Biosensor Research Articles

Antioxidant Determining Using Electrochemical Method

Antioxidants are very beneficial for health as they protect the body from the effects of free radicals on various degenerative diseases caused by food contamination, air pollution, sunlight, etc. In general, methods for measuring the capacity of antioxidants generally use accurate methods such as spectrophotometry and chromatography. Still, this takes time, accurate sample preparation, and must be performed in a laboratory with particular expertise. Therefore, a new, more practical method needs to be developed for determining antioxidants, namely the electrochemical method. The electrochemical method is a promising method to develop because it comes with several advantages, including high sensitivity and fast response. The electrochemical method discussed in this article reviews sensors, biosensors, and nanosensors. This paper comprehensively analyzes contemporary developments in electrochemical biosensor techniques and antioxidant evaluation methodologies. The discussion centers on utilizing multiple biosensors. Electrochemical biosensors have been determined to be prevalent in analyzing food quality, assessing active factor functionality, and screening practical components. The present study outlines the difficulties linked with electrochemical bio-sensor technology and provides insights into the potential avenues for future research in this domain.

Study on the Field Application and Prospect of Artificial Intelligence and Bio-Sensing Technology in Physical Therapy: Focusing on Customized Rehabilitation Treatment

Study on the Field Application and Prospect of Artificial Intelligence and Bio-Sensing Technology in Physical Therapy: Focusing on Customized Rehabilitation Treatment

Photonic Crystals based Biosensors in Various Biomolecules Applications

Over the past decades, photonic crystals have emerged as interesting photonic structures. It plays a vital role in many fields of optical communication, biomedical sensing, and other applications due to its compactness, high sensitivity, high selectivity, fast responsiveness, etc. Strong light confinement in photonic crystals and adjustment of its geometrical parameters have led to the emergence of photonic crystal biosensors. Biosensors are extensively employed for diagnosing a broad array of diseases and disorders in clinical settings worldwide. Photonics crystal-based biosensor is one of the solutions to detect various diseases. By using literature review method, this paper aims to explore applications of photonic crystal-based biosensors to encounter the sensitivity of various biomolecules for cancer, malaria, and blood components detection.

Using surface plasmon resonance, capillary electrophoresis and diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy to study drug release kinetics

Nanomedicines, including polymer nanocarriers with controlled drug release, are considered next-generation therapeutics with advanced therapeutic properties and reduced side effects. To develop safe and efficient nanomedicines, it is crucial to precisely determine the drug release kinetics. Herein, we present application of analytical methods, i.e., surface plasmon resonance biosensor technology (SPR), capillary electrophoresis, and 1H diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which were innovatively applied for drug release determination. The methods were optimised to quantify the pH-triggered release of three structurally different drugs from a polymer carrier. The suitability of these methods for drug release characterisation was evaluated and compared using several parameters including applicability for diverse samples, the biological relevance of the experimental setup, method complexity, and the analysis outcome. The SPR method was the most universal method for the evaluation of diverse drug molecule release allowing continuous observation in the flow-through setting and requiring a small amount of sample.

Validation of a Biomechanical Injury and Disease Assessment Platform Applying an Inertial-Based Biosensor and Axis Vector Computation.

Inertial kinetics and kinematics have substantial influences on human biomechanical function. A new algorithm for Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)-based motion tracking is presented in this work. The primary aims of this paper are to combine recent developments in improved biosensor technology with mainstream motion-tracking hardware to measure the overall performance of human movement based on joint axis-angle representations of limb rotation. This work describes an alternative approach to representing three-dimensional rotations using a normalized vector around which an identified joint angle defines the overall rotation, rather than a traditional Euler angle approach. Furthermore, IMUs allow for the direct measurement of joint angular velocities, offering the opportunity to increase the accuracy of instantaneous axis of rotation estimations. Although the axis-angle representation requires vector quotient algebra (quaternions) to define rotation, this approach may be preferred for many graphics, vision, and virtual reality software applications. The analytical method was validated with laboratory data gathered from an infant dummy leg's flexion and extension knee movements and applied to a living subject's upper limb movement. The results showed that the novel approach could reasonably handle a simple case and provide a detailed analysis of axis-angle migration. The described algorithm could play a notable role in the biomechanical analysis of human joints and offers a harbinger of IMU-based biosensors that may detect pathological patterns of joint disease and injury.

