Bipolar Adjective Scales Research Articles

European Expert Buyers’ Perceptions of New Zealand Agri-food Products and Businesses: An Explanation of the Theory of Buyer-Seller Relationships and Country of Origin Theory

With agrifood export earnings so pivotal to New Zealand (NZ)’s economy, understanding how expert buyers perceive the country’s agrifood products and businesses is imperative. This holds particularly true for the European Union (EU), being one of NZ’s main trading partners. This research draws on the key theories centering on buyer-seller relationships and Country of Origin (CoO) theory, investigating specifically the perceptions of NZ agrifood products and businesses held by European expert buyers who have different levels of knowledge and experience. A quantitative survey was conducted which investigated these perceptions held by the European expert buyers accessed in-person at a trade show in 2015 in Germany. Bipolar adjective scales were used to test product and business attributes. One-way ANOVA’s were adopted to test for perceptual differences between European buyers with high/medium/low experience with New Zealand’s agrifood products and/or businesses. Overall, New Zealand agrifood products and businesses were viewed positively from the perspective of European expert buyers, with the degree of positivity increasing as the level of experience increased. This study also highlighted the need for future research on how CoO affects buyer-seller relationships, especially via the concept of the “halo effect”.

University Students’ Perceptions toward Stuttering according to Mass-Media Experiences

Purpose Various groups of people may show negative perceptions toward stuttering. One of the reasons for such negative perception is that stuttering is portrayed negatively in mass-media. The primary purposes of the current study were to explore university students’ mass-media experiences of stuttering and to determine whether there would be differences in stuttering perception according to such experiences. In addition, the current study tried to determine differences in stuttering perception according to personal factors such as gender and friends and relatives who stutter. Methods A total of 82 university students (37 male and 45 female; mean age: 21.4 years old) took part in the current study. They completed questionnaires on their mass-media experiences with stuttering. Also, they completed bipolar adjective scales and Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes-Stuttering, and it was determined whether there would be differences in the responses according to mass-media stuttering experiences, gender, and friends/relatives who stutter. Results A total of 32 participants (39.0%) had stuttering mass-media experiences. Even though they showed negative responses toward stuttering portrayed by mass-media, there was no statistically significant difference in the responses according to stuttering mass-media experiences. There was a very limited difference in the responses according to gender and friends/relatives who stutter. Conclusion The results of the current study suggest that mass-media play a limited role for formation of negative responses toward stuttering. There needs to be further efforts to provide information on stuttering to enhance responses toward stuttering. Key Words: Stuttering, Perception, Mass-media, University student 중심 단어: 말더듬, 인식, 대중매체, 대학생

PENGARUH FASHION INVOLVEMENT, SHOPPING LIFESTYLE, HEDONIC SHOPPING VALUE DAN POSITIVE EMOTION TERHADAP IMPULSE BUYING PRODUK FASHION PADA PELANGGAN DUTA MALL BANJARMASIN

This research is intended to find out and analys the effect between fashion involvement (X1), shopping lifestyle (X2), hedonic shopping value (X3) and positive emotion (X4) as exogenous variable towards impulse buying (Y1) as endogenous variable to the Duta Mall Banjarmasin customer. This study used the quantitative research by spreading questioners to the customer of Duta Mall Banjarmasin who shop about 145 persons. The sample was taken by the purposive sampling method. The measurement of variable used the bipolar adjective scale with the weight scale from 1 to 10. To find out the effect of X variable towards Y variable used Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The result concluded that (1) there is a negative influence and insignificant variables of fashion involvement (X1) towards impulse buying (Y) in the amount of -7,4%. (2) shopping lifestyle variable (X2) influence significantly and positive in the amount 72,9% towards impulse buying (Y), hedonic shopping value variable (X3) influence significantly and positive in the amount 17,2% towards impulse buying (Y) and (4) positive emotion variable (X4) influence significantly and positive in the amount 17,8% towards impulse buying (Y). Keywords: Fashion involvement, shopping lifestyle, hedonic shopping value, positive emotion, impulse buying.

