Biosorbent For Removal Of Heavy Metals Research Articles

Removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) from synthetic wastewater using Rosa damascena waste as a biosorbent: An insight into adsorption mechanisms, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies

Due to their toxicity to public health, the presence of inorganic pollutants in the aquatic environment have become a global concern. This work investigates the technical feasibility of R. damascena waste as a biosorbent (RWB) in batch studies for the removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) from synthetic wastewater. The biomass waste is abundantly available from rose oil industries in Lahore (Pakistan). To improve its treatment performance for metals removal, the biomass waste is pretreated with H2SO4 and NaOH, respectively. To understand the roles of functional groups on the RWB during biosorption, Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses were used to compare its surface area before and after adsorption. At the same initial metal concentration of 25 mg/L, it was found that the chemically modified R. damascena could remove 95% and 91% of Pb(II) and Cd(II), respectively, under the optimum conditions: pH 6.5, reaction time: 2 h, 10 g/L of dose, and 120 rpm of shaking speed. Its metal adsorption capacities were 24.9 and 24.8 mg/g for Pb(II) and Cd(II), respectively. The Langmuir isotherm was applicable to simulate the adsorption of both target metals, while the pseudo-second order fitted well their kinetics. The characterization results implied the roles of certain functional groups of the biosorbent as electron donors. This indicates that H-bonding was involved in the chemisorption of target metals by the biosorbent. In spite of their encouraging findings, treated effluents were still unable to meet the required discharge limits of 0.05 and 0.005 mg/L for Pb(II) and Cd(II), respectively, mandated by local legislation. This reveals that another subsequent treatment using biological process such as activated sludge is required to complement their removal from wastewater samples. Overall, this work reveals the applicability of R. damascena waste as a biosorbent for heavy metal removal.

Exploring The Potential of Mango Seed as A Bioadsorbent for Pb(II) Removal in Aqueous Solution

Various industrial activities produce heavy metals as by-products or wastes. Lead is a metal trace element from sewage disposal, vehicle fumes, and atmospheric emissions from industrial activities. Mango seeds are composed of cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose, which have many potential binding groups. Mango seeds, which are often considered waste, can be utilized as a low-cost biosorbent due to their various functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, alcohol, amide, and aromatic groups. Mango seed are organic waste with potential as low-cost biosorbent for heavy metals removal. The purposes of the study are: (1) to explore the optimum condition of biosorbent in absorbing heavy metal species (Pb (II)), and (2) to analyze the adsorption model of synthetic waste containing Pb(II). Mango seeds have a considerable potential to be used as a biosorbent to absorb heavy metal ions. The optimum conditions for Pb2+ ion adsorption is at pH 6 with contact time 70 minutes, and concentration of biosorbent 2.0 g/L. Adsorbate adsorption follows the Freundlich model, and adsorption occurs only in a few surface layers. The kinetic parameters of adsorbent satisfied pseudo-second-order reaction. The optimum adsorption capacity (qm) of mango seed biosorbent in absorbing Pb ions is 43.86 mg/g.

Comparison of Two Different Biosorbents for Heavy Metal Removal

AbstractPistachia lentiscus (LPw) and date palm leaves (PDw) are two biosorbents that are mainly used for the removal of chromium and cobalt from an aqueous solution. These biosorbents were characterized by physicochemical procedures, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, zero charge point, Boehm method, and Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) method. Various parameters, such as contact time, biosorbent quantities, diameter of the biosorbent particles, ionic strength, initial pH, and initial concentration of solutions, were optimized. The reactions of PDw+Co, LP+Co, and LPw+Cr exhibited similar isotherm profiles of type L, but indicated isotherm type C in the reaction PDw+Cr profile, according to the BET classification. All reactions mentioned above were described by the Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherm models, with R2 greater than 0.97. The kinetics most likely followed the pseudo‐second‐order model which was confirmed by error calculation.

Adsorptive removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution by fermented sweet sorghum residues as a novel biosorbent