Investigations On Device Structure and Sensing Mechanism Using Gold Nanoparticles Decorated Photonic Crystal Fiber-based Biosensors

Investigations On Device Structure and Sensing Mechanism Using Gold Nanoparticles Decorated Photonic Crystal Fiber-based Biosensors

Multivariate Data Analysis of Multisine Impedimetric Fingerprints in Electroanalysis of Biochemical Compounds

While Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is found as one of the most versatile tools of electrochemical characterization, it suffers a major drawback when the process in question is non-stationary. On the other hand, Dynamic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (DEIS) offers an ultra-fast measurement time. DEIS utilizes an approach where all the elementary components are superimposed as one multi-component perturbation signal, offering impedance spectra collection in seconds. This particular advantage allows for the effective use of DEIS in the monitoring of the adsorption processes in multiple fields, such as (bio)sensing, corrosion science, energy storage, or AFM-coupled impedance mapping.This presentation aims at highlighting the DEIS monitoring utility carried out with changes of an independent variable, such as adsorbate concentration or even under linear polarization sweep. Rapid and accurate determination of adsorption isotherms for green organic corrosion inhibitors or Michaelis-Menten constant for enzyme-based glucose (bio)sensors with DEIS operating in galvanostatic mode and under iDC = 0 were already established. When it comes to impedimetric macromolecular electroanalysis, measuring charge transfer resistance upon analyte adsorption is the most common approach. However, the detection may also base on other factors, such as adsorbed layer capacitance or even disturbance in frequency dispersion of capacitance. Most recently, DEIS under polarization sweep mode allowed us to obtain the unique fingerprint of the electric parameter changes, specific to studied macromolecules (such as DNA strings, viral proteins, RNA polymerase, and enzymes). To effectively use our approach DEIS is combined with multivariate data analysis (principal component analysis with partial least square regression). Multivariate data analysis processes large amounts of generated impedimetric data and defines analyte-sensitive conditions (DC polarization, AC amplitude, frequency range, etc.), which can be done just by using the raw data by the singular-value decomposition method to support the sensing mechanisms. The proposed approach neglects some of the reproducibility issues induced by non-specific adsorption and fouling and reveals the measurement conditions that offer the highest variation of studied parameters upon specific analyte adsorption. The authors acknowledge the financial support of these studies by the National Science Centre (Republic of Poland) under project 2020/37/B/ST7/03262.

(Invited) Next-Generation Enabling Technologies for Disease Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring

To enable personalized and precision medicine, it is crucial to monitor patient health status and bring information on disease-related agents and therapeutic drug molecules into the clinic. This requires new technologies to interrogate different body fluids that are rich sources of biomarkers, such as whole blood and interstitial fluid (ISF). Such technologies enable rapid, sensitive and - ultimately - real-time and continuous analysis of the clinically important biomarkers. Micro and nanofabrication and nanomaterials as well as materials chemistry and polymer and molecular engineering are crucial tools in this endeavor.At IDEATION Lab, we apply innovative engineering solutions to advance patient health monitoring using two main technologies: Microneedles and Microfluidics. Our new transdermal biosensing technologies powered by engineered hydrogel microneedles (HMNs), aptamer probes, and in-situ metallic nanoparticle synthesis enable minimally invasive, on-needle, and real-time measurement of clinically important biomarkers in ISF. Our HMN assays expect to pave the way for the next-generation of polymeric-based wearable biosensors. We developed a real-time biosensor driven by microfluidic techniques that continuously updates specific biomolecules’ fluctuating concentration levels with picomolar sensitivity directly in whole blood. For the first time, our microfluidic assay enables measuring the dynamic changes in blood insulin which is an important knowledge gap in diabetes management. Another microfluidic technology integrated with electrochemical biosensor has been recently developed in our lab that enables cervical cancer screening at point-of-care setting.These new advances enrich the level of information that can be collected from different body fluids and provide new means and potentials for highly accurate patient health status monitoring, thus transforming the field of personalized and precision medicine. Figure 1

Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Industrialization in the Development of an Innovative Optical Biosensor Technology

This commentary shows the development of a new optical biosensor, based on cell immobilization of Pseudomonas Fluorescens HK44, in nano and micro-tubular cellulose (TC) and a mixture of carbohydrate nanotubes (CHNTs) and carbohydrate micro-tubes (CHMTs). Methodology follows, this biocatalyst can be industrialized with the use of a single tank immobilized cell bioreactor (ICB). A techno-economic analysis was conducted within the framework of it by designing a process flow sheet with mass and energy balance. According to its case study, the investment is 227,800 euros, and the daily production cost is 1434 euros, with a maximum daily added value of 25,000 euros. The discussion revealed that novel research proposals and a novel study concept are being developed in the field of biosensors. The results are supported by papers published on ICB area development. The problem that leads to this commentary is industrialization of ICB, in the case of a simple biosensor development using immobilized cells and it is the objective.

Controlled electrodeposition of brookite TiO2 for photoelectroanalysis at printed carbon electrodes

TiO2-based photoelectrochemical (PEC) (bio)sensors have high photoactivity, chemical stability, and biocompatibility. However, their performance depends on multiple factors, including deposition method, morphology, and interaction with the target analyte. Herein, we describe a PEC platform based on TiO2 electrodeposition directly onto printed carbon electrodes (without heat treatment), designed for point-of-care (POC) applications. Brookite TiO2 nanocrystals were synthesized via electrodeposition in an acidic solution containing TiCl3, and parameters such as pH and temperature were optimized to improve photoelectrocatalytic activity. Photoelectrooxidation of ascorbic acid (AA) with electrodes prepared under optimal conditions (pH 2.5, 80 °C) had 10.5 times higher photocurrents than electrodes modified with commercial TiO2 nanoparticles via drop casting. The resulting sensor was highly sensitive and selective for AA, with a linear range from 10 to 1000 µM and a limit of detection of 3.25 µM (S/N = 3). Since brookite TiO2 electrodeposition does not require thermal treatment, printed carbon electrodes on polymer substrates can be used in producing miniaturized devices for sensitive, selective PEC (bio)sensors.

Nanobiosensing Based on Electro-Optically Modulated Technology.

At the nanoscale, metals exhibit special electrochemical and optical properties, which play an important role in nanobiosensing. In particular, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based on precious metal nanoparticles, as a kind of tag-free biosensor technology, has brought high sensitivity, high reliability, and convenient operation to sensor detection. By applying an electrochemical excitation signal to the nanoplasma device, modulating its surface electron density, and realizing electrochemical coupling SPR, it can effectively complete the joint transmission of electrical and optical signals, increase the resonance shift of the spectrum, and further improve the sensitivity of the designed biosensor. In addition, smartphones are playing an increasingly important role in portable mobile sensor detection systems. These systems typically connect sensing devices to smartphones to perceive different types of information, from optical signals to electrochemical signals, providing ideas for the portability and low-cost design of these sensing systems. Among them, electrochemiluminescence (ECL), as a special electrochemically coupled optical technology, has good application prospects in mobile sensing detection due to its strong anti-interference ability, which is not affected by background light. In this review, the SPR is introduced using nanoparticles, and its response process is analyzed theoretically. Then, the mechanism and sensing application of electrochemistry coupled with SPR and ECL are emphatically introduced. Finally, it extends to the relevant research on electrochemically coupled optical sensing on mobile detection platforms.

Geometrical and chemical effects on the electrochemistry of single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) network electrodes

Single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) network is a promising electrode material for bio detection. Unfortunately, the associations between their physical as well as chemical properties and observed electrochemical performance are not known. This hinders any systematic optimization of the network properties towards specific analytes. Here we present a consistent physicochemical and electrochemical characterization of differently treated SWCNT networks. The results unambiguously show that (i) even if the electrochemical properties of different electrodes are practically identical when assessed by surface insensitive outer sphere redox (OSR) probes their behavior with inner sphere redox (ISR) probes can be drastically different. Further, (ii) the choice of the modification method (structural, chemical, electrochemical) heavily depends on nature of the target analyte, which are typically ISR probes. Although, (iii) chemical changes in the carbon phase appeared to be minor, effects of different treatments on oxidation states of Fe appeared to have a strong effect on the electrochemical performance of the networks in the case of ISR probes.

