Birch Plantations Research Articles

Модель формирования березово-еловых насаждений в условиях южной тайги Русской равнины

The results of 30 years or research on the formation and growth of birch forests from the subcanopy spruce population in the conditions of the Russian Plain southern taiga are presented. The studies have been carried out on 19 permanent sample plots (PSPs). They were laid in regionally representative sorrel-blueberry birch forests aged 15–115 years with high density and productivity. The birch plantations on the PSPs belong to the same natural age series. The majority of spruce trees appeared under the canopy of birch forests up to 40 years old. As the birch trees aged, the age structure of spruce trees changed from even-aged to conditionally even-aged. Based on the study of the dynamics of the number of trees, the vertical structure of stands, the growing stock and the total stem wood stock, the age stages of development of the spruce population in the birch forests up to 120 years old have been determined. They are regeneration, young growth, polewood and maturation. The end of the maturation stage occurs at the birch tree age of 120 years. At the same time, the average spruce tree age in the first and second layers is 90 years. The duration of the stages varies from 10 years (the young growth stage) to 40 years (the regeneration and maturation stages). To determine the time of onset and end of other age stages of the subcanopy spruce population, the studies in birch forests older than 120 years are needed. The work performed has made it possible to propose a model of the joint formation of birch forests and the subcanopy spruce population, in which the main taxation characteristics are given for all elements of the stand: age, number of trees, the sum of the cross-section of the stems, the stock of the growing and dead wood, as well as total productivity. According to the model, by the age of a birch of 120 years, the total productivity of modal plantations will be about 950 m3/ha and the growing stock of the stand will be about 490 m3/ha. The share of spruce wood will be 28 % or about 150 m3/ha. After the birch forest decay, a low-density spruce forest of the 3rd quality class can form in its place.

Plantation forestry of Alder-leaf Birch (Betula alnoides) affects composition but not interactions of mixed-species bird flocks in southwestern China

Human disturbance impacts mixed-species bird flocks (“flocks”). Unfortunately, the impact on flocks by one large-scale disturbance, plantation forestry, has remained little explored. We examined how plantation forestry of a widespread yet understudied timber species, Alder-leaf Birch (Betula alnoides, “birch”), affects the composition and interactions of flocks in the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot in southwestern China. We conducted transect surveys to sample flocks in birch plantations and natural forests of two age classes (mature and young). While flock size and species richness per flock were similar across land-use types, rarefied species richness accounting for unequal sampling effort was noticeably higher in mature forests. Furthermore, flock composition differed across land-use types, with differences related to species' morphological characteristics, dietary preferences, and foraging substrates. Specifically, mature forests supported flock participants with large bodies, poor dispersal ability, and a fruit-eating diet. Birch plantations offered equal support to invertivores as both natural forests, and additional support to bark foragers. Lastly, interactions among flocking species quantified by social network metrics were similar across land-use types, suggesting that birch plantations perserved the flocking behavior itself. Our study reveals the conservation potential of birch plantations in supporting invertivorous birds and preserving interactions in flocks. More importantly, it highlights the irreplaceability of mature forests because of their unique species composition. We recommend promoting birch planting without compromising local economies and protecting remnant mature forests through education programs and continued research.

BpWOX11 promotes adventitious root formation in Betula pendula

Adventitious root formation is a key step in vegetative propagation via cuttings. It is crucial for establishing birch plantations and preserve birch varieties. Although previous studies have highlighted role of WOX11 in controlling adventitious root formation, no such study has been conducted in birch. Understanding the mechanism of adventitious root formation is essential for improvement of rooting or survival rate using stem cuttings in birch. In this study, we cloned BpWOX11 and produced BpWOX11 overexpression (OE) transgenic lines using the Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. OE lines exhibited early initiated adventitious root formation, leading to increase the rooting rate of stem cuttings plants. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that OE lines induced the gene expression related to expansin and cell division pathway, as well as defense and stress response genes. These may be important factors for the BpWOX11 gene to promote adventitious root formation in birch cuttings. The results of this study will help to further understand the molecular mechanisms controlling the formation of adventitious roots in birch.

