Bipolar Electrodialysis Research Articles

Competitive Ion Migration and Process Optimization of Carbon Sequestration and Seawater Decalcification in a Bipolar Electrodialysis Process

In the process of carbon dioxide mineralization and seawater decalcification via bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED), HCO3– can act with OH– to form CO32–, and there are complex reactions between Ca2+/Mg2+ ions in seawater and OH–/HCO3–/CO32–. In this study, the competitive reaction and migration rates between HCO3–, CO32–, and OH– were investigated. It is interesting to find that if the reaction rate between OH– and HCO3– is higher than the migration rate, then it is possible that no OH– exists in the membrane system by controlling the current density and the rate of CO2 entry. Seeding in the crystallizer is a good strategy for avoiding the scaling in the membrane system as for the relatively wider metastable zone of CaCO3. However, long operation run and massive crystals would bring the risk of particle introduction to the membrane stack and large energy consumption. The dispersion of CO2 is enhanced by adequate ventilation equipment and the metastable zone is fully utilized by a self-crystallization process, thus the carbon fixation is increased to 100% and the decalcification ratio to 94.43%, but the operation time and the energy consumption of the electrodialysis process are sharply shortened. These findings suggest potential applications in mineral carbonation and seawater decalcification by BMED.

Life cycle assessment of a novel bipolar electrodialysis-based flow battery concept and its potential use to mitigate the intermittency of renewable energy generation

The novel bipolar electrodialysis flow battery (BEDFB) concept is an acid-base type of energy storage solution that uses safe and abundant electrolytes and that has the potential of providing long-duration storage at low cost. To date, the potential environmental impacts of the BEDFB have not been investigated. Here, we report the results of a life cycle assessment (LCA) and an integrated sustainability analysis for a 1 MW/ 6 MWh BEDFB system having a 20-year lifetime. The manufacturing phase (cradle-to-gate) and the full life cycle (cradle-to-grave) were analyzed per 1 MWh (functional unit) of installed storage capacity using five LCA categories. For the use phase part of the LCA, the BEDFB was assumed to provide energy storage to support wind and PV generation within the national Mexican electricity grid. In addition, the cumulative energy demand (CED), the energy returned on investment (EROI) and three sustainability dimensions (feasibility, viability, desirability) were evaluated. Finally, we calculated the losses posed by the renewables that are currently (2019) deployed in the Mexican grid to assess the potential of energy storage deployment within the Mexican context. For the manufacturing phase, the BEDFB technology exhibited a terrestrial ecotoxicity value of 16.3 kg1.4DCB/MWh and a global warming impact of 9.1 kgCO2e/MWh, which are significantly lower values than reported for the state-of-the-art all-vanadium flow battery technology. PV generation in combination with the BEDFB demonstrated the best environmental profile, followed by generation through wind and the average Mexican grid conditions. We found that 304 BEDFB's would suffice to mitigate the energy losses represented by renewable deployments in Mexico today. The main result from the sustainability analysis is that, on the supply side, the BEDFB technology requires minimal fossil energy and chemicals during the upstream processes of the manufacturing phase.

Neutralization of Industrial Water by Electrodialysis.

The process of non-reagent adjustment of the pH of a NaCl solution (0.5 g/L) of different acidity was investigated by the method of bipolar electrodialysis on a device operating according to the K-system (concentration). The experiments were carried out in the range pH = 2.0–12.0 with monopolar cation-exchange MK-40 (for alkaline solutions) or anion-exchange MA-40 (for acidic solutions) and bipolar MB-2 membranes. The regularities of the change in the pH of the solution on the current density, process productivity and energy consumption for the neutralization process have been investigated. Revealed: with different productivity of the apparatus (Q = 0.5–1.5 m3/h), in the range of pH 3.0–11.0, with an increase in the current density, a neutral pH value is achieved. It has been shown that at pH above 11.0 and below 3.0, even at high current densities (i > 20 A/m2), its value cannot be changed. This is due to the neutralization of the H+ or OH− ions generated by the bipolar membrane by water ions, which are formed as a result of the dissociation of water molecules at the border of the monopolar membrane and the solution under conditions when the value of current exceeds the limiting value.