COMPETENCY, ORGANIZATIONAL HYGIENE FACTOR, CAREER SCAFFOLD, EMPLOYEES’ JOB PERFORMANCE AND EMPLOYEES’ TURNOVER INTENTIONS” (Study: The Seminyak Beach Resort & Spa)

This research objective is investigate the influences among competency, organizational hygiene factor, career scaffold, employees’ job performance and employees’ turnover intentions in The Seminyak Beach Resort & Spa. A survey was conducted among a sample of 242 employees at the Seminyak Beach Resort & Spa through purposive sampled with bipolar adjective scale questionnaire but only 189 qualified respondent data could be tabulated, those were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling via AMOS 22.0. According the result of the analysis, competency had positive and significant influence toward employees’ job performance (λ = 0,228, CR = 2,759, ρ =0,006) but it had negative influence toward career scaffold (λ = -0,141, CR = -2,123, ρ =0,034). Otherwise, organizational hygiene factor able to give positive influence toward career scaffold (λ = 0,840, CR =8,705, ρ =***) and employees’ job performance (λ = 0,206, CR =1,133, ρ = 0,257) but it had negative influence on employees’ turnover intentions (λ = -0,162, CR = -0,914, ρ =0,361). Also career scaffold as intervening variable able to give positive and significant influence for both employees’ job performance (λ = 0,555, CR =2,919, ρ =0,004) and employees’ turnover intentions (λ = 0,605, CR =2,938, ρ =0,003). In the meantime, employees’ job performance had positive and significant influence toward employees’ turnover intentions (λ = 0,492, CR =3,516, ρ =***). The Research limitations/implications – Limitations in this research showed other outside factor still giving influence and it might be able to add more variables for next research. Practical implications – The findings provide for a better understanding of how organizational hygiene factor can control employees’ turnover intention and it as a trigger to boost employees’ job performance through career scaffold. Keyword: Competency, Organizational Hygiene Factor, Career Scaffold, Employees’ Job Performance And Employees’ Turnover Intentions

PENGARUH AFTER SALES SERVICE BERBASIS TEKNIS BUDIDAYA AYAM DAN PROGRAM LOYALTY REWARD TERHADAP KEPUASAN PELANGGAN DALAM MEMBENTUK LOYALITAS PELANGGAN (Studi Pada Pelanggan Pakan Ternak di Kalimantan)

The purpose of this research is to know the effect of afters-sales service based on chicken farming technique (X1) and loyalty reward program (X2) as independent variable to customer satisfaction (Y1) in shaping customer loyalty (Y2) animal feed in Kalimantan as dependent variable. The method used in this research is to collect the data with the questionnaire survey technical to the livestock feed customer in Kalimantan Island. Determination of the research sample using non-probability sampling method of purposive sampling type with the criteria has been purchasing feed for more than 3 years, have felt the benefits of the company and have farm broiler, laying hens, ducks. The measurement of variables using the bipolar adjective scale of perfection of the semantic scale with the two extreme categories strongly disagree (1) and strongly agree (10). Survey data for variables X1, X2, to Y1 and Y2 are then analyzed by Structural Equation Modeling method using AMOS. The results showed that after-sales service based on chicken farming technique (X1) had significant effect on customer satisfaction (Y1) animal feed. Loyalty reward program (X2) has a significant effect on customer satisfaction (Y1) and has significant effect on customer loyalty (Y2) of animal feed. Similarly, customer satisfaction (Y1) has a significant effect on customer loyalty (Y2) fodder in Kalimantan. The conclusion of this research is that loyalty reward program (X2) has the most dominant influence to increase customer loyalty (Y2), and loyalty reward program (X2) with after sales service based on chicken culture technique (X1) can influence customer satisfaction (Y1) to increase customer loyalty (Y2) fodder in Kalimantan. Suggestion from this research is animal feed company should apply loyalty reward program and after sales service to increase customer loyalty.