Analysis of the sanitary state of dendrocenoses of the Chernorechensky forestry of the Orenburg region

To prevent environmental damage from the drying out of forests in the Orenburg region, a necessary condition is to conduct constant monitoring of the processes occurring in the forest fund, arising under the influence of external factors, the main task of which is to build an optimal forest management strategy. The complex of factors of negative impact on forest dendrocenoses is not always the same and depends on the diversity of habitat conditions, soil and climatic characteristics of the territories. According to the results of the study, the sanitary condition of the dendrocenoses of the Chernorechensky forestry is assessed as satisfactory; the main reason that worsens the current condition of the existing plantings is the unfavorable factors of the external environment. Since 2020, the spread of bacterial dropsy (pathogen Erwinia multivora Scz.-Parf.) has been recorded in birch plantations, covering an area of 25.8 hectares. The steady increase in the area of forest plantations of “deep” natural poplar ripeness in forestry, as well as in the Orenburg region as a whole, are the main reasons for the decline in the current sanitary condition. At the present stage, there is an urgent need to revise existing legislation, taking into account an individual approach to forestry activities depending on the characteristics of the subject, while it is important to preserve existing forest plantations, especially in sparsely forested areas, which include the Orenburg region.

Сибсовое потомство карельской березы на Заонежской лесосеменной плантации

The article reports the results of studies on the growth and development of curly birch sibs progeny (produced through controlled pollination) aged 35 and 15 years growing in the Zaonezhye forest seed orchard (sites 1 and 2, respectively) in south-eastern Karelia, Medvezhyegorsky District. The number of trees with signs of wood figure in the seed progeny of curly birch in site 1 was 67 % by the age of 20 years, and by the age of 35 years – almost 80 %. This can probably be attributed to the genetic characteristics of the parent (plus) trees on one hand and to the favorable conditions in the forest seed orchard during the first years of the sibs progeny development on the other. Four of the 36 hybrid families (selected to include forward- and backcrossing products) were used for the case study of the growth and development patterns in stands of different age. The sibs progeny of these hybrid families was dominated by high-stemmed plants, but the main trunk shape in the 15-year-old stand was one with necks and muffs, while in the 35-year-old stand – with small protuberances. The rate of height growth in the trees decreased notably with age, whereas radial (stem diameter) growth, on the contrary, accelerated. As the bark grew thicker, however, the formerly bulgy surface “smoothed down”. We have also identified specific features of the ground vegetation formed under the effect of curly birch plantations of different age (15- and 35 years old). A conclusion drawn from the study is that good results from targeted cultivation of curly birch with figured grain (e.g., for sliced veneer) can be achieved already by the age of 20–35 years. Furthermore, considering the number of trees and their origin, this forest seed orchard constitutes an essential part of the valuable gene pool of curly birch, which may turn into a source for expanded reproduction of the resources of this unique member of the European forest tree flora. For citation: Vetchinnikova L.V., Titov A.F., Kostina E.E., Zhigunov A.V. Sibs Progeny of Curly Birch at the Zaonezhye Forest Seed Orchard. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 5, pp. 9–26. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-5-9-26

Soil fungal diversity of birch plantations on former agricultural land resembles naturally regenerated birch stands on agricultural and forest land

Short-rotation forestry on former agricultural soils is a novel silvicultural system for producing woody biomass and mitigating climate change through CO2 uptake. However, tree plantations are often criticized for their low biodiversity and are sometimes referred to as “green deserts”. We hypothesize that regarding biodiversity, the spontaneous natural regeneration of birch on former agricultural lands may be preferable to plantations. In this study, we compared soil fungal diversity and composition of fast-growing silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) plantations on former agricultural lands (n = 11) with naturally regenerated birch stands on former agricultural lands (n = 11) and native forest birch stands (n = 11) at the age of 21–28 years in hemiboreal Estonia. PacBio third-generation sequencing was carried out to analyse fungal species richness and composition in the soil samples. Sequencing of the fungal ITS region from 33 birch stand soil samples yielded 2830 fungal OTUs. We found that the total fungal species richness, per sample species richness, Shannon diversity index, and Pielou's evenness index did not differ significantly between the studied stand types. However, fungal community composition of both plantations and naturally regenerated stands on former agricultural lands differed significantly from the native forest stands, indicating that previous land use (agriculture vs. forest) had a stronger effect on fungal assemblages than the used regeneration method (planting vs. natural regeneration). The relative abundance of ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was higher, and the relative abundance of saprotrophic fungi was lower in plantations than in native birch dominated forest stands. Soil chemical properties were found to be weak explanatory variables for describing soil fungal richness and composition. We identified historical surrounding forest cover, stand age, stand distance from a native forest, and soil Mg content as the factors significantly affecting soil fungal communities. These results indicate that fast-growing birch plantations established on former agricultural soils or naturally regenerated stands on such soils in the Northern Europe region harbour soil fungal diversity levels similar to those of same-aged native birch forests.

