Bipolar Adjective Scales Research Articles

OF EMICS AND ETICS: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CROSS-CULTURAL FACET MEASURE OF JOB SATISFACTION.

Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings includes abstracts of all papers and symposia presented at the annual conference, plus 6-page abridged versions of the “Best Papers” accepted for inclusion in the program (approximately 10%). Papers published in the Proceedings are abridged because presenting papers at their full length could preclude subsequent journal publication. Please contact the author(s) directly for the full papers. ArticlesOF EMICS AND ETICS: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CROSS-CULTURAL FACET MEASURE OF JOB SATISFACTION.David Lamond, Paul E. Spector, Gael McDonald and Bernadette HoskingDavid Lamond, Paul E. Spector, Gael McDonald and Bernadette HoskingPublished Online:13 Dec 2017https://doi.org/10.5465/apbpp.2001.6133159AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsDownload CitationsAdd to favoritesTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail AbstractThere is great interest in the concept of job satisfaction, "the extent to which people like (satisfaction) or dislike (dissatisfaction) their jobs" (Spector, 1997:2), and the number of studies on the topic is extraordinary (Spector, 1997). This paper reports on the development of a new facet-based measure of job satisfaction, the Job Satisfaction Survey - Global (JSS-G), designed to be used in a variety of cultural contexts. The instrument, comprising 17 sets of bipolar adjective scales, was administered to 408 employees in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, and the People's Republic of China (PRC). The results presented here indicate that the use of bipolar adjective scales overcome many of the problems associated with the typical attitude-type items, which leave too much room for cultural differences in interpretation. As such the JSS-G appears to be a useful tool in future cross-cultural research on job satisfaction.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Vol. 2001, No. 1 Permissions Metrics in the past 12 months History Published online 13 December 2017 Published in print 1 August 2001 InformationCopyright of Academy of Management Journal is the property of Academy of Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.KeywordsJOB satisfaction -- TestingQUALITY of work lifeEMPLOYEES -- Attitudes -- ResearchSOCIOCULTURAL factorsCROSS-cultural differencesORGANIZATIONAL behavior -- Social aspectsINDUSTRIAL management -- Social aspectsEMPLOYEE morale -- Social aspectsWORK attitudesWORK environment -- Social aspectsDownload PDF

Social Norms, Entitlement, and Deservingness: Differential Reactions to Aggressive Behavior of Schizophrenic and Personality Disorder Patients

This study investigated conflicts between beliefs about deservingness and beliefs about entitlement. Eighty-nine nurses in a psychiatric hospital rated schizophrenic and personality disorder patients on 28 bipolar adjective scales and then responded to scenarios in which an aggressive action by these patients was followed by either a positive or negative response from a nurse. Results showed that participants’ ratings of deservingness and positive affect about the nurse’s response favored the schizophrenic patient over the personality disorder patient when each patient was treated positively. These differences were smaller and in the reverse direction when each patient was treated negatively by the nurse. These results imply that differences in these variables were more likely to occur when basic entitlements concerning care and support were met. Further multivariate analyses showed that deservingness mediated the effects of anger and sympathy on reported positive affect about the nurse’s response and significantly enhanced prediction beyond patients’ perceived responsibility for the aggressive episode.

Semantic Response Consistency and Protocol Validity in Structured Personality Assessment: The Case of the NEO-PI-R

In this study we tested the hypothesis that groups of NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R; Costa & McCrae, 1992a) protocols identified as potentially invalid by an inconsistency scale (INC; Schinka, Kinder, & Kremer, 1997) would show reduced reliability and validity according to a series of psychometric tests. Data were obtained from 2 undergraduate student samples, a self-report group (n = 132) who provided NEO-PI-R self-ratings on 2 occasions separated by a 7- to 14-day interval and an informant group (n = 109) who provided ratings of well-known friends or relatives on 2 occasions separated by a 6 month interval. INC scores from the Time 1 protocols were used to divide these samples into low, moderate, and elevated inconsistency groups. In both samples, these 3 groups showed equivalent levels of reliability and validity as measured by: contingency coefficients for the 20 INC item responses across occasions; test-retest intraclass correlations of NEO-PI-R domain scores; convergent correlations with Goldberg's (1992) Bipolar Adjective Scale scores; and discriminant correlations between the 5 NEO-PI-R domain scores. The similarity of results across self-report and informant assessment contexts provides additional evidence that semantic consistency approaches to assessing protocol validity may overestimate the prevalence of random or careless response behavior in standard administration conditions. Several theories are discussed that accommodate the existence of valid inconsistency in structured personality assessment.

