Biphasic Nature Research Articles

Investigation of the cushioning mechanism of a novel dental implant system with composite hydrogel

Background/purposeDental implants can restore both function and aesthetics in edentulous areas. However, the absence of cushioning mechanical behavior in implants may limit their clinical performance and reduce the long-term survival rates. This study aimed to establish an implant cushion mechanism that mimicked the natural periodontal ligament, utilizing the properties of composite hydrogels. Materials and methodsIn this study, we synthesized two composite hydrogels (HS and HSP groups) using hyaluronic acid (HA) and silk fibroin. We conducted static-constrained compression, creep, and porosity tests to assess the physical properties of these composite hydrogels. Finite element analysis (FEA) was employed to examine the effects of different thicknesses, permeabilities, and compression coefficients on the deformation of the hydrogels. The composite hydrogels were then applied within a novel dental implant, and the displacement performance of the implants, along with stress distribution on the alveolar bone, was evaluated using FEA. ResultsRegarding the mechanical performance of the composite hydrogels, increased permeability led to quicker displacement under compression. Thicker hydrogels with larger compression moduli influenced the biphasic behavior and deformation. The novel dental implants demonstrated biphasic sinking behavior under loading and rapid repositioning during unloading. When evaluating stress distribution on the alveolar bone under oblique loading, the HS and HSP implant groups showed a stress reduction of 10.3 % and 13.6 %, respectively, compared to commercial implant groups. ConclusionThis study highlights that the biphasic nature of solid and liquid phases is crucial when incorporating a cushioning mechanism into implants to replicate the characteristics of the periodontal ligament.

An optimized pipeline for high-throughput bulk RNA-Seq deconvolution illustrates the impact of obesity and weight loss on cell composition of human adipose tissue.

Katie Whytock ( Katie.Whytock@adventhealth.com ).

Structure and Physiological Significance of IL-17: A Review Article

IL-17 is a pleiotropic cytokine key in lead to the proinflammatory nature within the immune system and thus it has a pronounced effect of inflammation and therefore disease pathogenesis which is particularly relevant in the case of osteoarthritis as well as other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. While enormous strides have been made regarding its functions, additional studies are required to fill the gaps left over from previous studies and develop novel ways of treating or managing chronic inflammatory conditions on the basis of our advanced understanding of IL-17. IL-17 immune responses are still a mysterious package in acting in defense mechanisms of hosts and at the same trace back to autoimmune disease development due to its biphasic nature— this therefore justifies why an interest for exploring mechanisms by which production is achieved plus effects produced scientifically can be directed towards therapeutic opportunities yet to be fully realized. Such studies will unquestionably provide insights into immune regulation with an optimism for the development of alternative treatment strategies.

Rare earth metallic elements in plants: assessing benefits, risks and mitigating strategies.

Rare earth elements (REEs) comprises of a uniform group of lanthanides and scandium (Sc) and yttrium (Y) finding their key importance in agriculture sectors, electronic and defense industries, and renewable energy production. The immense application of REEs as plant growth promoters has led to their undesirable accumulation in the soil system raising concerns for REE pollution as upcoming stresses. This review mainly addresses the chemistry of REEs, uptake and distribution and their biphasic responses in plant systems and possible plausible techniques that could mitigate/alleviate REE contamination. It extends beyond the present understanding of the biphasic impacts of rare earth elements (REEs) on physio-biochemical attributes. It not only provides landmarks for further exploration of the interrelated phytohormonal and molecular biphasic nature but also introduces novel approaches aimed at mitigating their toxicities. By delving into innovative strategies such as recycling, substitution, and phytohormone-assisted mitigation, the review expands upon existing knowledge of REEs whilst also offering pathways to tackle the challenges associated with REE utilization.