Competency, Organizational Health, Job Career, Job Performance And Employees Turnover

This research objective is investigate the influences among competency,organizational hygiene factor, career scaffold, employees’ job performance and employees’turnover intentions in The Seminyak Beach Resort & Spa. A survey was conducted among asample of 242 employees at the Seminyak Beach Resort & Spa through purposive sampledwith bipolar adjective scale questionnaire but only 189 qualified respondent data could betabulated, those were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling via AMOS 22.0.According the result of the analysis, competency had positive and significantinfluence toward employees’ job performance (? = 0,228, CR = 2,759, ? =0,006) but it hadnegative influence toward career scaffold (? = -0,141, CR = -2,123, ? =0,034). Otherwise,organizational hygiene factor able to give positive influence toward career scaffold (? =0,840, CR =8,705, ? =***) and employees’ job performance (? = 0,206, CR =1,133, ? =0,257) but it had negative influence on employees’ turnover intentions (? = -0,162, CR = -0,914, ? =0,361). Also career scaffold as intervening variable able to give positive andsignificant influence for both employees’ job performance (? = 0,555, CR =2,919, ? =0,004)and employees’ turnover intentions (? = 0,605, CR =2,938, ? =0,003). In the meantime,employees’ job performance had positive and significant influence toward employees’turnover intentions (? = 0,492, CR =3,516, ? =***).The Research limitations/implications – Limitations in this research showed otheroutside factor still giving influence and it might be able to add more variables for nextresearch. Practical implications – The findings provide for a better understanding of howorganizational hygiene factor can control employees’ turnover intention and it as a trigger toboost employees’ job performance through career scaffold.Keyword : Competency, Organizational Hygiene Factor, Career Scaffold, Employees’ JobPerformance And Employees’ Turnover Intentions

The Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes-Stuttering (POSHA-S) and Bipolar Adjective Scale (BAS): Aspects of validity

PurposeIn order to estimate instrument validity, attitudes toward stuttering measured by the newly developed Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes-Stuttering (POSHA-S) and the Woods and Williams (1976) semantic differential scale (referred to herein as the Bipolar Adjective Scale [BAS]) are compared in college students on one occasion as well as before and after coursework on fluency disorders. MethodUndergraduate and graduate students (n=321) from four universities filled out online versions of the POSHA-S and BAS. Two-thirds were speech-language pathology (SLP) majors; one-third were students in other majors. A subset of the SLP students (n=35) filled out the two instruments again after 8–13 weeks of coursework on fluency disorders. ResultsCorrelations between all ratings of the POSHA-S and BAS were run for the 321 students. Only 26% of the correlations were statistically significant (R≥±0.129), and the large majority of these reflected small relationships. POSHA-S ratings were correlated with up to 77% of the items of the BAS while BAS items were correlated with up to 45% of the POSHA-S ratings. After coursework on stuttering, students’ attitudes improved on both instruments, but more on the POSHA-S than the BAS. ConclusionsGreater evidence of discriminant validity than convergent validity characterized the POSHA-S and BAS. Both measures showed improved attitudes after fluency disorders coursework, but more so for the POSHA-S, confirming previous reports of construct validity. The POSHA-S taps relevant constructs not included in the BAS, which provide advantages for intracultural, international, and other comparisons of public attitudes toward stuttering.Learning outcomes: The reader will be able to: (1) describe differentiating characteristics of the POSHA-S and BAS as measures of public attitudes toward stuttering, (2) describe the overlap and lack of overlap in the constructs measured by POSHA-S and BAS, (3) describe discriminant versus convergent validity and (4) describe advantages of the POSHA-S and BAS in various types of comparative studies of stuttering attitudes.

Viewing the world through the prism of music: Effects of music on perceptions of the environment

Questionnaire and interview studies suggest that music is valued for its role in managing the listener’s impression of the environment, but systematic investigations on the topic are scarce. We present a field experiment wherein participants were asked to rate their impression of four different environments (a quiet residential area, traveling by train in the suburbs, at a busy crossroads, and in a tranquil park area) on bipolar adjective scales, while listening to music (which varied regarding level of perceived activation and valence) or in silence. Results showed that the evaluation of the environment was in general affected in the direction of the characteristics of the music, especially in conditions where the perceived characteristics of the music and environment were incongruent. For example, highly active music increased the activation ratings of environments which were perceived as inactive without music, whereas inactive music decreased the activation ratings of environments which were perceived as highly active without music. Also, highly positive music increased the positivity ratings of the environments. In sum, the findings suggest that music may function as a prism that modifies the impression of one’s surroundings. Different theoretical explanations of the results are discussed.