Minimal Bipolar Membrane Cell Configuration for Scaling Up Ammonium Recovery.

Electrochemical systems for total ammonium nitrogen (TAN) recovery are a promising alternative compared with conventional nitrogen-removal technologies. To make them competitive, we propose a new minimal stackable configuration using cell pairs with only bipolar membranes and cation-exchange membranes. The tested bipolar electrodialysis (BP-ED) stack included six cell pairs of feed and concentrate compartments. Critical operational parameters, such as current density and the ratio between applied current to nitrogen loading (load ratio), were varied to investigate the performance of the system using synthetic wastewater with a high nitrogen content as an influent (NH4+ ≈ 1.75 g L–1). High TAN removal (>70%) was achieved for a load ratio higher than 1. At current densities of 150 A m–2 and a load ratio of 1.2, a TAN transport rate of 1145.1±14.1 gN m–2 d–1 and a TAN-removal efficiency of 80% were observed. As the TAN removal was almost constant at different current densities, the BP-ED stack performed at a high TAN transport rate (819.1 gN m–2 d–1) while consuming the lowest energy (18.3 kJ gN–1) at a load ratio of 1.2 and 100 A m–2. The TAN transport rate, TAN removal, and energy input achieved by the minimal BP-ED stack demonstrated a promising new cell configuration for upscaling.

Integration of Monopolar and Bipolar Electrodialysis Processes for Tartaric Acid Recovery from Residues of the Winery Industry

One of the challenges of the circular economy is to implement the recovery of resources from the generated waste in each industrial sector. This valorization must be one of the main objectives at t...

Electro-Membrane Technologies in Energy and Industry

Currently, electro-membrane processes are dynamically developing technologies with many existing and still developing areas. This paper provides an overview of modern developments in the use of electro-membrane processes in the heat-and-power engineering to ensure resource and energy conservation, reduce harmful effects on the environment, and improve energy security. Electrodialysis and electrodeionization are widely used at many thermal power plants in the world and the number of such stations is constantly growing. The main attention is paid to the promising resource-saving areas of membrane technology with an industrial degree of implementation for the development at the treatment of natural water, the production of highly pure water using combined methods (electrodeionization and reverse osmosis), the disposal of highly mineralized wastewater from industrial and energy enterprises (diffusion dialysis, block electrodialysis), and energy-saving electrosynthesis―production of acids and alkalis from salt solutions (bipolar electrodialysis). When using special solutions and membranes and high temperatures, this direction can be promising.

Construction and application of a 1-liter upflow-stacked microbial desalination cell

As increasing demand of global reuse water, microbial desalination cell (MDC) is developed as a potential desalination approach to drive ion migration and separation through biodegradation without any additional energy. A novel, efficient, stable reactor coupled stacked MDC with upflow MDC was constructed, which was named as upflow-stacked MDC (USMDC). Compared with the traditional stacked MDC and upflow MDC, the desalination and generation performance of the USMDC was evaluated. Results showed that, after 24 h, the desalination ratio of USMDC can reach 91.9% when the external resistance was 1.5 Ω, which was 1.18 and 1.48 times higher than SMDC and UMDC, respectively. The long-term performance of the desalination efficiency was tested, which was maintained at 87.2–96.0% and stable for consecutive 120 days. Then, it was also the investigated that the relationship between desalination rate and external resistance during every period. The USMDC produced a maximum power density of 32.91 W m−3. In addition, the difference of current density between USMDC and SMDC indicates the turbulence generated by cylindrical structure could effectively decrease the internal resistance. It was also corroborated that salt concentration gradient and bipolar electrodialysis would decline the charge transfer efficiency. Accordingly, USMDC was verified having the superior desalination performance thus providing the possibility for application in wastewater reuse.