Intervertebral disc creep behaviour through viscoelastic models: an in-vitro study

The intervertebral disc (IVD) is a complex biological structure that ensures the spine strength, stability, mobility, and flexibility. This is achieved due to its biphasic nature which is attained by its solid phase (annulus fibrosus) and fluid phases (nucleus pulposus). Hence, the IVD biomechanical response to long-term loads, which is critical as it affects hydration, and nutrients-water transport influencing disc height reduction, has been further explored and mathematically modelled in this paper. An in-vitro study was performed on seven human lumbar spine specimens (L4-5), to assess if the classical rheological models and Nutting's power law can model in a simple way the intermediate characteristics between solid and fluid of the IVD. Creep tests were conducted by applying a static compression load of 500 N for 15 min. A correlation analysis was done (Pearson, p < 0.05) between the model parameters and the maximum value of Disc Height Reduction, followed by a linear regression analysis. In summary, the long-term IVD mechanical behavior was modeled in a simple way, emphasizing that yet there is no mathematical certainty about this mechanical behavior. Hence, a future aim might be to develop intervertebral disc prostheses capable of replicating only the disc mechanical response, without necessarily considering the microscopic-level biological drivers. Therefore, a future goal is to fully understand and model the disc's mechanical response toward the design of new disc prostheses that would consider only the macroscopic aspect, without considering the biological aspects.

Exploring capelin (Mallotus villosus) population dynamics using Empirical Dynamic Modelling (EDM)

Capelin (Mallotus villosus) populations on the Newfoundland shelf collapsed in the early 1990s, coinciding with a regime shift and greatly reduced capelin and groundfish biomasses which both persist to this day. The biphasic nature of this stock’s history suggest it may experience nonlinear dynamics, which are difficult to predict using linear models. This study explores the application of Empirical Dynamic Modelling (EDM) nonlinear, nonparametric time series forecasting tools to capelin biomass data, seeking to detect nonlinear dynamics, compare performance of linear and nonlinear multivariate predictive models, identify drivers of capelin biomass using convergent cross-mapping, and measure the sign and strength of capelin species interactions. We found capelin dynamics were nonlinear, and multivariate EDM predictive models returned equal or improved model diagnostics to linear models in most situations. We identified long-term climate dynamics and timing of sea ice retreat as the primary drivers of capelin dynamics, but some indications of potential top-down effects from Greenland halibut were also detected. Atlantic cod biomass, and capelin catch were investigated as potential drivers of capelin dynamics, but both were found more likely to be driven by capelin dynamics. Overall, our results support the idea that capelin dynamics are mostly bottom-up driven, and that capelin itself is a driver of its predators, suggesting that the overall ecosystem may be largely bottom-up driven. This study also clearly identifies the utilities of EDM as a complementary tool for stock assessments by detecting and forecasting nonlinear stock dynamics, and identifying and characterizing relationships between stock biomass and the factors which drive it.

Dielectric anisotropy in self-assembling MXene-based lyotropic nematic compounds

The formation of a lyotropic liquid crystal phase at the level of MXene-based aqueous dispersions due to the self-assembling capacity of these two-dimensional (2D) materials has been previously successfully reported. However, the influence of electrical external factors has been less studied in spite of the fact that understanding the electrical behaviour of 2D-based liquid crystal compounds is vital for fostering the development of new innovative applications. Consequently, within this paper, we report an in-depth evaluation of the dielectric properties of liquid crystalline phases in Ti3C2 MXene aqueous dispersions. The dependence on the low voltage of planar ε⊥′ to homeotropic ε∥′ orientational transition is emphasized and discussed, while the influence of the electric field frequency at the level of dielectric anisotropy is assessed in respect to various concentrations of MXene flakes within the same 2D-based compounds. Nonetheless, dielectric spectroscopy highlights the biphasic nature (containing both nematic and isotropic phases) of the studied aqueous Ti3C2 MXene inks visible up to 20% MXene. Above this concentration, the existence of a pure nematic phase in the dispersion of highMXene concentration (>20 wt%) was detected based on the evaluation of dielectric permittivity against various voltage values.

Fitting of kinact and KI Values from Endpoint Pre-incubation IC50 Data.

