Bioremediation Of Industrial Effluents Research Articles

Bioremediation of petroleum refinery wastewater by fungal stains isolated from the fishing harbour of Bizerte (Mediterranean Sea).

The study was conducted in order to explore the potential of fungi isolated from surface and bottom seawater collected from the fishing harbour of Bizerte on the bioremediation of industrial effluent (IE) contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbon. Among the 128 fungal isolates, 11 were isolated from surface seawater and 7 from bottom seawater, representing 18 taxa in total. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the determination of hydrocarbon compounds in IE. An initial screening of fungal growth using six concentrations ranged between 20 and 70% (v/v) IE has allowed the identification of the optimal concentration for fungal growth as well as selection of species able to tolerate high amounts of hydrocarbon. Colorimetric test employing 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol and gravimetric method was applied for the assessment of fungal growth using 20% EI. By checking the phylogenetic affiliation of the high-performing stains as identified using ITSr DNA sequence, a dominance of Ascomycetes was detected. Indeed, Aspergillus terreus and Penicillium expansum may degrade 82.07 and 81.76% of residual total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), respectively. Both species were collected from surface seawater. While, Aspergillus niger, Colletotrichum sp and Fusarium annulatum displayed comparable degradation rates 40.43%, 41.3%, and 42.03%, respectively. The lowest rate of degradation 33.62% was detected in Emericellopsis phycophila. All those species were isolated from bottom seawater, excepting A. niger isolated from surface water. This work highlighted the importance of exploring the potential of fungi isolated from the natural environment on the bioremediation of industrial effluent. Our results promoted the investigation of the potential of the high-performing isolates A. terreus and P. expansum on the bioremediation of IE at pilot-scale and then in situ.

Intensifying outdoor cultivation of oleaginous microalgae in photobioreactors for simultaneous wastewater bioremediation and low-cost production of renewable biodiesel feedstocks

Oleaginous microalgae are gaining increasing attention for simultaneous wastewater bioremediation and biofuel feedstock production. In this study, four oleaginous species of microalgae including Chlamydomonas sp. WWP, Scenedesmus sp. HP56, Haematococcus sp., and Nannochloropsis sp., were screened for their growth and lipid production at 30, 35, and 40 °C, under light intensity at 3, 4, and 5 klux. Among the strains screened, Haematococcus sp. grew best and gave comparable high growth at 30 °C and 35 °C (0.7–0.8 g/L) indicating its thermotolerant characteristic, and the optimal light intensity was found at 4 klux. Haematococcus sp. also grew well using unsterile secondary effluent from the seafood processing plant and produced high biomass (0.53–0.57 g/L) and lipids (0.17–0.19 g/L), especially in the column photobioreactor (CP). The repeated-batch outdoor cultivation mode showed that CP equipped with four-blade baffles was most efficient for the production of biomass (0.40–0.63 g/L) and lipids (0.15–0.30 g/L) during 4 cycles. The microalga also removed total nitrogen and total phosphorus from secondary effluent by 70.59% and 94.97%, respectively. The fatty acid compositions in microalgal lipids were C16-C18, especially palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linolenic acid, which show superior fuel properties, suggesting their promising use as biodiesel feedstocks. These strategies may have a significant impact not only on bioremediation of industrial effluent but also low-cost production of microalgae-based biodiesel feedstocks.

Changes of Land Use and Land Cover with the Diversity of Fishes, Aquatic Plants, and Bird's Species at Wetland Ecosystem.

Bangladesh is rich in wetland biodiversity with aquatic plants, fishes, and birds. Mohanganj Upazila is known as the capital of lower Bangladesh. The present study focuses on the changes of land use and land cover (LULC) with a diversity of species that are being least concerned (LC), vulnerable (VU), and endangered (EN). Over the last two decades, the wetland species of Mohanganj were gradually declined. Our results showed that 19 fish, 4 aquatic plants, and 7 bird species were LC in 2015. Among the fish and aquatic plant species, 6 fish species (Wallago attu, Ompok pabda, Channa punctate, Chitala chitala, Salmostoma phulo, and Corica soborna) and 2 aquatic plant species (Nymphaea nouchali and Nymphaea lotus) were VU during the dry and rainy season of 2017 and 2019, respectively. In the dry season of 2019, 4 fish species (W. attu, O. pabda, C. punctate, and Ch. chitala), 2 aquatic plant species (N. nouchali and N. lotus), and 7 bird species (Anas platyrhynchos, Ardeola grayii, Gyps bengalensis, Alcedo atthis, Phalacrocorax fuscicollis, Porphyrio porphyria, and Larus ridibundus) were EN. Among the species, W. attu, N. nouchaii, G. bengalensis, P. porphyria, and L. ridibundus were extremely endangered categories. Changes in LULC, the establishment of settlements for the increasing population, indiscriminate use of pesticides, environmental pollutions, and climate change are the potential reasons for declining trends of wetland biodiversity. Stern actions on land use policy, expansion of organic agriculture, bioremediation of industrial effluents, and adoption of sustainable environmental policies should be taken by the Government of Bangladesh for immediate conservation of wetland biodiversity.

Bioremediation of industrial effluents: A synergistic approach.