The structure of semantic meaning: A developmental study

According to the “Semantic Differential” the connotative meaning of words can be quantified in statistically defined dimensions where every word is uniquely located on the dimensions Evaluation (E), Potency (P), and Activity (A). We studied 249 children between 9 and 18 years of age who rated 72 German nouns on 12 bipolar adjective scales. Three age groups were compared: 9–11, 12–14, and 15–18 years. Varimax-rotated factor analysis yielded the classical EPA dimensions that were independent of age. This indicates that the basic structure and dimensionality of the semantic space is stable. On the other hand, the connotative meaning of individual words changed with age, and it was also affected by gender. In about half of the cases boys differed in their ratings from girls. Our data confirm that the EPA structure is stable, and is not affected by age. Development of connotative meaning or emotion is reflected, however, by systematic changes of the factor scores of individual words over the 10 years span studied.

The impact of psychotherapy sessions: Internal structure of the Dutch Session Evaluation Questionnaire (SEQ)

The Session Evaluation Questionnaire (SEQ), intended to measure the impact of psychotherapy sessions, is a self-rating instrument consisting of 21 bipolar adjective scales in semantic differential format. The SEQ may be conceived as a bridge between psychotherapy process and outcome. Since its introduction in 1980, the original American SEQ has been translated in different languages. However, the reliability and validity of the SEQ have only been assessed for the American SEQ so far. The present study attempted to replicate the dimensional structure of the American SEQ for the Dutch version. SEQ data were collected in a heterogeneous convenience sample of 96 patients, producing 2074 SEQ ratings, with each patient completing at least four SEQ forms over the course of her/his treatment. Exploratory factor analyses (principal component analyses with varimax rotation) were used to establish the dimensional structure of the Dutch SEQ. In the American and English studies, factor analyses were only performed on each of the SEQ parts (session evaluation and post-session mood) separately. No factor analyses were run with all 21 items included in the analyses. Different from the English and American studies, the internal structure of the Dutch SEQ was not only established for the separate parts, but was also determined by treating the SEQ as a single 21 item rating scale. Replicating the American and English data analyses, the Depth dimension could convincingly be replicated in the Dutch sample. Moreover, the Smoothness and Positivity dimensions could be recovered in the Dutch sample to a large extent. Different from the American SEQ, the Arousal dimension did not appear as a distinct dimension at all. Factor analyses of all 21 items yielded no more than two interpretable dimensions, encompassing about half of the SEQ items. The basic psychological concepts in which the American SEQ is rooted-evaluation and mood- also appear in the Dutch SEQ version. However, the results of the current study do not justify a simple transfer of the four American SEQ dimensions to the Dutch SEQ version.

Construct and concurrent validity of a prototype questionnaire to survey public attitudes toward stuttering

Purpose Construct validity and concurrent validity were investigated in a prototype survey instrument, the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes-Experimental Edition ( POSHA-E). The POSHA-E was designed to measure public attitudes toward stuttering within the context of eight other attributes, or “anchors,” assumed to range from negative (e.g., “mental illness”), to neutral (e.g., “left handed”), to positive (e.g., “intelligent”). Method Two respondent samples, each composed of 32 adults, completed the POSHA-E on two occasions. Both samples were reported in previously published studies [Reichel, I., & St. Louis, K. O. (2004). Effects of emotional intelligence training in graduate fluency disorders courses. In A. Packman, A. Meltzer, & H. F. M. Peters (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th world congress on fluency disorders (pp. 474–481). Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Nijmegen University Press; St. Louis, K. O., Lubker, B. B., Yaruss, J. S., & Aliveto, E. F. (in press). Development of a prototype questionnaire to survey public attitudes toward stuttering: Reliability of the second prototype. Contemporary Issues in Communication Sciences and Disorders]. One sample completed the POSHA-E twice, two weeks apart, and the results were analyzed for test–retest reliability (T–R). Another sample consisted of graduate students completing the POSHA-E before and after a course in fluency disorders (VAL) to measure changes in students’ attitudes toward stuttering. This group also filled out the Bipolar Adjective Scale ( BAS) to obtain a second measure of attitudes toward stuttering. Results Comparing the two groups, VAL respondents’ mean ratings about stuttering changed more, and generally in the expected direction of more “positive” attitudes, than T–R respondents’ ratings. Moreover, VAL rating changes were in similar directions on the POSHA-E and the BAS. Conclusions Results of the study permit the interpretation that the POSHA-E satisfies indicators of construct and concurrent validity, and provides evidence that it can measure positive changes in attitudes. Educational objectives The reader will be able to: (1) define the concepts of construct validity and concurrent validity; (2) describe construct validity and concurrent validity in reference to survey development; and (3) discuss general principles of attitude changes of students after taking a course in fluency disorders.