Experiments comprising a "pre-incubation" phase, where enzyme is incubated with inhibitor prior to the addition of assay substrate, are commonly used to evaluate covalent inhibitors, often via discontinuous or "endpoint" IC50 assays. However, due to the lack of mathematical tools to describe its biphasic time-dependent nature, this experiment has thus far been unable to provide kinact and KI values. Herein we report EPIC-Fit, a new method to determine kinact and KI values from global fitting of Endpoint Pre-incubation IC50 data that can be implemented using Microsoft Excel. Experimental characterization of a known tissue transglutaminase inhibitor, AA9, using EPIC-Fit provided kinact and KI values with strong correlations to the values determined by other, previously established methods of evaluation. This unprecedented method serves to finally include time-dependent pre-incubation endpoint assays in the medicinal chemist's toolbox for rigorous characterization of irreversible inhibitors.

Compound Angiotrophic Biphasic Myeloid Sarcoma with JAK2 (V617F) and KRAS (G12C) mutations

Introduction. Myeloid sarcomas (MS) are extramedullary manifestations of myeloid neoplasms, associated with conditions like acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). MS presents as tumor masses in various body sites, often expressing myeloid or monocytic markers. This case report details an unusual biphasic MS relapse with a significant “intravascular” component. Materials and methods. A 59-year-old male with a history of JAK2-V617F positive MDS/MPN underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and presented with abdominal pain, skin lesions, and systemic symptoms. Biopsy of colonic masses was performed, and subsequent analysis was carried out. Results. The biopsy revealed a neoplasm with solid and intravascular components. The solid part was mainly composed of monocytic lineage cells expressing specific markers, with a small population of myeloid blasts. In contrast, the “intravascular” component was mainly myeloid blasts expressing different markers. Genetic analysis uncovered JAK2 (V617F) and KRAS (G12C) mutations. Despite treatment, the disease progressed, and the patient eventually passed away. Conclusions. Myeloid sarcomas are challenging to diagnose, often being mistaken for large cell lymphomas. They can manifest as isolated extramedullary relapses, with a unique molecular profile. This case stands out due to its biphasic nature, featuring distinct components with differing characteristics, which has not been documented previously in English literature. It underscores the intricate and diverse nature of myeloid sarcomas, emphasizing the need for further research to comprehend their biology and behavior effectively.

A rare cause of Acquired Hemolytic Anemia in a child; Donath-Landsteiner antibody

Abstract Introduction/Objective INTRODUCTION: The Donath-Landsteiner (DL) antibody is known to cause paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH), a rare form of intravascular hemolytic anemia which is precipitated by an IgG biphasic hemolysin with specificity to the P blood group antigen and most commonly reported in children. The DL test is a serologic test specifically examines, the biphasic nature of the antibody activity. Methods/Case Report CASE PRESENTATION: A 4-year-old previously healthy boy presented at an academic medical center with rhinorrhea and nasal congestion. His family reported that his urine became darker almost coke colored after his symptoms started. His initial vitals; temperature of 37.1 C, heart rate of 140, blood pressure of 122/87 and O2 saturation of 96% on room air. Laboratory investigations showed a hemoglobin level of 4.2 g/dL, hematocrit level of 12.5%, platelets count of 229 K/uL, indirect bilirubin of 6.2mg/dL, haptoglobin &amp;lt;30 mg/dL, LDH &amp;gt;1800 U/L. Direct antiglobulin test was positive with complement only. Thermal Amplitude and indirect Donath-Landsteiner tests were both positive. Respiratory viral panel was positive for Rhinovirus. The antibody screen was negative, and the patient was provided supportive care including as needed RBC transfusion, warming of fluids and body. By day day 9 patient Hgb stabilized, LDH, bilirubin and haptoglobin normalized and his urine turned yellow color and was discharged in stable condition. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) NA Conclusion CONCLUSIONS PCH is classified as a cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by an IgG antibody that sensitizes RBCs at cold temperatures by attaching complement to the RBCs, causing intravascular hemolysis upon rewarming. The DL test for PCH involves in vitro testing for hemolysis with the patient's serum, washed group-O cells expressing the P antigen, and fresh normal serum. To prevent autoadsorption of the antibody and hemolysis, blood should be collected in prewarmed tubes that do not contain anticoagulants and kept at 37°C during the collection procedure. A high index of suspicion especially in pediatric population should be maintained after a viral infection. The treatment is usually supportive.

