years after establishment), oil palm monoculture, and secondary forest. We indicated 43 bird species from 25 families across all land covers. The secondary forest had the highest valueof bird diversity index value of 2.80. The second was the first young oil palm agroforestry (2.42), followed by old OPAF, oil palm monoculture, and the second young OPAF with index values of 2.30, 2.19, and 2.16, respectively. Enrichment planting on oil palm monoculture through OPAF development could help restore tropical forests’ structural complexity while also providing more suitable bird habitats.

The diversity of resident passerine bird in the East Yunnan-Kweichow Plateau is closely related to plant species richness, vertical altitude difference and habitat area.

East Yunnan-Kweichow Plateau is rich in biodiversity in China. Complex geographical and climatic conditions and rich bird resources made this area an ideal system for studying the spatial distribution mechanism and influencing factors of birds, which were still unknown. Bird community data from 37 sites in this region were collected, including 505 bird species and 164 species of resident passerine bird, were extracted for analysis. The taxonomic diversity, phylogenetic diversity, functional diversity (FD), and community structure index were calculated. Ordinary least square (OLS), spatial autoregressive models (SAR), and structural equation model (SEM) were used to explore the relationship between bird diversity index and environmental factors which were used to describe the habitat conditions of birds. Results indicated that species richness (SR), phylogenetic diversity (PD), and FD have similar distribution patterns and are mainly affected by vascular plant species richness, habitat area, and vertical altitude difference. The phylogenetic and functional structure of bird community changed in both longitude and latitude direction, and the phylogenetic structure of community was dispersed in the west and clustered in the east, significantly related to habitat area, and vertical altitude difference, the functional structure was dispersed in all sites, significantly related to average annual precipitation. The community in the west and south of the East Yunnan-Kweichow Plateau is mainly driven by interspecific competitive, while the process in the east and north is mainly driven by environmental filtration. Distribution pattern of bird diversity was caused by the comprehensive action of various habitat factors which were mainly related to food availability and habitat heterogeneity. For maintaining the living space of birds, the protection of urban parks, wetland parks, campuses, and other urban green spaces is as important as national and provincial nature reserves. Revealing the construction mechanism and main influencing factors of bird communities in different areas is conducive to targeted protection work.

THE DIVERSITY OF BIRD TYPES IN BUKIT TANAH PUTIH SIDANGOLI, WEST HALMAHERA REGENCY

The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of bird species in Bukit Tanah Putih Sidangoli, West Halmahera Regency. Using the combined method of point count and line transects. Observations of bird samples were carried out in three types of habitats, namely the habitat of the trans Halmahera road, river lanes and white hills. Based on the results of the study, there were 59 species from 25 families with bird diversity index =2.70-3.39, the species evenness index ranged from 0.50 to 0.82. The evenness index value for the trans-halmahera mesh line in the garden vegetation type was higher (E= 0.82) compared to the vegetation index in the forest type (E = 0.69) and the HTI area (0.60). The highest evenness index value in Bukit Tanah Putih in the three vegetation types, namely gardens, forests and hearts, had the same evenness index value (0.50). The trans-halmahera road observation path is the most dominant species in garden vegetation, namely parrot parrot (Eclectus roratus), river location in Maluku serindit forest vegetation (Collocalia esculenta) and Bukit Tanah Putih in garden and forest vegetation (red cheek parrot = Geofroyi geofroyu). The conclusions of this study are the diversity of bird species in Bukit Tanah Putih, Sidangoli, moderate (H'=2.70) to high (H'3.39), the species evenness index was evenly distributed (E=0.50-0.82) and the high dominance.

Avian Diversity and Their Feeding Guild Structure in Temperate Forests of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India

The study on avian diversity and their feeding guild structure with relation to their habitat use in temperate forest of district Pauri Garhwal was carried out between April 2015 to March 2017. Lines transect and direct visual methods were used to record the bird species diversity, their feeding habit and habitats. Frequent surveys were made in the study area and birds were counted. During the study period, a total of 152 species of birds belonging to 9 order and 43 families were recorded. The highest diversity index was recorded at Kandoliya (H¯= 3.98±0.06) and Adwani was recorded with minimum diversity (H¯= 3.34±0.08). The average bird diversity index at all sites was recorded as (H¯= 3.57±0.11). Further, on the basis of their feeding guilds the recorded birds were categorized into the six major categories such as insectivore (55.92%), omnivore (13.81%), grainivores (5.92%), carnivore (9.21%), nectarivorous (1.31), frugivore (5.92%) and 7.91% species remained unidentified. The insectivore guild was dominant in all the guild structures.