Flexible energy storage patch based on NiPS3/graphene zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitor for integrated biosensors

The rapidly developing self-powered biosensor technologies require flexible, robust, and safe energy storage devices. One of the key factors of a self-powered system is the integration of energy storage device components with bio-sensors. Here, we developed a hybrid self-powered biosensor system for health monitoring comprising zinc-ion supercapacitor (ZISC) wearable patch, introducing a two-dimensional (2D) NiPS3 as a metal phosphorus chalcogenide capacitive electrode. Due to its inherent 2D nanosheet morphology, NiPS3 electrode confined with graphene (NiPS3@graphene) shows good electrochemical performance. The ZISC printed with NiPS3@graphene and zinc on cellulose substrate followed by hydrogel electrolyte results in a powerful, robust, and flexible device. It exhibits stable energy storage performance, retaining 86% capacity after 1000 charge–discharge cycles and good mechanical flexibility at different bending angles, with a retaining capacity of 97.7% compared to initial performance after 500 bending cycles. Finally, a self-powered biosensor was developed by transforming a thin and lightweight ZISC tandem device on a medical-grade cellulose patch. This patch is demonstrated to power a wearable temperature sensor with a connection via a Bluetooth module and stationary glucose sensor to establish real-time health monitoring. Our results show the significance of 2D NiPS3@graphene-based zinc-ion supercapacitors in an application as an integrated patch for powering health monitoring systems.

Micro Air Vehicles in India - An Overview

The genesis of the Micro Air Vehicles (MICAV) program and its progress in the last decade is discussed. Fixed, rotary and flapping wing MICAVs (300 mm class) have been successfully flown using remote control by Educational Institutions, Laboratories and enthusiastic entrepreneurs, transmitting video imagery. They are now moving on to autonomous control and its integration with navigation and guidance. The need for micro-sensors has led to work on convergence of micro, nano, bio, info and cogno technologies which are discussed. The need for simulation and cooperative flying of MICAVs with UGVs is stressed and finally the thrust areas for the next five years have been suggested for aerodynamics, structures, control, navigation, guidance, sensors (including bio sensors), power sources, simulation and operations involving brain-machine interface.

Electrochemical Assembly Strategies of Polymer and Hybrid Thin Films for (Bio)sensors, Charge Storage, and Triggered Release.

In the context of functional and hierarchical materials, electrode reactions coupled with one or more chemical reactions constitute the most powerful bottom-up process for the electrosynthesis of film components and their electrodeposition, enabling the localized functionalization of conductive surfaces using an electrical stimulus. In analogy with developmental biological processes, our group introduced the concept of morphogen-driven film buildup. In this approach, the gradient of a diffusing reactive molecule or ion (called a morphogen) is controlled by an electrical stimulus to locally induce a chemical process (solubility change, hydrolysis, complexation, and covalent reaction) that induces a film assembly. One of the prominent advantages of this technique is the conformal nature of the deposits toward the electrode. This Feature Article presents the contributions made by our group and other researchers to develop strategies for the assembly of different polymer and nanoparticle/polymer hybrid films by using electrochemically generated reagents and/or catalysts. The main electrochemical-chemical approaches for conformal films are described in the case where (i) the products are noncovalent aggregates that spontaneously precipitate on the electrode (film electrodeposition) or (ii) new chemical compounds are generated, which do not necessarily spontaneously precipitate and enable the formation of covalent or noncovalent films (film electrosynthesis). The applications of those electrogenerated films will be described with a focus on charge storage/transport, (bio)sensing, and stimuli-responsive cargo delivery systems.