Study of electrodialysis concentration process of inorganic acids and salts for the two-stage conversion of salts into acids utilizing bipolar electrodialysis

The electrodialysis concentration process of sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, lithium chloride, ammonium nitrate, sulfuric and nitric acids were studied. Using the model of electrodialysis concentration, the transport coefficients of the Ralex CM-PP/Ralex AMH-PP membrane pair were calculated. It has been established that for salt solutions, the key factors determining the maximum attainable electrolyte concentration in the concentration chamber are the electromigration current efficiency and the hydration number of the electrolyte. For acid solutions, the most important factors determining their concentration are the osmotic and electroosmotic transport of water through the membrane. Besides, it was found that in the process of electrodialysis concentration of acids, proton leakage occurs through the strongly basic anion-exchange membrane from the concentration chamber to the desalination chamber, which significantly reduces the current efficiency. To obtain concentrated solutions of sulfuric acid with a low content of salt ions, a two-stage scheme for the recovery of the sodium sulfate into sulfuric acid using bipolar electrodialysis (BMED) and an electrodialyzer-concentrator (EDC) is proposed. A two-stage process, including BMED and EDC, for the conversion of sodium sulfate into sulfuric acid allows one to obtain acid with a concentration of up to 1.52 M by sulfate ion with a content of sodium ions of not more than 0.005 M. At a reasonable current density of 2 A/dm2 the obtained concentration of acid was 1.16 M by sulfate ion with current efficiency of 0.89 for BMED and 0.26 for EDC, total specific energy consumption of 0.83 kWh/mol SO42-, and acid flux of 0.024 mol SO42-·dm−2·h−1 (0.23 kg H2SO4·m−2·h−1). The obtained specific characteristics of the process are comparable with the characteristics of bipolar electrodialysis using industrial bipolar membranes.

Production and Purification of l-lactic Acid in Lab and Pilot Scales Using Sweet Sorghum Juice

Sweet sorghum juice (SSJ) was evaluated as fermentation substrate for the production of l-lactic acid. A thermophilic Bacillus coagulans isolate was selected for batch fermentations without the use of additional nutrients. The first batch of SSJ (Batch A) resulted on higher lactic acid concentration, yield and productivity with values of 78.75 g∙L−1, 0.78 g∙g−1 and 1.77 g∙L−1 h−1, respectively. Similar results were obtained when the process was transferred into the pilot scale (50 L), with corresponding values of 73 g∙L−1, 0.70 g∙g−1 and 1.47 g∙L−1 h−1. A complete downstream process scheme was developed in order to separate lactic acid from the fermentation components. Coarse and ultra-filtration were employed as preliminary separation steps. Mono- and bipolar electrodialysis, followed by chromatography and vacuum evaporation were subsequently carried out leading to a solution containing 905.8 g∙L−1 lactic acid, with an optical purity of 98.9%. The results of this study highlight the importance of the downstream process with respect to using SSJ for lactic acid production. The proposed downstream process constitutes a more environmentally benign approach to conventional precipitation methods.

Efficient Concentration of an Amino Acid Using Reactive Extraction Coupled with Bipolar Electrodialysis.

One intention of the PRODIAS (processing diluted aqueous systems) project is to develop and establish a toolbox of innovative and tailored separation technologies applicable to design energy‐efficient water removal and product recovery techniques. Within this project, the recovery of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) was investigated. Using both synthetic as well as fermented solutions, reactive extraction of GABA with the solvent di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid + isododecane was performed. For back extraction, different mineral acids were examined. Multistage countercurrent reactive extraction using pH adjustments along the stages to increase extraction efficiency as well as back extraction were then run on pilot‐plant scale with fermented GABA solutions. The resulting GABA salt from back extraction was finally split by means of bipolar electrodialysis.

Hybridizing Simulated Moving Bed and Electrodialysis: Product Purification and Eluent Regeneration.