Bird Species Abundance and Diversity in Montane Forest Research Station, Jos, Plateau State

Forest is the most significant habitat for birds by supporting around 75% of all bird species while only 45% of all bird species have adapted to humans modified habitats. The research was conducted in the Montane Forest Research Station, Jos, Plateau State, in other to determine the abundance, diversity and effect of habitat types on bird’s species diversity. Fifteen transects of 200m were laid in the three habitat types (riparian forest, farmland and residential area) using stratified random sampling method. The data collected were analysed using R console. Shannon Weiner diversity index was used to analyse species diversity while generalized linear model was used to determine the effect of the habitat variables on bird species diversity. The result showed a total number of 1466 individual birds belonging to 17 families and 60 bird species were sighted. The abundance of birds was highest in riparian forest (2252), farmland (1732) and Residential area (1094) with no significance difference (p=0.177). Species richness was higher in the riparian forest (57), farmland (49), and the residential area (44). It also revealed that bird diversity index was highly significant. Riparian forest had the highest diversity (4.77), and the species were more evenly distributed (0.6) as compared to the other habitat types. The higher the number of trees and canopy cover the higher the diversity of species as was observed in the riparian forest where forest species that weren’t seen in the other habitats were found. The farmland and residential areas also hold a considerable number of some generalist bird species due to some patches of vegetation found in the habitat. Therefore, conservation efforts should be directed towards keeping vegetation intact in human dominated areas, as it serves as repository for bird species which are ecologically important. Hence, planting trees (economic, fruit and ornamental) should be encouraged.

Effect of Transhumant Livestock Grazing on Pseudo-Alpine Grassland Bird Communities

Transhumance is a traditional animal husbandry system, but its effects on grassland avian communities have not been dealt with in depth. In this study, we quantified the influence of transhumance on the grassland avifauna, in representative pseudo-alpine grasslands with no (NGG), low (LGG), and high (HGG) grazing intensity in the Pindos Mountains, Central Greece. Two point count surveys were conducted within 20 sites in each grassland during the bird breeding season of 2016. We assessed bird diversity indices and accounted for whether the recorded habitat and topographic variables were involved in their variation. A total of 25 bird species were recorded, with the grazed grasslands supporting the most species of high conservation value, while the NGG showed the highest bird diversity. Bird species richness and diversity increased with the decrease of vegetation height, vegetation height heterogeneity, and the increase of rock cover. Bird communities exhibited different patterns among the three grazing regimes and specific bird species of high conservation value appeared to prefer different grasslands. Six species preferred HGG, one preferred LGG, while two preferred NGG. Our study highlights the necessity of heterogeneous pseudo-alpine grasslands with short and tall grass areas in order to maintain highly diverse bird communities.

Avian Diversity of Oak Mixed Forest in Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India

The avian diversity of Oak mixed forest in Pauri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand was studied during October 2019 to March 2020. Two strands of oak mixed forest located at different sites at 29º 22’-29º 75’ North and 78º, 10’ -78º,80’ East (1750 masl) were selected. Regular field survey was carried out during the morning and evening hours at each site. A total of 63 species of birds belonging to 07 orders and 31 families were recorded. The average bird diversity index H ¯was 3.202. The species richness was observed around 7.27 and species evenness was 0.72. The highest number of species was recorded at Ransi Oak mixed forest (63) and lowest number of bird species were recorded in Teka Oak mixed forest (60).

The diversity of birds in typical urban lake-wetlands and its response to the landscape heterogeneity in the buffer zone based on GIS and field investigation in Daqing，China

ABSTRACT This study selected nine typical urban lake-wetlands in Daqing as the research object, and analyzed the key factors influencing diversity of the lake-wetland bird based on GIS technology and the field investigation. The bird diversity index (H ‘) was significantly positively correlated with the proportion of grassland area within the 500 m buffer zone, and the bird diversity was positively correlated with the proportion of grassland area, and grassland became the main habitat or foraging place for birds. Multiple regression analysis of common species and 10 habitat environmental characteristics parameters showed that there were inter-species differences in habitat parameters affecting distribution of birds, which was related to the differences in bird adaptability to different habitats. Moreover, the diversity of birds decreased with the increase of the proportion of urban construction land and the degree of human disturbance. So maintaining the diversity of habitat types and structures is the key to improving the richness of birds. Measures to protect the natural habitat of city and restore the effective habitat of plants and plants will help to increase the diversity of species in urban lake-wetlands.