Эффективность применения фунгицида «Азорро, КС» при выращивании сеянцев дуба черешчатого в условиях открытого и закрытого грунта

Nowadays the problem of oak forests degradation is topical today in the Republic of Tatarstan, where large woods are formed and are considered to be the most valuable. The area of oak plantations decreases every year due to damage caused by frosts in 1978–1979, therefore, with the oak dying, the areas of aspen, linden and birch plantations increase. The oak forests regeneration is connected with the cultivation of healthy planting material in the nurseries of the region. The article is devoted to the study of the fungicide «Azorro, KS» efficiency in the cultivation of common oak seedlings in open and protected ground conditions. The research was carried out at the experimental site of the Faculty of Forestry and Ecology of the Kazan State Agrarian University. In the course of the research, a phytopathological analysis of acorns was carried out, the degree of infection with pests and diseases, safety by the end of the growing season was determined; biometric indicators of common oak seedlings were measured. The following types of fungi have been found such as Penicillium, Mucor and Rhizopus. The positive effect of the drug used on the growth and development of seedlings in open and protected ground was noted. The highest common oak seedlings were noted in protected ground using a fungicide — 21,0 cm, in open ground the average height was 11,0 cm. The preparation showed its highest efficiency in protected ground — 92 %. High efficiency in the open ground after the third treatment was 90 %. The safety of common oak seedlings by the end of the growing season in protected ground conditions varied from 96,9 to 97,1 %.

Оценка санитарного состояния березовых древостоев в лесопарках города Тюмени (на примере экопарка «Затюменский»)

The results of a study of the state of birch tree stands of the «Zatyumensky» ecopark are presented using indicators of sanitary condition, relative living condition, relative height and a comprehensive assessment indicator. It is established that according to the indicators of sanitary and relative living condition, birch stands in all test areas are characterized as weakened. There is a general pattern of increasing the number of severely weakened and drying trees and decreasing the number of healthy trees with an increase in recreational impact. In the area of active visitation, the number of severely weakened and dying trees is 2-9 times greater, and the number of healthy trees on average is 3-4 times less in comparison with the zones of moderate and weak visits. The number of dead trees decreases by 2-5 times as the tree stand is removed from the object of linear recreation. The analysis of the types of damage to birch tree trunks showed that the most common are mechanical damage to tree trunks and the presence of fruit bodies on tree trunks. The largest number of trees with mechanical damage is noted in the area of active visitation – up to 14% of the total number of trees, which is 4-8 times higher than the same indicator in the zone of moderate and weak visits. The largest number of trees with fruit bodies on the trunks is noted in the area of weak visits – up to 7% of the total number of recorded trees. The largest number of trees with fruit bodies on the trunks is noted in the area of weak visits – up to 7% of the total number of recorded trees. In order to prevent the degradation of birch plantations of the «Zatyumensky» ecopark and increase their sustainability, a number of forestry measures have been proposed, in particular, temporary fencing of forest areas that are in critical condition for the period of their restoration; carrying out landscape felling in order to rejuvenate tree stands and create recreationally attractive and sustainable landscapes of semi-open type, etc.

Species-mixing effects on crown dimensions and canopy packing in a young pine–birch plantation are modulated by stand density and irrigation

Species-mixing effects on crown dimensions and canopy packing in a young pine–birch plantation are modulated by stand density and irrigation

Twenty years of afforestation of former agricultural lands with silver birch plantations affects vertical distribution of SOC and macronutrients in the topsoil layer

Twenty years of afforestation of former agricultural lands with silver birch plantations affects vertical distribution of SOC and macronutrients in the topsoil layer

Изменения возрастного и породного состава Орехово-Зуевского лесничества после пожаров и вспышки массового размножения короеда-типографа 2010–2015 гг.