Sweet sorghum straw is a kind of natural wood cellulose with high porosity and high specific surface, which is theoretically conducive to the physical adsorption of heavy metal ions. In this paper, we reported a new biosorbent, the fermented sweet sorghum residues (FSSR), which is a byproduct of bioethanol production by fermentation of sweet sorghum straw, for the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution. The properties of the adsorption of Cu(II) on SSR and FSSR were studied and compared. The adsorption process of Cu(II) by SSR and FSSR conformed to the Elovich kinetic model. The isothermal adsorption process conformed to the Freundlich and the Tempkin models. The adsorption capacity of FSSR for Cu(II) was increased with the increase of pH. The adsorption mechanism of Cu(II) by FSSR was mainly attributed to ion exchange. SSR and FSSR were characterized by SEM-EDS, FTIR and XRD. The surface of FSSR had microporous structure, the content of –OH and other active functional groups increased. The fermentation has a certain destructive effect on the crystal structure of cellulose with the increase of amorphous structure. Therefore, fermentation process could be regarded as an effective means of microbial modification, to destroy the structure of the straw and result in the porous structure, which improved the adsorption capacity of SSR for heavy metals. FSSR could be used as a potential biosorbent for heavy metal removal from aqueous solution. Ethanol fermentation might be an effective method to improve performance of biosorbent for Cu adsorption.

New insights into the interactions between Pb(II) and fruit waste biosorbent.

Fruit waste is a sustainable biosorbent for heavy metal removal from wastewater. Elucidation of adsorption mechanism is imperative for the process control and development of effective adsorbents. In this study, watermelon rind (WR) exhibited selective and efficient Pb(II) adsorption with a maximum uptake of 230.5mg/g at pH 5.0. The WR-packed bed column showed high Pb(II) uptake and robust durability over 10 adsorption-desorption cycles with long breakthrough time of 8-13h (89-144 bed volume), and 95% of sequestered Pb(II) was rapidly desorbed in 1-2h by 0.05M HCl. Spectroscopic characterization by FTIR and XPS identified hydroxyl, carboxyl, amine, and ether groups as the binding sites for Pb(II) via the binding force of complexation. Physicochemical analysis showed that ion exchange with Mg2+ and Ca2+ accounted for 19% of Pb(II) adsorption by WR; electrostatic attraction and microprecipitation jointly contributed. Quantum chemistry simulation verified the interactions between Pb(II) and binding sites and revealed carboxyl was the preferential functional group. The findings corroborate the applicability of WR in scale-up Pb(II) removal/recovery from wastewater and elaborate the mechanisms of Pb(II) adsorption by the WR biosorbent. This also provides insights into the behavior of heavy metals in other liquid/solid interfaces.

Efficient removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solutions by mango seed biosorbent

Abundant fruit waste materials can be utilized as sustainable biosorbents for heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions. In this study, mango seed (MS) comprising seed kernel and shell showed the maximum adsorption capacities of 263.4 mg-Pb/g at pH 5.0 and 93.7 mg-Cd/g at pH 7.5. The best fitting of the adsorption isotherms to the Redlich-Peterson model indicated multilayer adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) on the heterogeneous surface of MS. The adsorption was rapid with 93% of Pb(II) and 78% of Cd(II) adsorption accomplished within 10 min. More than 99% of the sequestered Pb(II) and 88% of the sequestered Cd(II) were recovered by desorption using 0.2 M HNO3, and the regenerated MS maintained 96–97% of the adsorption capacities. A combination of physicochemical and spectroscopic approaches showed that carboxyl, hydroxyl, amine, and ether groups were the binding sites; electrostatic attraction, microprecipitation, complexation, and ion exchange (with Ca2+ and Mg2+) jointly contributed to the adsorption. The seed kernel which has a more amorphous structure and a higher ion exchange capability favored higher Pb(II) and Cd(II) adsorption compared with the seed shell which contains a higher content of crystalline cellulose. These findings imply the application potential of MS for heavy metal removal and provide important information for the (bio)sorbent development.

The application of agricultural wastes for heavy metals adsorption: A meta-analysis of recent studies

Numerous studies have been carried out to investigate the suitability of various agricultural wastes as biosorbent for heavy metals removal. Previous published reviews on heavy metal removal by agricultural waste-based biosorbent were limited to narrative and systematic reviews, with no statistical analysis to compare outcomes across different biosorbents sources. In this work, meta-analysis technique was applied to identify gaps in contemporary biosorbents research. A meta-analysis was undertaken using several packages of R programme on publications over the last five years to evaluate the capability of eleven different types/components agricultural wastes for the adsorption of eight heavy metal. Based on the findings, agricultural wastes have the potential to be employed for heavy metal adsorption from aqueous media in general. However, the disparities in the findings suggest that when utilising different types of raw biomass as adsorbents, modifying the biomasses into carbon-enriched forms would be a preferable option.