The use of hybrid electrochemical double-stranded DNA/2′-deoxyguanosine 5′-monophosphate (bio)sensors based on anodically pre-treated “basal-plane” pyrolytic graphite electrode for monitoring of the interaction between double-stranded DNA and neonicotinoid insecticide clothianidin

We present the utilization of the novel hybrid electrochemical DNA biosensor, as well as the fabrication and testing of novel dGMP (2′-deoxyguanosine 5′-monophosphate) (bio)sensor based on anodically pre-treated “basal-plane” pyrolytic graphite electrode (BPPGE) for the investigation of the interaction between double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and neonicotinoid insecticide clothianidin (CLOT) via linear-sweep voltammetry (LSV). The results clarify the nature of the interaction as partial-intercalation (marked by high preference towards guanine bases) with binding constant (Kb) of 8.1 × 105 L/mol, free Gibbs energy (∆G0) of −33.154 kJ/mol, and site-binding size (s) of 0.58 bp. The conclusions obtained by LSV are further supported by molecular docking that confirmed a partial-intercalative mode of interaction with the predominant involvement of the hydrogen bonds (exclusively with the guanine bases) for the stabilization of dsDNA-CLOT complex.

Smart-Systems for Precision Agriculture, Environmental Protection and Healthcare

Appearance of innovative tools of informatics in the world is determined by development of information-communication technology, microelectronics, sensor and biosensor technologies. Spreading of these technologies on precision agriculture, environmental protection and health care gives opportunity to create smart fields, gardens, greenhouses, forests and parks, and also smart health monitors, which estimate the health state of person as in rehabilitation, so in emergency situations. Results of research of authors in the development of new information technologies and creation of main components of the smart systems for different purposes on this base are shows in this paper. Main requirements for knowledge bank for precision agriculture and ecological monitoring are defined. Main principles of creating knowledge bank on base of requirements are proposed. The typical smart system models and their development stages are considered. Structure of wireless multilevel networks for the estimation of state of biological objects of different origin and their nodes are described. Developed sensor networks and smart systems for agriculture are considered. Structure of proposed smart system for agriculture and ecological monitoring is given. Approaches for chlorophyll fluorescence induction curves analysis are studied. Results of network testing for the estimation of the autonomous work time of network nodes and possible errors are given. Wireless sensor network and smart system for remote medical monitoring are described. Diagnostic smart systems for estimation of quality of life are considered. Medical communicator, computer device on base of tablet computer, was used for their development. The short form of Survey Instrument (SF-36) for life quality estimation and abnormal uterine bleeding questionnaire, which was developed in State Scientific Institution "Center for Innovative Medical Technologies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine", were embedded in communicator. STEPS questionnaire which was designed for epidemiological monitoring of the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases and their risk factors in the target subpopulations could be added to communicator. Development of smart systems for estimation of quality of life and prevalence of noncommunicable diseases was made in cooperation with R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology NAS of Ukraine (department of research management and innovation), Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Center for Innovative Medical Technologies of the National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine. Keywords: wireless sensor network, precision agriculture, chlorophyll fluorescence induction, express-diagnostics of plant state, quality of life, SF-36.

Integrated RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a system towards Point-of-Care H. pylori detection.

The rapidly advanced CRISPR/Cas biosensing technology provides unprecedent potential for the development of novel biosensing systems. It provides a new approach for realizing rapid, sensitivity and highly specific pathogen nucleic acid detection, with the capability to combine other technologies, including Polymerase Chain Reaction or isothermal amplifications. The detection of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), one of the most common human pathogens to cause various gastroduodenal diseases, has also been explored with the assistance of CRISPR/Cas systems. However, gaps still remain for the development of end-user friendly sensing systems.In this study, a combined RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a biosensing system has been established. It shown the capability to quantitively detect the presence of H. pylori genome DNA with 4 orders of magnitude linear range, and sensitivity of 1.4 copies/µL. The overall reaction can be done within 45 mins at room temperature, which eliminates the needs for heating instrumentation. In addition, with the addition of pullulan as a protective reagent, the potential of storing CRISPR/Cas12a system reagents by using a freeze-dry approach has also been demonstrated.Clinical Relevance - This study represents a novel exploration to applying CRISPR/Cas12a-based biosensing technology to the detection of pathogen DNA with improved potential for the development of Point-of-Care diagnostics. This critical aspect of our technology will contribute to address the newly emerged pathogenic threats and support public health systems.