Impact of P3/P2 mixed phase on the structural and electrochemical performance of Na0.75Mn0.75Al0.25O2 cathode

The biphasic nature is known to enhance the structural stability and electrochemical properties of layered oxide cathodes. Herein, we have synthesised Na0.75Mn0.75Al0.25O2 (NMA) with different P2/P3 phase fractions, tuned by modifying the calcination temperature. Rietveld refinement of XRD data showed a continuous reduction in the P3 phase fraction with increased calcination temperature. NMA sample calcined at 650 °C (NMA-650) with ∼52 % P3 and 48 % P2 phases showed good rate performance and a high specific capacity of 150 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C with 80 % capacity retention after 200 cycles between 1.5 and 4.2 V. The enhanced electrochemical performance is attributed to the material's morphology and improved structural durability. Interestingly, operando Synchrotron XRD data of NMA-650 and NMA-750 (sample calcined at 750 °C) showed a continued existence of the P3 phase in both compounds during charging-discharging in the 1.5–4.2 V range. Further, the P3 unit cell showed only a 0.5 % increase in volume compared to 1.5 % in NMA-750 during cycling. The enhanced electrochemical properties of NMA-650 are attributed to the synergistic effect of P3/P2 phase coexistence in the material.

Biphasic Bioceramic Obtained from Byproducts of Sugar Beet Processing for Use in Bioactive Coatings and Bone Fillings.

This study focuses on developing hydroxyapatite synthesized from a CaCO3-rich byproduct of sugar beet processing called Carbocal® using a hydrothermal reactor. The purpose of this biomaterial is to enhance the osteoinductivity of implantable surfaces and serve as a bone filler, providing a sustainable and economically more affordable alternative. This research involved compositional analysis and micro- and macrostructural physicochemical characterization, complemented with bioactivity and live/dead assays. The biphasic nature of the Carbocal®-derived sample was significant within the context of the bioactivity concept previously proposed in the literature. The bioactivity of the biomaterial was demonstrated through a viability test, where the cell growth was nearly equivalent to that of the positive control. For comparison purposes, the same tests were conducted with two additional samples: hydroxyapatite obtained from CaCO3 and commercial hydroxyapatite. The resulting product of this process is biocompatible and possesses properties similar to natural hydroxyapatite. Consequently, this biomaterial shows potential as a scaffold in tissue engineering and as an adhesive filler to promote bone regeneration within the context of the circular bioeconomy in the geographical area proposed.

Self‐Reaction Effect‐Boosted Liquid Thermocell Based on Ethanol‐Aqueous Biphasic System

AbstractLow‐grade heat (&lt;100 °C) energy sources possess considerable untapped potential for sustainable power generation. Liquid thermocells (LTCs) represent an innovative solution to convert low‐grade heat into electricity. The performance of LTCs relies on the combined effects of the Seebeck coefficient (Se), electrical conductivity (σeff), and thermal conductivity (κeff). While previous studies have predominantly focused on enhancing Se and σeff, κeff has received limited attention. Therefore, in this study, an electrochemically active biphasic liquid thermocell (EAB‐LTC) composed of ferrocene (Fc) and in an ethanol‐aqueous biphasic system is proposed. The self‐reaction of the redox couple enhances Se, while the biphasic nature of the system suppresses thermal convection, resulting in reduced κeff. Compared to the conventional single‐phase LTC utilizing / , the Se is increased by nearly threefold, accompanied by a more than threefold enhancement in output power. The application of the EAB‐LTC module is successfully demonstrated in powering electronic devices, thereby establishing a novel pathway for advancing high‐performance LTCs and presenting a promising approach toward achieving carbon neutrality.