Use of fibroin polypeptide from silk processing waste as an effective biosorbent for heavy metal removal

AbstractSilk fibroin was extracted from Bombyx mori cocoon and used as a biosorbent to remove Pb2+, CrO42−, Cu2+, and Co2+ from aqueous solutions. The sorption isotherms for the metals in fibroin were determined, and a thermodynamic analysis (ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°) of the sorption process showed that the metal sorption in fibroin was physical, spontaneous, and endothermic. The sorption kinetics data was found to match well with the modified pseudo‐second‐order rate model, and the sorption rate constant was determined based on a rectified approach of model fitting. It was shown that the sorption rate constant was largely independent of the initial sorbate concentration, which was expected because it is a specific quantity characterizing the relationship between sorbate concentration and the rate of sorption. The metal‐loaded fibroin could be regenerated easily by stripping the metal off fibroin using ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, and the sorption performance of the regenerated fibroin remained the same as pristine fibroin. When used repeatedly over 10 sorption‐regeneration cycles, the fibroin biosorbent showed no change in sorption capacity, which demonstrates the excellent stability and reusability of the fibroin biopolymer for metal capture from water.

Potential of Agricultural Waste Material (<i>Ananas cosmos</i>) as Biosorbent for Heavy Metal Removal in Polluted Water

Conventional methods to remove heavy metals from polluted water are expensive and not environmentally friendly. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the potential of agricultural waste such as pineapple peel (Ananas Cosmos) as low-cost absorbent to remove heavy metals from synthetic polluted water. The results showed that Cd, Cr and Pb were effectively removed by the biosorbent at 12g of pineapple peels in 100 mL solution. The optimum contact time for maximum adsorption was found to be 90 minutes, while the optimum pH for the heavy metal’s adsorption was 9. It was demonstrated that with the increase of adsorbent dosage, the percent of heavy metals removal was also increased due to the increasing adsorption capacity of the adsorbent. In addition, Langmuir model show maximum adsorption capacity of Cd is 1.91 mg/g. As conclusions, our findings show that pineapple peel has potential to remove heavy metal from polluted water.

Regeneration and reuse of microbial extracellular polymers immobilised on a bed column for heavy metal recovery

Microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) have gained increasing attention for various water treatment applications. In this study, EPS produced from nitrogen-limited glycerol/ethanol-rich wastewater were used to recover Cu2+ and Pb2+ from aqueous solutions. Continuous flow-through tests were conducted on a column packed with silica gel coated with polyethyleneimine, to which EPS were irreversibly attached as shown by optical reflectometry. These immobilised EPS excellently adsorbed Cu2+ and Pb2+, with 99.9% of influent metal adsorbed before the breakthrough points. Metal desorption was achieved with 0.1M HCl, with an average recovery of 86% for Cu2+ and 90% recovery for Pb2+. For the first time, we successfully showed the possibility to regenerate and reuse the immobilised EPS for five adsorption-desorption cycles (using Cu2+ as an example) with no reduction in the adsorbed amount at the breakthrough point (qbp). Based on the mass balance of the associated metal ions participating in the adsorption process, ion exchange was identified as the major mechanism responsible for Cu2+ and Pb2+ adsorption by EPS. The results demonstrate the potential of wastewater-produced EPS as an attractive and perhaps, cost-effective biosorbent for heavy metal removal (to trace effluent concentrations) and recovery (86–99%).

Self-assembly biochar colloids mycelial pellet for heavy metal removal from aqueous solution.

To effectively improve the heavy metal removal efficiency and stability of biomass adsorbents, a novel biochar colloids-mycelial pellets (BC-MP) composite was prepared via a biological assembly method. BC-MP was successfully produced with increased surface area and multisorption sites by physical adsorption, electrostatic interaction and hydrogen-bond formation between BC and extracellular polymers on MP. To investigate the performance and mechanisms of heavy metal adsorption by BC-MP, batch experiments were conducted with cadmium (Cd (II)) as the model pollutant. Results showed that BC-MP had higher removal efficiency (57.66%) compared to BC (5.45%) and MP (38.45%), respectively, due to the synergistic effect. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cd (II) on BC-MP was 102.04 mg/g based on Langmuir isotherm model. Adsorption kinetics analysis indicated that chemical sorption was the key factor controlling the adsorption of Cd (II) onto BC-MP. Multiple characterization tests revealed that the main mechanisms of the adsorption process were surface complexation, cation exchange and precipitation. The BC-MP composite showed excellent heavy metal removal efficiency with long-term adsorption stability, suggesting its potential as a promising biosorbent for heavy metal removal from industrial wastewater.