Complex streams in bio‐based industries require efficient downstream processing units. Simulated moving‐bed (SMB) chromatography is known to improve process efficiency by reducing resin and buffer requirement, but it can be further enhanced by technology hybridization. In the current experiments, an SMB system has been integrated with a bipolar electrodialysis (BPED) system. SMB purified γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) from a clarified fermentation broth while BPED processed the product‐containing eluent stream into recyclable eluent and purified product streams. The continuous operation did not result in any impurity accumulation.

Классический и биполярный электродиализ в инновационных технологиях переработки творожной сыворотки

Классический и биполярный электродиализ в инновационных технологиях переработки творожной сыворотки

Application of the bipolar electrodialysis technique for the production of hydrochloric acid from wastewater regeneration of ion exchange resins

This research had as a goal to determine how the application of bipolar electrodialysis technique influences the production of hydrochloric acid, regeneration of ion exchange resins from wastewater in the urbanization Enace – Carabayllo, Lima, Peru. The technique used was electrodialysis bipolar. For this, the bipolar electrodialysis module was constructed at laboratory scale with the purpose of recovering the chlorine ion (Cl-) for the production of hydrochloric acid and the recovery of the sodium ion (Na +) to obtain a sub product as is the sodium hydroxide from residual regeneration water of ion exchange resins. The controllable factors were considered as: voltage applied to the electrodialysis cell (6, 12, 18 V), and feed flow (300 mL/min, 600 mL/min). A recovery after of 200 minutes, 18 volts and a flow of 600mL/min was achieved a percentage of 84.91% of chlorine ion for the production of hydrochloric acid and 39.02% of sodium ion for a by-product of sodium hydroxide.

Proof-of-concept experiments of an acid-base junction flow battery by reverse bipolar electrodialysis for an energy conversion system

The acid-base junction potential can be used to generate electricity instead of the reduction-oxidation potential, which is often used for energy conversion between chemical energy and electricity. In this study, reverse bipolar electrodialysis was designed for energy conversion between acid-base solutions and electricity. Operating a flow battery with various HCl/NaOH concentrations, or an ABJFB, the current-voltage relationships showed typical polarization curves that were similar to those obtained in power generation from a fuel cell. We further demonstrated that the cell can be operated in a charge/discharge cyclic mode in a single cell. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report on a proof-of-concept experiment demonstrating the cyclic operation of an ABJFB.

Bipolar Electrodialysis for Purification of Fermentation‐Based Products

Chemie Ingenieur TechnikVolume 88, Issue 9 p. 1403-1403 Poster Bipolar Electrodialysis for Purification of Fermentation-Based Products Dr. P. Schmidt, Corresponding Author Dr. P. Schmidt Patrick.schmidt@basf.com BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67063 Ludwigshafen, GermanyBASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67063 Ludwigshafen, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorDr. H. Voß, Dr. H. Voß BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67063 Ludwigshafen, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorD. Janowitz, D. Janowitz AVT.CVT, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik Chemische Verfahrenstechnik, RWTH Aachen University, Turmstraße 46, 52056 Aachen, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorProf. M. Wessling, Prof. M. Wessling AVT.CVT, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik Chemische Verfahrenstechnik, RWTH Aachen University, Turmstraße 46, 52056 Aachen, GermanySearch for more papers by this author Dr. P. Schmidt, Corresponding Author Dr. P. Schmidt Patrick.schmidt@basf.com BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67063 Ludwigshafen, GermanyBASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67063 Ludwigshafen, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorDr. H. Voß, Dr. H. Voß BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67063 Ludwigshafen, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorD. Janowitz, D. Janowitz AVT.CVT, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik Chemische Verfahrenstechnik, RWTH Aachen University, Turmstraße 46, 52056 Aachen, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorProf. M. Wessling, Prof. M. Wessling AVT.CVT, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik Chemische Verfahrenstechnik, RWTH Aachen University, Turmstraße 46, 52056 Aachen, GermanySearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 August 2016 https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.201650234AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume88, Issue9Special Issue: ProcessNet-Jahrestagung und 32. DECHEMA-Jahrestagung der Biotechnologen 2016September, 2016Pages 1403-1403 RelatedInformation