The cognitive structure of the domain of safe and unsafe gay sexual behaviour in Belgium

This study compares the cognitive structure of sexual techniques of safe versus unsafe gay men older than 30 years. Subjects rated 25 sexual techniques by six bipolar adjective scales making up a short version of the semantic differential. Scales measured subjects' perception of the safety and gratification potential of the sexual techniques. We used cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling and factor analysis. Subjects reporting no unprotected anal sex with non-steady partners (N = 312) differ from men reporting unsafe behaviour (N = 19). Safe and unsafe men used different main categories to structure the domain of sexual behaviour. Within the group of safe men, the domain of sexual behaviour structured by perceptions of gratification and safety seem to mirror the epidemiological structuring of sexual techniques using the non-penetration versus penetration, and transmission of body fluids versus no transmission of fluids dimension. Among risky men, this structuring is not that clearly present. We found different estimations of the level of risk associated with unprotected insertive versus receptive anal sex in combination with a higher perception of the gratification potential of the former. Unsafe men seem to make a noticeable difference between their own and their partner's risk and gratification.

Attitudes Toward Victims of Child Sexual Abuse Among Adults from Four Ethnic/Cultural Groups

ABSTRACT Attitudes toward a teen victim of sexual abuse were assessed among adults living in New York City representing four ethnic/cultural groups: Cuban Americans (n = 40); Puerto Ricans (n = 46); African Americans (n = 40); and Anglo-Americans (n = 91). Respondents read a vignette describing the teenage female victim, the perpetrator, and the nature of the abuse. Then they completed on a semantic-differential consisting of 10 bipolar adjective rating scales. Factor analysis of the ratings indicated that the respondents conceptualized the victim in terms of a negative evaluation dimension and an assertiveness dimension. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the Cuban American group evaluated the victim more negatively than the Puerto Rican group. The ratings assigned to the victim on the assertiveness factor were significantly lower among female respondents than among male respondents. Results were interpreted as supporting the position that victims of child sexual abuse may be stigmatized as a result of their experience, and that the likelihood that this will occur may vary from one cultural group to another. Clinicians working with victims should routinely assess the culturally related attitudes of a victim's family toward the victim, the perpetrator, and the meaning of the sexual abuse.

Listener response to stuttering modification techniques

In two investigations, nonprofessional listeners used a 25-item bi-polar adjective scale to evaluate an adult male speaker who stuttered. In investigation one, 24 listeners evaluated the speaker during a Stuttering Only and a Stuttering + Cancellation condition. In investigation two, 50 listeners evaluated the speaker in a Stuttering Only and a Stuttering + Pullout condition. Listeners in the first investigation did not assign significantly different ratings to the Stuttering Only and Stuttering + Cancellation conditions. In the second investigation listeners rated the Stuttering Only condition more positively than the Stuttering + Pullout condition (p < 0.05). Analysis of listener response to four open-ended questions indicated significantly more positive reaction to the Stuttering Only condition than either of the Stuttering + Modification conditions. Finally, listeners rated the speaker using the cancellation and pullout techniques as being significantly more handicapped than when he was stuttering only. The findings provided preliminary evidence indicating that everyday listeners may react less favorably to an adult male speaker who is modifying his stuttered speech than when this same speaker is simply stuttering.

Original articles: attitudes toward own communication and toward stutterers

One theory explains the consistent negative stereotype toward stutterers by suggesting that it is formed by a process of inference. Fluent speakers use their own experiences of normal dysfluency to infer the personality of persons who are often dysfluent: stutterers. This was examined in the present study by analyzing the relationships between 164 adolescents’ attitudes towards their own communication, measured by the Erickson Scale, and their attitudes towards stuttering adolescents. Attitudes toward stutterers were measured by a semantic differential questionnaire with 25 bipolar adjective scales divided into the Tenseness and Pleasantness Scales. The effect of stutterers’ sex and participants’ sex was examined as well. The results showed a weak positive correlation between boys’ attitudes toward their own communication and their attitudes toward male stutterers on the Tenseness Scale only. These results only partially supported the Inference Theory. In addition, the sex of the persons who stutter had no effect on the attitudes expressed toward them, showing that female stutterers did not have a double minority status. On the other hand, female participants showed significantly more positive attitudes toward stutterers on the Pleasantness Scale of the semantic differential questionnaire. Finally, a positive correlation was found between attitudes toward own communication and social self-image, emphasizing the importance of communication skills for social adjustment.