Cadmium biosorption from wastewater by Yarrowia lipolytica AUMC 9256

The present study aimed to assess the biosorption capacity of live, autoclaved and dried biomass of Yarrowia lipolytica AUMC 9256 for cadmium (Cd(II)). Minimum inhibitory concentration 500mg/L proved great tolerance of Y. lipolytica AUMC 9256 to Cd(II). The time course growth in the presence of different concentrations of Cd(II) was studied. For live, autoclaved and dried biomass, maximum uptake capacities accomplished at pH 5.0, initial metal ion concentration 400mg/L, biomass dosage 1g/L, and contact time 20min for autoclaved and dried biomass and 240min for live cells. The potential of Y. lipolytica to produce cadmium nanoparticles was determined by UV-Visible spectroscopy measurements and transmission electron microscopy examinations. Moreover, to identify the possible mechanisms of Cd(II) uptake, TEM examinations, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, and X-ray powder diffraction analyses were carried out. The potential implementation of dried Y. lipolytica biosorbent for heavy metal removal from different water samples was successfully accomplished using the multistage microcolumn technique. Accordingly, Y. lipolytica AUMC 9256 can be considered as a very promising potential tobioremediate Cd(II) ions and biosynthesis of Cd NPs.

Assessment of heat-inactivated marine Aspergillus flavus as a novel biosorbent for removal of Cd(II), Hg(II), and Pb(II) from water.

A novel marine fungus was isolated and classified as Aspergillus flavus strain EGY11. The heat-inactivated form of isolated Aspergillus flavus was investigated and evaluated as a new eco-friendly and highly efficient biosorbent for removal of toxic heavy metals such as Cd(II), Hg(II), and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions. The SEM morphological studies of biosorbent-loaded metal ions confirmed their direct binding on the surface of heat-inactivated Aspergillus flavus. The metal biosorption capacity values were determined and optimized by the batch technique in the presence of various experimental controlling factors such as pH, contact time, biosorbent dosage, initial metal ion concentration, and coexisting species. The maximum metal capacity values of Cd(II), Hg(II), and Pb(II) were cauterized as 1550 (pH7.0), 950 (pH7.0), and 1000μmolg-1 (pH6.0), respectively. The equilibrium time for removal of metal ions was identified as 40min. The maximum sorption capacity values (1200.0-4000.0μmolg-1) were established by 5.0mg as the optimum mass of biosorbent. The collected biosorption data obtained from the equilibrium studies using the initial metal ion concentration were described by the Langmuir, Freundlich, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm (D-R) isotherm models. The potential implementation of heat-inactivated Aspergillus flavus biosorbent for heavy metal removal from different water samples was successfully accomplished using multistage microcolumn technique. The results refer to excellent percentage recovery values in the ranges 92.7-99.0, 91.3-95.6, and 95.3-98.2% for the biosorptive removal of Cd(II), Hg(II), and Pb(II), respectively, from the examined environmental samples.

Adsorption studies on coir pith for heavy metal removal

Biosorption efficiency of coir pith, a waste product from coir industry, was investigated in this study for the removal of metallic pollutants such as Ni, Cu and Zn from aqueous solutions. The disposal of coir pith is a major problem associated with the coir industries, especially working in the small-scale sector. The present study explores the effectiveness of utilization of coir pith, an accumulating waste, as a biosorbent for heavy metal removal. Batch mode studies were done to evaluate the efficiency of removal of metals under varying adsorption conditions of pH, metal concentration and contact time. Characterization studies of the biosorbent and SEM analysis were done. Kinetic modelling studies were tried using Lagergren pseudo-first-order and second-order models. Equilibrium studies were done using well-known Freundlich, Langmuir and D–R isotherm models. It was found that all isotherms are fitting well indicating the efficiency of coir pith as an adsorbent of heavy metals. The applicability of all the three isotherms to the sorption processes shows that both monolayer adsorption and heterogeneous energetic distribution of active sites on the surface of the adsorbent are possible. Due to the abundance and low cost of these materials, adsorption technologies developed can act as good sustainable options for the future in heavy metal removal from industrial effluents.

Characterization and usefulness of corn cob as biosorbent for Pb2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions removal from aqueous solutions

The objective of this study was to investigate corncob as biosorbent for heavy metals removal from aqueous solutions. All biosorption experiments were performed in batch system. The biosorbent were caracterized by thermal analysis (DTA/TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Disperzive X-Ray analysis (SEM-EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. FTIR analysis of corn cob before and after Pb2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ removal from aqueous solutions showed that ion exchange and chemisorption were involved in biosorption process of metal ions on to corn cob. Experimental data were fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Maximum adsorption capacity of corn cob for Pb2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ were 5,59; 2,62 i 1,23 mg/g, respectively. Desorption study showed that metal adsorbed corn cob can be effectively regenerated by HNO3 solution. Results from this study indicated that corn cob can be used as potential biosorbent for Pb2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ removal from aqueous solutions.