Visualization of the biphasic calcium wave during fertilization in Caenorhabditis elegans using a genetically encoded calcium indicator.

Fertilization is a critical step in development, yet internal fertilization events are notoriously difficult to visualize. Taking advantage of the calcium response that is a hallmark of sperm-egg fusion, we adapted the genetically encoded calcium indicator jGCaMP7s to visualize the moment of fertilization in Caenorhabditis elegans using fluorescence. We termed this tool the 'CaFE' reporter, for 'calcium during fertilization in C. elegans'. The CaFE reporter produced a robust signal that recapitulated the previously reported, biphasic nature of the calcium wave and had no significant deleterious effects on worm physiology or fecundity. Calcium waves were not observed at the restrictive temperature in the spe-9(hc88) strain, in which sperm can still trigger meiotic maturation but can no longer fuse with the oocyte. Demonstrating the utility of the CaFE reporter, we analyzed polyspermy induced by inhibition of egg-3 via RNAi and observed late calcium waves in the uterus. This finding provides support to the idea that calcium release is not restricted to the first sperm fusion event during polyspermy. Establishment of the CaFE reporter in the genetically tractable and optically transparent worm provides a powerful tool to dissect the oocyte-to-embryo transition inside a living animal.

Histochemical analysis of the biphasic properties of formalin pain-induced behavior

The formalin test has been established as a method for evaluating mouse models of pain. Although there have been numerous reports of formalin-pain-induced behavior, few reports of a detailed histochemical analysis of the central nervous system focus on behavioral biphasic properties.To investigate the alternation of spinal neuronal activity with formalin-induced pain, we performed immunofluorescent staining with c-Fos antibodies as neuronal activity markers using acute pain model mice induced by 2% formalin stimulation. As a result, phase-specific expression patterns were observed. In the spinal dorsal horn region, there were many neural activities in the deep region (layers V−VII) in the behavioral first phase and those in the surface region (layers I−III) in the behavioral second phase. Furthermore, we conducted comparative studies using low concentrations (0.25%) of formalin and capsaicin, which did not show distinct behavioral biphasic properties. Neural activity was observed only in the spinal dorsal horn surface region for both stimuli.Our study suggested that the histochemical biphasic nature of formalin-induced pain was attributable to the activity of the deep region of the spinal cord. In the future, treatment strategies focusing on the deep region neuron will lead to the development of effective treatments for allodynia and intractable chronic pain.

Biphasic nature of lipid bilayers assembled on silica nanoparticles and evidence for an interdigitated phase.

Functionalizing silica nanoparticles with a lipid bilayer shell is a common first step in fabricating drug delivery and biosensing devices that are further decorated with other biomolecules for a range of nanoscience applications and therapeutics. Although the molecular structure and dynamics of lipid bilayers have been thoroughly investigated on larger 100 nm-1 μm silica spheres where the lipid bilayer exhibits the typical Lα bilayer phase, the molecular organization of lipids assembled on mesoscale (4-100 nm diameter) nanoparticles is scarce. Here, DSC, TEM and 2H and 31P solid-state NMR are implemented to probe the organization of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-d54-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC-d54) assembled on mesoscale silica nanoparticles illustrating a significant deviation from Lα bilayer structure due to the increasing curvature of mesoscale supports. A biphasic system is observed that exhibits a combination of high-curvature, non-lamellar and lamellar phases for mesoscale (<100 nm) supports with evidence of an interdigitated phase on the smallest diameter support (4 nm).

Bijels as a Fluid Labyrinth for Drugs: The Effect of Nanoparticles on the Release Kinetics of Ethosuximide and Dimethyl Fumarate.