Integration of monopolar and bipolar electrodialysis for valorization of seawater reverse osmosis desalination brines: Production of strong acid and base

Water scarcity in the Mediterranean basin has been solved by using seawater desalination reverse osmosis technology (SWD-RO). This technology produces brine which is discharged back into the sea resulting in an environmental impact on marine ecosystems. Under the circular economy approach, the aim of this work is to recover resources from NaCl-rich brine (~60–70g/L), e.g. in the form of NaOH and HCl, by integration of two ion exchange-based membrane technologies and quantify the electrical energy consumption. Electrodialysis (ED) incorporating monovalent selective cation exchange membranes as divalent ions purification and concentration of the NaCl present in the SWD-RO brine, was integrated with bipolar membrane ED (EDBM) to produce NaOH and HCl. Current densities of 0.30–0.40kA/m2 at two temperature ranges simulating different seawater temperature regimes (15–18°C and 22–28°C) were tested and a pure NaCl solution was used as starting concentrate stream. NaCl-rich brines with 100 or 200g NaCl/L were obtained by ED and then introduced in the EDBM stack producing HCl and NaOH up to 2M, depending on the initial concentrations. A minimum energy consumption of 1.7kWh/kg NaOH was calculated when working by EDBM with initial concentrations of 104g NaCl/L and 0.24M HCl and NaOH.

Separation of lactic acid and recovery of salt-ions from fermentation broth

BACKGROUND Fermentative lactic acid (LA) production and downstream processing require the addition of amounts of base and acid, respectively, as additives. This study tested the Amberlite resins FPA 53 and CR 5550 for separating lactic acid from inorganic salt-ions introduced by additives using water or H2SO4 as eluent. Furthermore, recycling of additives as acid and base was investigated. RESULTS Using FPA 53 and 12.5 mmol L−1 H2SO4, an almost complete separation of LA and salt-ions was achieved. The yield of LA was more than 90%, which is comparable with state-of-the-art methods. Salt-ions were concentrated by monopolar electro-dialysis and the concentrate was converted into 1.1 mol L−1 NaOH and 0.8 mol L−1 HCl by bipolar electro-dialysis. The NaOH solution was further concentrated to 5.3 mol L−1 and used in fermentation. The LA yield obtained of 0.8 g per g saccharose is highly comparable with reference fermentation. Furthermore, it was shown that the reuse of HCl does not negatively influence downstream processing. CONCLUSION This study presents a way to separate salt-ions and LA, and to reuse recovered salt-ions as additives. Outcomes are expected to contribute to the development of processes for the co-product free preparation of pure LA formulations to be used in poly(LA) production. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry

CE-UV/VIS and CE-MS for monitoring organic impurities during the downstream processing of fermentative-produced lactic acid from second-generation renewable feedstocks.