Fast microwave-assisted preparation of a low-cost and recyclable carboxyl modified lignocellulose-biomass jute fiber for enhanced heavy metal removal from water

A low-cost and recyclable biosorbent derived from jute fiber was developed for high efficient adsorption of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) from water. The jute fiber was rapidly pretreated and grafted with metal binding groups (COOH) under microwave heating (MH). The adsorption behavior of carboxyl-modified jute fiber under MH treatment (CMJFMH) toward heavy metal ions followed Langmuir isotherm model (R2>0.99) with remarkably high adsorption capacity (157.21, 88.98 and 43.98mg/g for Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II), respectively). Also, CMJFMH showed fast removal ability for heavy metals in a highly significant correlation with pseudo second-order kinetics model. Besides, CMJFMH can be easily regenerated with EDTA-2Na solution and reused up to at least four times with equivalent high adsorption capacity. Overall, cheap and abundant production, rapid and facile preparation, fast and efficient adsorption of heavy metals and high regeneration ability can make the CMJFMH a preferred biosorbent for heavy metal removal from water.

Heavy Metal Removal from Industrial Wastewater Using Fungi: Uptake Mechanism and Biochemical Aspects

AbstractIn this review, recent developments pertaining to the use of fungi as biosorbent for heavy metals removal from wastewater has been presented with critical analysis of the present status of the subject. Undoubtedly fungi have emerged as an interesting biosorbent family. They are superior to other microorganisms as they can be easily grown, produce large biomass, and genetic and morphological manipulation is easily possible with them. Various aspects of this field, such as classification, general characteristics, composition and role of the cell wall, and metal uptake mechanisms have been critically analyzed. The superiority of dead biomass of fungi and immobilization was paid enough attention. The use of fungal species as biosensors for metal detection in the environment was also presented.

Enteromorpha compressamacroalgae as biosorbent for heavy metal removal: a preliminary economical evaluation

AbstractIn this study, the feasibility of using Enteromorpha compressa macroalgae for developing a biosorbent for the use in metal removal from industrial wastewater was discussed in the light of economic models. The net present value and the internal rate of return were used to evaluate the economics of the process. It was concluded that supply to the market as a biosorbent of E. compressa creates an economic benefit to the producing institution.

Biosorption of Mn(II) ions from Aqueous Solution by Pleurotus Spent Mushroom Compost in a Fixed-Bed Column

The Pleurotus spent mushroom compost have been identified as a low-cost biosorbent for heavy metals removal. The Mn(II) ions removal from aqueous solution was conducted in a fixed-bed column. The effect of various parameters such as flow rate, bed height and initial concentration on Mn(II) ions biosorption were investigated. The results of breakthrough time, exhaustion time as well as the Mn(II) uptake and percentage of removal are highly influenced by the flow rate, bed height and the initial Mn(II) concentration. The results demonstrated that the breakthrough time and exhaustion time increased with decreases of flow rate and initial Mn(II) concentration and increased of bed height. The results of EDX confirmed that the Mn(II) ions presence on the surface of Pleurotus spent mushroom compost after biosorption process and the FTIR identified the carboxyl, hydroxyl and amide functional groups as the active binding sites for Mn(II) ions biosorption.

Chitosan/sporopollenin microcapsules: Preparation, characterisation and application in heavy metal removal

Use of natural polymers as biosorbents for heavy metal removal is advantageous. This paper reports a study aiming to design a novel biosorbent from two biomacromolecules; chitosan, a versatile derivative of chitin, and sporopollenin, a biopolymer with excellent mechanical properties and great resistance to chemical and biological attack. Chitosan/sporopollenin microcapsules were prepared via cross-linking and characterised by employing scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Sorption performance of the microcapsules and the plain chitosan beads were tested for Cu(II), Cd(II), Cr(III), Ni(II) and Zn(II) ions at different metal ion concentration, pH, amount of sorbent, temperature and sorption time. The adsorption pattern followed Langmuir isotherm model and the sorption capacity of the chitosan/sporopollenin microcapsules was found to be Cu(II): 1.34, Cd(II): 0.77, Cr(III): 0.99, Ni(II): 0.58 and Zn(II): 0.71mmolg−1. Plain chitosan beads showed higher affinity for the ions; Cu(II): 1.46, Cr(III): 1.16 and Ni(II): 0.81mmolg−1 but lower for Cd(II): 0.15 and Zn(II): 0.25mmolg−1. Sporopollenin enhanced Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions sorption capacity of the chitosan microcapsules. Chitosan/sporopollenin microcapsules can be used in Cd(II) and Zn(II) metal removal.