Bijels (bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion gels) raised an increasing interest as biomaterials for controlled drug delivery due to their biphasic nature organized in mesoscopic tortuous domains. Two bijel formulations were prepared and explored as delivery systems for both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, ethosuximide and dimethyl fumarate. The two bijel-like structures, based on polymerized ε-caprolactone/water, differ in the stabilizing nanoparticle hydroxyapatite (inorganic) and nanogel-based nanoparticles (organic). Diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to characterize the bijel structure and the transport behavior of the drug molecules confined within the water/organic interconnected domains. A reduced diffusion coefficient is observed for several concentrations of the drugs and both bijel formulations. Moreover, in vitro release profiles also reveal the effect of the microstructure and drug-nanoparticle interactions.

Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies a paracrine interaction that may drive oncogenic notch signaling in human adenoid cystic carcinoma.

Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare, biologically unique biphasic tumor that consists of malignant myoepithelial and luminal cells. MYB and Notch signaling have been implicated in ACC pathophysiology, but invivo descriptions of these two programs in human tumors and investigation into their active coordination remain incomplete. We utilize single-cell RNA sequencing to profile human head and neck ACC, including a comparison of primary ACC with a matched local recurrence. We define expression heterogeneity in these rare tumors, uncovering diversity in myoepithelial and luminal cell expression. We find differential expression of Notch ligands DLL1, JAG1, and JAG2 in myoepithelial cells, suggesting a paracrine interaction that may support oncogenic Notch signaling. We validate this selective expression in three published cohorts of patients with ACC. Our data provide a potential explanation for the biphasic nature of low- and intermediate-grade ACC and may help direct new therapeutic strategies against these tumors.

Influence of bi-phasic TiO2 as a low-temperature curable electron transport layer for efficient perovskite solar cells

Electron transporting layers play an important role in controlling the photovoltaic performance and stability of perovskite solar cells. Biphasic TiO2 nanoparticles are successfully synthesised by the solvothermal method. A low-temperature curable bi-phasic TiO2 layer consisting of brookite and rutile TiO2 was successfully developed by the spin coating technique. The effect of solvothermal synthesis's reaction time (5 h,10 h and 20 h) on brookite and rutile concentration is thoroughly studied. The optical, crystallographic and morphological properties are characterised effectively to analyse the bi-phasic nature of synthesised TiO2 nanoparticles. The effect of bi-phasic TiO2 nanoparticles concentration as an electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) was studied by engineering a low-temperature curable TiO2 nanoparticle deposition methodology. The interparticle connection attained at low temperatures in brookite TiO2 is used to attain PSCs with high power conversion efficiency (PCE). The electrical properties and current–voltage measurements of the bi-phasic TiO2 ETL were evaluated thoroughly. PSC was fabricated with 75 % brookite and 25 % rutile TiO2 particles as ETL exhibited the highest PCE of 14 %, with an open circuit voltage of 1.1 V and a current density of 17.4 mA/cm2, which is effectively co-related with the change in brookite-rutile concentration.

Magnetic polycaprolactone microspheres: drug encapsulation and control

Targeted drug delivery (TDD) systems have several advantages, especially with drugs having toxic side effects such as lornoxicam (LX) which shows high hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, especially with long-term use. This work represents an attempt to control magnetic microspheres encapsulating LX and magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) for potential targeted drug delivery of LX. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles were fabricated via the co-precipitation method and together with LX were encapsulated into polycaprolactone (PCL) microspheres through an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion solvent evaporation method. The effects of changing the amount of drug, MNPs, and volume of the aqueous phase were investigated by preparing several microsphere formulations. Increasing the amount of encapsulated MNPs increased the magnetization of the microspheres without affecting the morphology. Doubling the volume of the aqueous phase resulted in a higher encapsulation efficiency and drug loading; 83.9% and 10.7%, respectively, while increasing the amount of drug had a negative effect on both drug loading and encapsulation efficiency. Drug release from the microspheres was successfully achieved and showed a biphasic nature. A system of four planar coils was then used to magnetically control the movement of a cluster of capsules in a glycerin medium, as a simulation for the targeting process. The microspheres were successfully controlled to move in a U-turn path with sharp corners demonstrating their potential for TDD applications.