The changes in the species and age composition of the forest fund of the Orekhovo-Zuevsky forest division of the Moscow region, which occurred after the disastrous fires of 2010 and the subsequent outbreak of the engraver bark beetle, are considered in the article. The analysis of the forest inventory of the revision periods of 2002 and 2020 was carried out and the comparison of the following forest inventory indicators was made: the areas occupied by plantations of the main forest-forming species, the areas occupied by plantations of various age classes. Separately, the changes in forest inventory indicators for the severely affected Gubinsky district forestry were analyzed. The impact of catastrophic changes on the structure of forests is identified as an important task for further study. It has been established that there has been a significant increase of young trees growth in the areas of dead plantations within the boundaries of the forestry. Despite the significant volumes of the creation of coniferous forest plantings, there was a sharp increase in the areas occupied by birch trees of the first age classes. In addition, there was an increase in the proportion of birch plantations of older ages, which are on the verge of disintegration of the main canopy. The main directions of forestry management for the coming years are formulated, including high-quality forest care measures, the formation of sustainable plantations of small- leaved young trees and ensuring protection from fires of forest crops adjacent to public roads and agricultural land plots or settlements occupied by herbaceous vegetation. Special attention should be paid to the natural processes of development of forest ecosystems, including the renewal of coniferous and broad-leaved species and the succession of stands of small-leaved species by spruce. Proposals are made regarding approaches to forest management, taking into account the predominance of their environmental and recreational functions.

Additive Root Biomass Equations for Betula platyphylla Suk. Plantations in Northeast China

Most of the forest biomass models that have been developed so far focus on the study of the aboveground biomass of forest trees and the prediction of belowground biomass remains obviously insufficient. Moreover, most of the existing studies on the estimation of the belowground biomass of trees have considered roots as a whole, ignoring the differences in composition and function of roots within different diameter classes. In this study, we measured the root biomass of birch plantation forests in northeastern China using extensive destructive sampling, in which we divided the root system into three parts: coarse, medium, and fine roots. We selected the best model base form from three common allometric biomass equations and determined the most appropriate error structure for the two sets of models using likelihood comparisons. The additive and disaggregated models were fitted using maximum likelihood with open-source software. We also added the site factor as a dummy variable into the two models. Finally, the competency of the two models was tested using ten-fold cross-validation. The results showed that both models could provide relatively accurate estimates of birch root biomass but that the disaggregated model performed slightly better than the additive model.

Prediction of carbon distribution in the leaves of birch stands using normative tables

The intensity of anthropogenic impact on forests, according to many researchers, will increase in the next twenty years. In this regard, the area of deciduous plantings in the taiga zone will increase. Knowledge of carbon stocks in green biomass will allow the necessary calculations of the carbon budget of forest ecosystems to be made. Birch in the taiga zone is one of the most significant wood carbon sinks, especially in the initial period of growth. The article used a normative approach to assessing the carbon stock in the leaf fraction of birch plantations. As a result, a number of conclusions were drawn. The use of two series of distributions compiled for birch forests of the forest-steppe and taiga zones showed their insignificant difference in relation to the determination of leaf biomass. The disadvantage of using distribution series when estimating the carbon budget is the inherent linear nature of the dynamics, which does not correspond to the real conditions of the age development of the assimilation apparatus. When determining carbon stocks for the leaf fraction, a high percentage of uncertainty is observed, this is noted by many researchers. To improve the accuracy of estimates of the biological productivity of birch plantations, it is necessary to use local standards and local research data to the maximum.

Агроэкологическая оценка почв под лесными насаждениями защитной зоны города Астаны

Purpose of research – determine the influence of the degree of soil salinity on the state of hardwood plantations in the green zone of Nur-Sultan city The objects of research were forest plantations growing on soils with limited forest suitability. Artificial plantations of silver birch Betula pendula and Siberian elm Ulmus pumila in 2006 and 2010 of the same age class were selected for the study. Depending on the state of artificial plantations, soil tilling was carried out on the test plots at the depth of the root formation and soil samples were used for the analysis. It was revealed that there is diversity in the type of soil salinity across all sample plots and the most common one is chloride and sulfate salinity that is found in both healthy and weakened stands of both tree species. In chloride and sulfur chloride soil salinization, the physical state of birch plantations was signifi cantly reduced. The content of the sum of toxic salts in the soil under forest plantations of the Siberian elm in healthy stands was minimal, which was gradually increasing with the deterioration of the condition of the trees. In silver birch species, approximately the same content of the total salts was observed in healthy and deteriorated plantations, the increase in toxic salts contents was observed in weakened plantations. The height and diameter of trees in healthy stands of both tree species exceeded those of trees in weakened plantations, judging by the coefficient of variation, tree growth was heterogeneous. It was determined that for the Siberian elm the amount of salts of 0.057% is lethal, the salt content in the amount of 0.014% does not affect the decline in the condition and growth of trees. For the forest plantations of silver birch, contradictory results have been obtained, which require additional research.