ENHANCED KINETICS ANALYSIS OF PROTEINS AND LARGE BIOMOLECULES USING NOVEL HIGH SENSITIVITY PROBE

Abstract Introduction Bio-layer interferometry (BLI) has gained significant interest as a label-free technique for the detection and kinetic analysis of diverse biomolecules such as antibodies, proteins, and small molecules. The technology relies on the phase shift-wavelength correlation generated between interference patterns at the tip of the biosensor probe where molecules associate and dissociate. However, current biosensors face challenges regarding sensitivity with small molecules/peptides and compatibility with large biomolecules like nanomaterials. Traditional BLI often produces inverted signals when nanomaterials bind which hinders accurate kinetics analysis. Overcoming these limitations is crucial for expanding the range of applications and enhancing the performance of BLI-based detection systems. Significance In this study, we have developed an improved BLI sensor, Gator® SA XT, which features newly designed streptavidin-based surface capable of loading biotinylated ligands as small as 1.5 kDa. Compared to traditional BLI streptavidin probes, the SA XT probes exhibit a 3-5 times higher signal intensity. Moreover, the incorporation of a novel optical coating layer enables the detection of large biomolecules such as lipid nanoparticles without signal inversion. This advancement in biosensor technology facilitates the detection of ligands and their analytes at lower concentrations and expands the range of compatible analytes for BLI-based applications. Methods To enhance the sensitivity of the interference patterns, we utilized a proprietary optical coating layer with a refractive index significantly lower than that of proteins and other biomolecules. We assessed the sensitivity and sensing distance of the optical coating layer using a layer-by-layer model system. Binding cycles of biotinylated protein A and human IgG were repeated until the theoretical biolayer thickness reached approximately 700 nm. Results Comparative analysis of binding signals between the newly designed SA XT probes and traditional SA probes were conducted for various biomolecules. The SA XT probes demonstrated significantly higher binding signals for oligos (2.8-fold), peptides (3.0-fold), Protein A (4.1-fold), PDL1 (4.5-fold), and IgG (4.3-fold). Furthermore, the unique optical properties of the SA XT probes prevented signal inversion enabling the detection of biomolecules as large as 2 MDa. Using a layer-by-layer model system, the SA XT probes successfully detected a biolayer thickness of 700nm without signal inversion. Additionally, we demonstrated the detection of lipid nanoparticles and subsequent biomolecule bindings using the SA XT probes. Conclusions In conclusion, we have designed a novel biosensor for BLI that enables the detection of a wider range of biomolecules with high sensitivity. The SA XT probes, coupled with the proprietary optical coating layer, have overcome the limitations of traditional BLI probes and facilitated the generation of reliable and high-quality kinetics data for various applications. This advancement expands the analytical capabilities of researchers and opens new avenues for investigating biomolecular interactions.

Design of Photonic Crystal Biosensors for Cancer Cell Detection.

A photonic crystal biosensor is a compact device fabricated from photonic crystal materials, which enables the detection and monitoring of the presence and concentration changes of biological molecules or chemical substances. In this paper, we propose a biosensor for cancer cell detection based on a silicon photonic crystal with a hexagonal resonant cavity introduced in a triangular lattice array. One of the bandgap ranges of this structure is 1188 nm≤λ≤1968 nm. When the incident light wavelength is within the range of 1188 nm≤λ≤1968 nm, the transmission coefficient of this structure at the resonant wavelength of 1469.58 nm is found to reach 99.62% through the finite difference time domain method, with a quality factor of 980. Subsequently, a biosensor is designed from this structure, with its sensing mechanism relying on the change in refractive index leading to a shift in the resonant wavelength. The target sample can be identified by observing the shift in the resonant wavelength. As cancer cells and normal cells possess different refractive indices, this biosensor can be used for their detection. The maximum sensitivity of the sensor is 915.75 nm/RIU and the minimum detection limit is 0.000236 RIU.