Type nouns and the five factor model of personality description

Research in the tradition of the lexical approach has been largely confined to adjective rating scales. Another word class that appears particularly suited for personality description is the class of type nouns (e.g. extravert, misanthrope, leader, coward, intellectual). This paper presents the first investigation in the factorial structure of a relatively large set of German type nouns. Stimulus persons were 12 prominent males (e.g. Boris Becker, Helmut Kohl) and 12 prominent females (e.g. Claudia Schiffer, Steffi Graf). Raters were 240 men and 240 women. Each rater judged one stimulus person on 192 unipolar type noun scales and 32 bipolar adjective scales. Factor analyses of the type nouns yielded seven factors for males and six for females. These factors represented a clear‐cut and meaningful personality structure. Comparisons with the adjective factors (seven male and six female) demonstrated that the noun factors show some resemblance to the Big Five and Physical Attractiveness. Multiple regression analyses showed that the noun factors cannot be completely reduced to the Big Five. Some systematic differences between male and female stimuli are also discussed. © 1998 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Modeling Symmetry, Asymmetry, and Change in Ordered Scales with Midpoints Using Adjacent Category Logit Models for Discrete Data

Likert scales and bipolar adjective scales are often used to measure attitudes and opinions. To model the dependence of the scale on covariates, investigators typically (1) assign interval scores to scale categories, using these in regression analyses; (2) collapse categories to compare responses above and below a middle category; or (3) estimate a model for the cumulative distribution, for example, a proportional odds model. Problems with Approaches 1 and 2 are obvious. However, Approach 3 is not easily used to address the concerns of researchers who work with these scales because cumulative probabilities are employed. Thus, this article constructs adjacent category logit models for analyzing such scales. The models, which incorporate discrete covariates, are linear in the logits, hence equivalent to log-linear models. The Appendix shows how to fit the models using standard software for estimating log-linear models. To illustrate, the author models the distribution of political views in the 1977 General Social Survey, by sex and education, as well as a 20-year series on sex role attitudes, using new models for trends.

Measuring the Effects of Career Interviews on Young People: A Preliminary Study

A preliminary investigation was made of a measure to evaluate the effects of career interviews on young people. Using the Session Evaluation Questionnaire as a model, a set of bipolar adjective scales presented in semantic differential format were tested on 58 15- and 16-yr.-olds who were low achieving students in their final year of statutory education. Results supported earlier findings where two postinterview evaluation factors, termed depth and smoothness, and two postinterview affective state factors, termed positivity and arousal, were identified. In general, the reliabilities of some measures are adequate although further development is required.

Social Episode Cognition

What are the dimensions underlying perceptions of daily social episodes? A sample of 157 American college students either judged the similarity of 18 social episodes or rated the same 18 social episodes on 12 bipolar adjective scales. An individual differences multidimensional scaling analysis and subsequent multiple regression analyses indicated that the structure underlying students' representations of social episodes consisted of two dimensions: social anxiety and intimacy. The affective natures of these dimensions are discussed in relation to prior research on social episode cognition.

Measuring Prosocial Behavior of College Students

This study examined the relationship between prosocial behavior and the five-factor model of personality. 61 undergraduates were given an 80-item Bipolar Adjective Scale to assess five domains of personality and the Prosocial Behavior Inventory to rate prosocial behavior. Analysis suggested that Extraversion, Openness to Experience, and Agreeableness showed significant positive correlations with prosocial behaviors, e.g., women were somewhat more compassionate than men whereas men focussed more on fiscal responsibility.

Big-Five Adjective Marker Scales for Use with College Students

This report evaluated the psychometric integrity of an 80-item bipolar adjective scale which assesses the dimensions of the five-factor model of personality. Using a college sample of 149 women and 30 men, a principal components analysis employing an orthogonal Procrustes rotation identified the five factors which were comparable to factor structures found with adults. Researchers can therefore have some confidence in using these marker scales with college students.