음풍경 적용을 위한 도시천변에서의 연출음 도입 효과에 관한 실험적 연구

It is very difficult to reduce ambient noise level in the downtown. The best method is to improve the sound amenity of the districts, considering concept of soundscape. This study aims to survey the effect of introducing sound and masking to reduce the background noise level. We carried out the evaluating test for 18 introducing sounds varied S/N ratio(-5, 0, +5) in the city riverside. In these test, subjects evaluated the sound environment with five bipolar adjective scales. It was evaluated that introducing sounds improved the sound environment, and that S/N +5 dB was very appropriate to mask the background noise. But the hearing level was suggested to be S/N 0 dB or less.

Interval Distributions, Mode, and Tonal Strength of Melodies as Predictors of Perceived Emotion

Fifty-one tonal and atonal classical melodies were evaluated by 29 students on 10 bipolar adjective scales that focused on emotional evaluation along four factors: valence, aesthetic judgment, activity, and potency. Significant predictors for each factor were obtained through ridge regression analyses. Predictors were quantified characteristics of each melody: the distribution of intervals according to interval size, the mode, and tonal strength (C. L. Krumhansl, 1990). Valence was best predicted by mode. Aesthetic judgment was predicted by the interval distribution and by tonal strength. Melodies judged pleasant contained more perfect fourths and minor sevenths and fewer augmented fourths; they were also high in tonal strength. Activity and potency were best predicted by the interval distribution. Activity, a sense of instability and motion, was conveyed by a greater occurrence of minor seconds, augmented fourths, and intervals larger than the octave. Potency, an expression of vigor and power, was marked by a greater occurrence of unisons and octaves. Thus the emotional expression of a melody appears to be related to the distributions of its interval categories, its mode, and its tonal strength.

Language Universals: Cross-lingual Comparison of Topic Dependent Adjectives

This study examined the multilingual subjects’ perceptual similarity, and semantic relation in order to find universals of languages. Two Indo-European languages (English and Bengali) and one non-Indo- European language (Japanese) were used. A common perceptual space was obtained through Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis method. In contrast, semantic approach was taken using Semantic Differential Analysis (SDA) method. Apart from these, a least square mapping method, Procrustes analysis, was also employed to determine whether semantic scales relate differently to the dimensions of the common perceptual space that did not differ be- tween these three groups of languages. Breaking the tradition of taking vowel sounds to find relation between languages, however, a sophisticated approach was taken by having six guitar sounds as stimuli, which could be considered as a common parameter for all subjects of different groups of languages. Ten topic-dependent bipolar adjective scales on which responses are taken, were constructed in a preliminary study. The results of the SDA analysis showed that the English, and Japanese semantic scales related differently to the MDS derived common perceptual space, while the Bengali semantic scales related somewhat similarly to the same common perceptual space. And also Procrustes Analysis revealed that the Bengali factor space is closer to the English factor space than to the Japanese factor space. With regard to the potential for generalizing semantic differential ratings obtained in one language to aid in the interpretation of data from listeners speaking a different native language, the results of the current study suggest that caution be exercised. More- over the results of this study suggest that interpreters will have to be cautiously attentive in interpretation of data from Indo-European family of languages (English and Bengali) to non Indo-European family of languages (Japanese).

Evaluative Responses to Five Kinds of Water Features

How do humans respond to different water features used by designers in urban plazas? Thirty participants viewed colour photographs of controlled views of five kinds of water features (Still, Flowing, Falling, Jet and Combination) and rated each scene on nine bi-polar adjective scales. The analyses focused on three composite scales, one for Preference, one for Calming and one for Excitement. Although the water features generally received favourable ratings, analysis of variance and tests of effect sizes revealed that participants had higher preferences for jets and combination; they rated still water as most calming; and they rated moving water as higher in excitement than still water. To test the generalization of the findings, replications in more realistic conditions are called for.