Avian and Habitat Diversity in the Semi-Arid Lands of Baringo South, Kenya

Semi-arid wooded-shrublands are important and critical habitats that provide breeding and feeding grounds for a variety of bird species, some of which are endangered, vulnerable or threatened with extinction. Habitat type and size influence abundance and diversity of birds globally and particularly in developing countries that are characterized by rapid human population growth and haphazard urban, agricultural and industrial development. The objective of this study was to assess avian and habitat diversity at Chemeron, a semi-arid land in the northern rangelands of Kenya. The study was guided by four questions: What kind of Habitat types are present at Chemeron study area? What kind of birds are found at Chemeron area? What is the conservation status of birds found at Chemeron area? What are the functional feeding guilds of birds that are found in the study area? How does the habitat type influence bird species abundance and diversity at Chemeron? Four 2-km long transects radiating from a central point within the study area were selected for a ground survey of birds that was conducted on foot. The surveys were conducted between 06:30 and 09:30 and 16:00 and 18:00 from October 2019 to April 2020. Bird species were observed and identified to the species level using high-resolution binoculars, field guidebooks and available taxonomic keys. Our surveys documented two main habitat types: Acacia-Balanites-Boscia woodlands dominated by Acacia senegal, Acacia mellifera, Acacia nilotica, Boscia angustifolia, and Balanites aegyptica. The second kind of habitat consisted of the invasive Acalypha fruticosa and Indigofera arrecta with Acacia reficiens-Acacia brevispica overstorey. A total of 53 bird species were sighted and identified the vulnerable Yellow necked spurfowl (Francolinus leucoscepus). Seventy-nine percent of the birds were sighted as singles or in pairs except for the gregarious white browed sparrow weaver (Plocepasser mahali), Apus caffer, Numida meleagris, Streptopelia senegalensis, Dinemellia dinemelli and Corythaxoides leucogaster. Significant differences in the various species diversity indices among the six transects were observed (p < 0.05). Approximately 60% of the birds belong to the insectivorous and omnivorous feeding guild. Charcoal burning and uncontrolled harvesting of wood are the major threats to the avian habitats in the study area. The high diversity of bird species in the study area can be attributed to the varied diversity of habitats that provide feeding, nesting, refuge and breeding grounds for the birds. From the foregoing findings, we can conclude that the ASALs of Baringo South offer ample habitat for a large number of bird species including the vulnerable Yellow necked spurfowl. The variations in various bird diversity indices can be attributed to the observed heterogeneity of habitats in the study area. We recommend wise use of rangeland resources and protection of critical avian habitats within the ASALs. Efforts should be geared towards livelihoods diversification and empowerment of the Lake Bogoria communities. This will reduce the pressure on the wooded shrublands that is widespread in the study area.

Bird diversity in Chinese urban parks was more associated with natural factors than anthropogenic factors

Urban parks are important for biodiversity conservation in urban ecosystems. Many natural and anthropogenic factors are associated with bird diversity in urban parks. However, so far no studies have compared the relative roles of these factors in shaping bird taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity in urban parks in whole China. In this study, we linked anthropogenic variables (NDVI, population density, park area) and natural variables (altitudinal range, contemporary and historical climate) with the three biodiversity dimensions of bird assemblages in Chinese urban parks. Notably, a total of 495 bird species (36% of all Chinese birds) were found in 140 parks, and the phylogenetic (evolutionary history) and functional diversity of these species is 49% and 80% of all Chinese birds. In addition, there were one critically endangered species (Aythya baeri), eight endangered species, 11 vulnerable species and 53 near threatened species. The two variables most associated with bird taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity were park area and altitudinal range, glacial-interglacial temperature change and precipitation, precipitation and park area, respectively. Notably, all anthropogenic factors, including park area, were not associated with these bird diversity indices after controlling the effects of natural variables. In contrast, most natural variables were significantly associated with bird diversity when controlled the influence of anthropogenic factors. Therefore, these results indicate that Chinese urban parks could harbor high levels of bird diversity, especially for the phylogenetic and functional diversity. More importantly, the weak relations between bird diversity and anthropogenic factors highlight the important role of Chinese urban parks in biodiversity conservation.

KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS BURUNG PADA HUTAN DATARAN RENDAH DI KOMPLEKS GUNUNG BULUSARAUNG TAMAN NASIONAL BANTIMURUNG BULUSARAUNG

Lowland Forest at the complex of Bulusaraung mountain in the Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park is one of important habitat of birds in South Sulawesi. This study aimed to identify bird’s diversity in the Lowland Forest of Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park for ecotourism purposes. This research was carried out for 2 months between April and May 2018. The data were gathered by using line transect method. The data were analyzed by using Shannon-Weiner diversity index, Evenness index, Margalef species richness index, and Sorensen Similarity index. The result of the study showed that, there were 23 species of birds found in the three lines of observation tracks. There were 19 species found in Balleanging, 12 species in Kattokaddaro and 15 species found in Tompobulu.The highest value of bird diversity index was found in Tompobulu (H '= 1,73) followed by Balleanging (H' = 1,54) and Kattokaddaro routes (H '= 1,43). Therefore, the diversity of bird species in the three observation pathways can be used as objects and attractions in the development of ecotourism based on bird watching in wildlife conservation efforts.