Judgments about Stereotypes of the Elderly

In this study, 125 adults in three age groups (young, middle-aged, and elderly) rated the typicality and approximate age of individuals representing 11 stereotypes of the elderly. Participants indicated their attitudes toward the individuals on a set of bipolar adjective scales. Attitude results conformed to the pattern predicted. Attitudes toward individual stereotypes varied according to the valence of each stereotype rather than participant age. Likewise, age judgments varied with the valence of the stereotype. Participants of all ages chose the older age ranges for the more negative stereotypes and younger age ranges for the positive stereotypes. Finally, elderly participants gave lower typicality ratings to the stereotypes than those in the other two age groups, although those in all age groups ordered the stereotypes similarly in terms of their typicality. Results are discussed in terms of their relationship to the cognitive representations of aging held by those in the three age groups.

Selective use of information due to blood-typical stereotypes

The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that, when subjects judge whether a stimulus presun who is described with some traits and behaviors true of a blood-typical stereotype, they will selectively use the traits and behaviors consistent wiht the stereotype. In Experiment 1, 86 female undergraduate subjects were randomly divided into two groups (Type-A- and Type-B- blood groups). The subjects of Type-A- and Type-B- blood groups first judged whether a stimulus person was true of the stereotype for people who have Type A and Type B bloods respectively. Then, the subjects of both groups were asked to point out the traits and behaviors of the person they paid attention to in the judgment, and to rate the impression they formed of the person on the bipolar adjective scales. Although the results for the attention measure did not support the hypothesis, those for the impression measure supported it. In Experiment 2, 146 female undergraduate subjects were divided into four groups (Type-A-, Type-B-, Type-O-, and Type-AB- blood groups). The results for both measures supported the hypothesis.

大学キャンパスの囲み空間における物的属性と視覚的意味に関する研究

The purpose of this study is to grasp the relationships between physical attributes and perceived meaning in the outdoor space enclosed by buildings on university campuses. In the experiment subjects rated 75 color-pictures of enclosed space on 40 bi-polar adjective scales. The consequences of analysis were as follows : At first, three circular structures of adjectives were ascertained through MDS analysis. Secondly, meanings of affection and composition were fairly explained by Hayashi's quantification I with independent categorical variables of 1) the rasio of building areas in picture, 2) disposition patterns of buildings, 3) differences of heights among buildings, 4) elements of facades, and so on.

First Impressions of the Symbolic Meanings Connoted by Reception Area Design

A study was conducted in which 38 undergraduate students and 64 executives were shown photographs of eight dffferent companies' reception areas. Subjects responded to each photograph by completing 12 bipolar adjective scales indicating their impressions of these companies. Factor analyses of their responses revealed two dimensions underlying these judgments: consideration and control. ANOVAs revealed that subjects formed different impressions of consideration and control across the eight firms pictured. Design and conceptual implications are discussed.

Reliability and Variation of Judgments Made on Selected Bipolar Adjective Scales

7 adults rated 20 preschool children on 40 bipolar adjective scales often used in the study of person perception. Interrater reliability coefficients are presented for these ratings. Also presented is the dispersion of ratings on each of the scales. This information may be useful for those developing studies in this area.

RELIABILITY AND VARIATION OF JUDGMENTS MADE ON SELECTED BIPOLAR ADJECTIVE SCALES

7 adults rated 20 preschool children on 40 bipolar adjective scales often used in the study of person perception. Interrater reliability coefficients are presented for these ratings. Also presented is the dispersion of ratings on each of the scales. This information may be useful for those developing studies in this area.

Discourse and Sex as Correlates of Adults' Judgments of Children

This study explored the influence of a child's sex and discourse behavior on the way he is judged by adults. Nine adults listened to 29 5-min. samples of the speech of children, aged 102 to 129 mo., conversing with an adult. They rated each child on 12 7-point bipolar adjective scales (e.g., bad/good, superior/inferior). The associations between the ratings on each scale and the child's sex and discourse behavior were then estimated. The aspects of discourse examined were amount of conversational participation, topic maintenance, and use of three types of speech acts (responses, acknowledgments, and assertions). Children who produced higher proportions of responses were judged as more timid and “bad.” Children who participated more in the conversation and who could maintain a topic for a longer series of turns were judged as more intelligent, above average, and superior. Sex was also associated with the judgments on seven scales.