Universal Perceptual Attributes for Perceptionof American English Vowels by English and Japanese Native Speakers and Implications for Language Typology

A universal perceptual space for 10 American English vowel sounds was derived for two groups of listeners-a group of native speakers of English and a group of native speakers of Japanese. Subsets of these two groups made ratings on 12 bipolar adjective scales for the same set of sounds， each of the two groups using anchoring adjectives taken from their native language. Although there was no evidence of any difference between the two groups in their INDSCALderived perceptual dimensions for these vowel sounds， the adjectives were used differently in describing those same perceptual dimensions by the two groups. Though a few of the adjectives were used to describe similar perceptual variations ，language typological implications of this investigation is that caution be exercised in generalizing semantic differential ratings obtained in one language， especially when those ratings are intended to aid in the interpretation of data from listeners speaking a different native language.

Validity of Big Five personality judgments in childhood: a 9 year longitudinal study

In a 9 year longitudinal study over childhood, the Big Five personality traits were assessed at ages 4–6 by teacher Q‐sorts, at age 10 by parental Q‐sorts, and at age 12 by parental and friend ratings on bipolar adjective scales. The Big Five Q‐sort indices were based on definitions proposed by John, Caspi, Robins, Moffitt, and Stouthamer‐Loeber (1994) for adolescent boys. They were related to judgments and behavioural observations of inhibition and aggressiveness, and to antecedents and consequences of school achievement such as IQ and cognitive self‐esteem. Neuroticism and low extraversion correlated with social inhibition, low agreeableness and low conscientiousness with aggressiveness, and conscientiousness and/or culture/intellect/openness with antecedents and outcomes of school achievement. These correlations were consistently found throughout childhood. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

RELATION BETWEEN THE OVERALL IMPRESSION OF THE SOUND ENVIRONMENT AND TYPES AND LOUDNESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SOUNDS

This paper reports an experimental study determining the effects of the type and loudness of individual sounds on the overall impression of the sound environment. Field and laboratory experiments were carried out. In each experiment, subjects evaluated the sound environment presented, which consisted of combinations of three individual sounds of road traffic, singing crickets and the murmuring of a river, with five bipolar adjective scales such as Good–Bad, Active–Calm and Natural–Artificial. Overall loudness had the strongest effect on most types of evaluations; relative SPL has a greater effect than overall loudness on a particular evaluation of the natural–artificial scale. The test sounds in the field experiment were generally evaluated as more good and more natural than those in the laboratory. The results of comparisons between laboratory and field sounds indicate a difference in the trend between them. This difference may be explained by the term of selective listening but that needs further investigation.

The measurement of core affect: a Swedish self-report measure derived from the affect circumplex.

Three studies were conducted with the aim of developing a new Swedish self-report measure of core affect (the Swedish Core Affect Scale or SCAS). In Study 1,122 participants rated their current mood on 24 unipolar adjective scales. A revised set of 12 bipolar adjective scales was evaluated in Study 2 employing 96 participants who rated their current mood before and after a mood-inducing naturally occurring event. A slightly revised set of adjective scales was used in Study 3, in which another 96 participants rated several induced moods. The results showed that the adjective scale ratings could be aggregated as reliable measures of the independent valence and activation dimensions proposed in the affect circumplex, and that the aggregated measures discriminated mood differences within and between individuals.

Perceived in‐group and out‐group stereotypes among Brazilian foreign language students

Our research over the past few years on the attitudes of Brazilians towards the English language suggests that socio‐psychological and socio‐cultural aspects of motivation may be just as operative in foreign language learning as in second language acquisition. This article presents the results of a study of stereotypical perceptions of ten foreign populations by 164 Brazilian university students studying diverse foreign languages. Socio‐cultural stereotypes were investigated using bipolar adjective scales paired in a Likert‐type format. A factor analysis of the revealed stereotypes suggested a three‐factor system is at work, consisting of conscientiousness (work‐related values), social agreeableness and personal warmth. Evidence was found for the hypothesis that students studying a foreign language tend to have relatively positive stereotypes of the speakers of that language, but the picture is quite complex, with attraction and stereotyping of target‐language speakers being linked to two different sets of values within the Brazilian population studied.