BackgroundDuring the downstream process of bio-based bulk chemicals, organic impurities, mostly residues from the fermentation process, must be separated to obtain a pure and ready-to-market chemical. In this study, capillary electrophoresis was investigated for the non-targeting downstream process monitoring of organic impurities and simultaneous quantitative detection of lactic acid during the purification process of fermentatively produced lactic acid. The downstream process incorporated 11 separation units, ranging from filtration, adsorption and ion exchange to electrodialysis and distillation, and 15 different second-generation renewable feedstocks were processed into lactic acid. The identification of organic impurities was established through spiking and the utilization of an advanced capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry system.ResultsA total of 53 % of the organic impurities were efficiently removed via bipolar electrodialysis; however, one impurity, pyroglutamic acid, was recalcitrant to separation. It was demonstrated that the presence of pyroglutamic acid disrupts the polymerization of lactic acid into poly lactic acid. Pyroglutamic acid was present in all lactic acid solutions, independent of the type of renewable resource or the bacterium applied. Pyroglutamic acid, also known as 5-oxoproline, is a metabolite in the glutathione cycle, which is present in all living microorganisms. pyroglutamic acid is found in many proteins, and during intracellular protein metabolism, N-terminal glutamic acid and glutamine residues can spontaneously cyclize to become pyroglutamic acid. Hence, the concentration of pyroglutamic acid in the lactic acid solution can only be limited to a certain amount.ConclusionsThe present study proved the capillary electrophoresis system to be an important tool for downstream process monitoring. The high product concentration encountered in biological production processes did not hinder the capillary electrophoresis from separating and detecting organic impurities, even at minor concentrations. The coupling of the capillary electrophoresis with a mass spectrometry system allowed for the straightforward identification of the remaining critical impurity, pyroglutamic acid. Although 11 separation units were applied during the downstream process, the pyroglutamic acid concentration remained at 12,900 ppm, which was comparatively high. All organic impurities found were tracked by the capillary electrophoresis, allowing for further separation optimization.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13036-016-0027-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Integration of nanofiltration and bipolar electrodialysis for valorization of seawater desalination brines: Production of drinking and waste water treatment chemicals

Nanofiltration (NF), as a selective Mg(II) and Ca(II) separation and concentration treatment, and electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBM) were evaluated for the valorization of seawater desalination reverse osmosis brines (60NaCl/L) to produce both rich Mg(II) and Ca(II) brines for phosphate recovery and HCl and NaOH as chemicals for desalination treatments.A NF pilot plant, using NF270 membranes at 20bar, provided a rich Mg(II) (8.3gMg(II)/L) and Ca(II) (2.1gCa(II)/L) brine on the concentrated stream with enrichment factors of 3.2 for Mg(II) and 2.5 for Ca(II). The NF permeate stream containing 50±2gNaCl/L was treated to remove residual Mg(II) (760mg/L) and Ca(II) (415mg/L) by chemical precipitation with Na2CO3 and NaOH before the EDBM unit. Divalent cations free brine containing NaCl (50gNaCl/L) were fed into the EDBM stack in order to produce NaOH and HCl under recirculation configuration. Constant voltage and acid and base concentrations at different initial conditions were evaluated to obtain the maximum acid and base concentration (approximately 1M NaOH/HCl) at 9V. No substantial effect of initial acid and base concentrations on the overall performance was observed. An energy consumption of 2.6kWh/kg NaOH and current efficiency of 77±3% were calculated.

Bioelectrochemical recovery of waste-derived volatile fatty acids and production of hydrogen and alkali

Volatile fatty acids (VFA) are organic compounds of great importance for various industries and environmental processes. Fermentation and anaerobic digestion of organic wastes are promising alternative technologies for VFA production. However, one of the major challenges is development of sustainable downstream technologies for VFA recovery. In this study, an innovative microbial bipolar electrodialysis cell (MBEDC) was developed to meet the challenge of waste-derived VFA recovery, produce hydrogen and alkali, and potentially treat wastewater. The MBEDC was operated in fed-batch mode. At an applied voltage of 1.2 V, a VFA recovery efficiency of 98.3%, H2 of 18.4 mL and alkali production presented as pH of 12.64 were obtained using synthetic fermentation broth. The applied voltage, initial VFA concentrations and composition were affecting the VFA recovery. The energy balance revealed that net energy (5.20–6.86 kWh/kg-VFA recovered) was produced at all the applied voltages (0.8–1.4 V). The coexistence of other anionic species had no negative effect on VFA transportation. The VFA concentration was increased 2.96 times after three consecutive batches. Furthermore, the applicability of MBEDC was successfully verified with digestate. These results demonstrate for the first time the possibility of a new method for waste-derived VFA recovery and valuable products production that uses wastewater as fuel and bacteria as catalyst.