Bird diversity in transition zone of Taka Bonerate, Kepulauan Selayar Biosphere Reserve, Indonesia

Abstract. Praptiwi RA, Saab R, Setia TM, Wicaksono G, Wulandari P, Sugardjito J. 2019. Bird diversity in transition zone of Taka Bonerate, Kepulauan Selayar Biosphere Reserve, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 819-823. Conservation management in the buffer and transition zones of Biosphere Reserves play an important role in ensuring enhanced core zone protection. Tambolongan and Polassi are two islands located in the administrative region of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and part of the transition zone area of UNESCO’s Taka Bonerate-Kepulauan Selayar (TBKS) Biosphere Reserve (BR). These two islands can be considered as some of the most populated islands in the region, containing a variety of human activities. These human activities, such as the ever expanding agriculture and the building of human habitation have put pressures toward ecosystem and species conservation in the BR. Bird are often the focus of conservation efforts, due to their roles in supporting the ecological functioning of their habitats. This study aims to provide baseline data of bird diversity in Tambolongan and Polassi that can be used as a proxy indicator of ecosystem health and input to conservation strategies within the BR area. A Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method is used to examine bird diversity index. Results from the observation recorded a total of 29 species were found in both islands, with 5 listed as protected species and 3 categorized as migratory species. The comparison between the two islands showed that the bird diversity index (H’) differs only slightly (H’Tambolongan=2.98; H’Polassi=2.71). This study provided the initial attempt in understanding the role of habitats or land cover types, guild types and human interferences in determining the diversity of bird population - and related ecosystem health - in the area. Such knowledge is essential in providing the information necessary for sustainable management practices. This work represents the first study to inventorize avian species diversity in the transition zone of TBKS BR.

The potential of jangka beaches as a natural laboratory for learning the concept of biodiversity

Utilizing the surrounding environment as a laboratory will be more impressive for passive learners to be active in learning. This study aimed to analyze the ecological criteria that include bird species diversity, richness of flora and fauna found in the area and the response of teachers to the suitability Jangka coastal areas as a natural laboratory. Data collection for the diversity of bird species was conducted using observation line transect techniques. The data have been analyzed using the formula Shannon-Weaver diversity index. Bird diversity index is = 3.6913. Data collection for the wealth of flora and fauna was conducted by observation. The percentage obtained for the rich flora and fauna, which is 62%. The conclusion of this study is that there is bird diversity in the area of Jangka Beach Alue Ue is high with = 3.6913 and for the wealth of flora and fauna are also included in the high category with the percentage obtained by up to 62%. The survey results revealed that the majority (83%) of teachers answer (YES) for a potential Jangka coastal areas as a natural laboratory for materials biodiversity, while the teacher’s response stating (NO) is obtained (17%).

Species Diversity and Bird Feed in Residential Complex

Bird is one component of the ecosystem which has an important role in supporting the occurrence of an organism's life cycle. Therefore, the presence of birds in an area is important, because it can affect the existence and distribution of plant species. The purpose of this study is to calculate the diversity of bird species and identify the source of bird feed in the compound. This study was conducted by field surveys in the residential complex. In addition to the birds as a research object vegetation as habitat / foraging birds were also observed. Data were analyzed by using the bird diversity index, richenes index, bundance index, dominance analysis, analysis of bird distribution and analysis of the level of meeting types, while vegetation will be analyzed based on the type and part of what is eaten by birds. In Pandau Jaya housing complex, found as many as 12 species of birds which consists of seven families. Bird species often present is Cucak Kutilang (Pycnonotus aurigaster) of 20 individuals, Bondol Peking (Lonchura punctulata) 14 individuals and Perkutut Jawa (Geopelia striata) 10 individuals. Bird species diversity (H ‘) in Pandau Jaya housing complex is still relatively moderate with a value of 2.27, while the Evenness Index (E) of 0.91 and Richenes Index (R) of 2.45. Types of vegetation as a food source, among others: mango, guava, cherry, jackfruit, ketapang, coconut, areca, palm, banana, papaya, flowers and grasses.