Production of genetically improved silver birch plantations in southern and central Sweden

Investing in planting genetically improved silver birch ( Roth) in Swedish plantations requires understanding how birch stands will develop over their entire rotation. Previous studies have indicated relatively low production of birch compared to Norway spruce ( (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine ( L.). This could result from using unrepresentative basic data, collected from unimproved, naturally-regenerated birch ( spp.) growing on inventory plots often located in coniferous stands. The objective of this study was to develop a basal area development function of improved silver birch and evaluate production over a full rotation period. We used data from 52 experiments including planted silver birch of different genetic breeding levels in southern and central Sweden. The experimental plots were established on fertile forest sites and on former agricultural lands, and were managed with different numbers of thinnings and basal area removal regimes. The model best describing total stand basal area development was a dynamic equation derived from the Korf base model. The analysis of the realized gain trial for birch showed a good stability of the early calculated relative differences in basal area between tested genotypes over time. Thus, the relative difference in basal area might be with cautious used as representation of the realized genetic gain. On average forest sites in southern Sweden, improved and planted silver birch could produce between 6–10.5 m ha year, while on fertile agriculture land the average productivity might be higher, especially with material coming from the improvement program. The performed analysis provided a first step toward predicting the effects of genetic improvement on total volume production and profitability of silver birch. However, more experiments are needed to set up the relative differences between different improved material.Betula pendulaPicea abiesPinus sylvestrisBetula3–1–1

Естественное возобновление березы повислой (Betula pendula Roth.) в лесотепной зоне Республики Татарстан

A direct dependence of the birch coppice regeneration on the diameter of the tree trunk, felling age, forest growth conditions, seed regeneration, soil and climatic conditions and the degree of soil mineralization has been revealed. It was found that after the dying of a 30-year-old birch due to a drought in 2010, coppice shoots appeared in 10 % of the trees on the studied area. The reasons for vegetative regeneration have been determined, which mainly occurs by the degree of thickness in trees with a trunk diameter of up to 22 cm, or by the category of state in dead wood (70 % of the total number of coppice). The absence of seed birch undergrowth in drying birch plantations was found as a result of the tremendous soil ramping and the predominance of small-leaved lime, aspen undergrowth, Norway maple of seed origin, and seed origin oak, which requires tending. For successful birch seed regeneration under favorable climatic conditions, it is recommended to carry out soil mineralization of at least 50 % of the total area. When carrying out vegetative propagation, it is necessary to cut birch no older than 40 years, and in case of useful properties loss in birch forests over 71 years old in protective forests, we recommend the use of clear cutting but not selective cutting. Keywords: natural renewal, hanging birch, undergrowth, logging, Republic of Tatarstan

Effects of tree species interaction, stand density, and tree size on the productivity of Larix principis-rupprechtii

Pure and mixed larch (Larix pricipis-rupprechtii) and birch (Betula platyphylla) plantations in Saihanba area were selected as test objects, with two stand density (200-340 and 880-1100 trees·hm-2) of each stand type. Based on tree size-stratified sampling approach, a total of 668 tree core samples were collected. A linear mixed model was used to analyze the effects of tree species interaction, stand density, and tree size on larch productivity. Results showed that basal area increment of larch was affected by competition, diameter at breast height, tree age, and neighborhood density to different degrees. Overyielding of larch was mainly due to the positive effect of birch on larch growth in the mixed plantation with higher stand density. For mixed plantation with lower stand density, the productivity of those two species was lower than that pure plantation because of a lack of species interaction. Intraspecific competition was the main factor influencing larch productivity. Larch productivity was positively affected by tree size, with the magnitude of tree size effect varying with stand density and species composition. Suitable enhancement of stand density and selection of birch as the mixing tree species could improve productivity of larch.

Biodiversity of Birch Forests in Mariy Chodra National Park

In recent decades, the interest of scientists and the entire world community in the problems of studying and preserving biological diversity has increased. Fundamental knowledge about the flora and fauna of specific areas, especially protected natural areas, should become the basis for the rational use of biological diversity as a potential for their socio-economic development. The aim of this research is to characterize the typological, taxonomic and structural diversity of birch forests in Mariy Chodra National Park, the Republic of Mari El. In this paper, the authors carried out a comprehensive study of the birch forests of Mariy Chodra National Park, where such study has not been carried out before. The classification of birch forests is fraught with significant difficulties, since their overwhelming majority occurred by changing the most diverse associations of spruce, pine, and partly oak plantations. Moreover, the birch forests themselves represent only a certain stage of forest development. In natural environment, birch forests play a vital part in the restoration of pine and spruce plantations. One can combine the associations of birch plantations into the following groups: green moss birch forests, long moss birch forests, sphagnum birch forests, herbaceous birch forests, grassy marsh birch forests, complex birch forests. Of these associations, the most common are birch forests: with spruce undergrowth, linden and spruce-linden. Other associations occupy small areas and are found mainly in the zone of significant development of oak forest elements. In this paper, the authors analyzed for the first time the biodiversity of birch forests of Mariy Chodra National Park in The Mari El Republic. The authors identified 14 types of birch forests in rather contrasting habitat conditions. The assessment of ecological conditions also showed that the studied communities are in rather contrasting habitat conditions, which made it possible to more fully assess the diversity of the analyzed territory.

ORGANIZATION AND MONITORING OF FOREST PESTS WITH THE USE OF PHEROMONES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE STATE ENTERPRISE «ZARICHANSKE FORESTRY»

ORGANIZATION AND MONITORING OF FOREST PESTS WITH THE USE OF PHEROMONES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE STATE ENTERPRISE «ZARICHANSKE FORESTRY»

Техногенный ландшафт как средоточие разнообразия редких видов лишайников в Центральном Черноземье

Цель – первое лихенологическое обследование техногенных отвалов Михайловского горно-обогатительного комбината (Железногорский район, Курская область) с прилегающими природными и урбанизированными территориями. Материалы и методы. Сборы материалов проводились маршрутным методом в течение 2017 и 2019-2020 годов, камеральная обработка осуществлялась с применением общепринятых лихенологических методик. Идентифицированные образцы хранятся в гербариях Центрально-Черноземного заповедника им. проф. В. В. Алехина и Станции юных натуралистов г. Железногорска. Результаты и обсуждение. Выявленная лихенобиота включает 88 видов (преимущественно макролишайников, вследствие методики сбора) из 38 родов, 18 семейств. Наиболее распространенные, металл-толерантные виды: геоплезные Cladonia fimbriata, C. coniocraea, эпигеидные C. rei, C. mitis, C. cornuta, C. furcata, C. phyllophora и C. gracilis, эпифито-эпиксильные Evernia prunastri, Parmelia sulcata, Xanthoria parietina, Hypogymnia physodes и Physcia adscendens. Составлен аннотированный список в различной степени редких видов, среди которых 4 новых для Центрального Черноземья (Cladonia cervicornis, Dibaeis baeomyces, Usnea dasopoga, U. lapponica); 5 новых для Курской области (Bryoria fuscescens, Cladonia carneola, C. deformis, Melanohalea septentrionalis, Peltigera extenuata); 6 занесенных в Красную книгу Курской области (Cladonia subrangiformis, C. subulata, Peltigera praetextata, Platismatia glauca, Pseudevernia furfuracea и Usnea subfloridana); еще 5 редки в области или на более обширных территориях (Acarospora veronensis, Protoparmeliopsis muralis, Ramalina pollinaria, Trapelia coarctata, Usnea hirta). Сосредоточение значительного числа редких видов в техногенных ландшафтах, по-видимому, обусловлено рядом причин: наличием крупных выходов редкого в области и Центральном Черноземье субстрата (ожелезненного песчаника); слабой конкуренцией со стороны сосудистых растений на бедных и обогащенных металлами почвах и грунтах; ботанико-географическим положением территории; спецификой локального загрязнения среды, представленного преимущественно «кислыми» поллютантами и частицами металлов. Заключение. Отмечена приуроченность регионально редких кустистых и листоватых эпифитов из экологической группы ацидофилов к насаждениям березы в изученных техногенных ландшафтах. Предложены некоторые меры охраны выявленных редких видов лишайников.