Industrial wastewater consists of inorganic and organic toxic pollutants that pose a threat to environmental sustainability. The organic pollutants are a menace to the environment and life forms than the inorganic substances and pose teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, and other serious detrimental effects on the living entities, moreover, they have a gene-altering effect on aquatic life forms and affect the soil fertility and quality. Removal of varying effluents having recalcitrant contaminants with conventional treatment technologies is strenuous. In contrast to physical and chemical methods, biological treatment methods are environmentally friendly, versatile, efficient, and technically feasible with low operational costs and energy footprints. Biological treatment is a secondary wastewater treatment system that utilizes the metabolic activities of microorganisms to oxidize or reduce inorganic and organic compounds and transform them into dense biomass, which later can be removed by the sedimentation process. Biological treatment in bioreactors is an ex situ method of bioremediation and provides the benefits of continuous monitoring under controlled parameters. This paper attempts to provide a review of bioremediation technologies discussing most concerning widespread bioreactors and advances used for different industrial effluents with their comparative merits and limitations.

Bioremediation of industrial effluents: How a biochar pretreatment may increase the microalgal growth in tannery wastewater

The application of microalgae in wastewater treatment is gaining increasing attention due to the possible environmental benefits of using photosynthetic organisms for bioremediation. Tannery wastewaters, however, may be inhibiting for microorganisms’ growth due to the presence of toxic compounds, especially chromium. In this work, we assessed the possibility of combining the application of biochar, as an adsorbent for metals including chromium, with microalgae cultivation for tannery wastewater treatment. Two different types of biochar (pinewood biochar, PB, and a commercial one, CB) were tested as a pretreatment step prior to cultivation of Chlorella protothecoides. The application of both types of biochar led to a significant increase in growth rates (61 % and 126 % for PB and CB, respectively) and nutrients removal compared to cultivation in raw wastewaters. Concerning the comparison between different biochars, it resulted that biochar production process and its physiochemical characteristics strongly affect Cr(III) adsorption performances, with CB removing 99.6 % from a synthetic medium in 5 min, compared to 83.4 % of PB in 3 h. Cr(III) adsorption on CB followed Freundlich isotherm model. The kinetics of adsorption was also addressed, and pseudo-second order kinetics was found to be the best fitted model for Cr(III) adsorption on CB. When applied to real tannery effluents, chromium adsorption performances were affected by the complexity of the medium

A first report on competitive inhibition of laccase enzyme by lignin degradation intermediates.

Laccases have been widely explored for their ligninolytic capability in bioethanol production and bioremediation of industrial effluents. However, low reaction rates have posed a major challenge to commercialization of such processes. This study reports the first evidence of laccase inhibition by two types of lignin degradation intermediates - fungal-solubilized lignin and alkali-treated lignin - thus offering a highly plausible explanation for low reaction rates due to buildup of inhibitors during the actual process. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography revealed the presence of similar polar compounds in both lignin samples. A detailed kinetic study on laccase, using 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) as thesubstrate, was used to calculate the Michaelis constant (Km) and maximum reaction rate (Vmax). With an increase in the concentration of lignin degradation intermediates, Vmax remained nearly constant, while Km increased from 1.3 to 4.0 times that of pure laccase, revealing that the inhibition was competitive in nature. The kinetic studies reported here and the insight gained into the nature of inhibition can help design process strategies to mitigate this effect and improve overall process efficiency. This work is applicable to processes that employ laccase for delignification of biomass, such as second-generation biofuels processes, as well as for industrial effluent treatment in paper and pulp industries.

Exploring the application of biostimulation strategy for bacteria in the bioremediation of industrial effluent

The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterise toxic element-resistant bacteria from acid mine drainage water and to apply them in the bioremediation of industrial effluent, as well as to identify optimal effluent:nutrient concentration for onsite biostimulation strategy. Wastewater samples were collected from acid mine drainage and industry. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was employed for elemental composition analysis. Isolated bacterial strains were characterised using molecular methods. Bioremediation assays were employed to determine the extent of bacterial tolerance and removal of toxic elements using a biostimulation strategy employing minimal salt medium (MSM) at varied concentrations and positive and negative controls of only MSM and industrial effluent, respectively. Two bacterial strains demonstrated resistance to toxic elements, Bacillus sp. MGI101 and Lysinibacillus sp. MGI102 both isolated from the AMD sites. However, no observable growth of toxic metal-resistant bacteria was obtained from the industrial effluents. Bacterial strains MGI101 and MGI102 demonstrated high resistance to target toxic elements during the screening and tolerance assays. Remarkably, Bacillus sp. MGI101 demonstrated greater ability to remove toxic elements including arsenic, chromium, zinc, copper and aluminium in undiluted solutions of the industrial effluent, with its highest removal capacity observed at > 60% for arsenic and aluminium. Both Bacillus sp.MGI101 and Lysinibacillus sp. MGI102 demonstrated varied abilities for the removal of toxic elements from dilution concentration of effluent mixed with MSM. However, the optimal dilution ratio observed in this experiment was 5:15 (effluent:MSM). Overall results demonstrated that isolated bacterial strains have the potential to be employed in bioremediation programmes of acid mine drainages and multi-element contaminated water.

Bioremediation of Industrial Effluents by Alkaliphilic Bacteria Isolated from Marine Ecosystems

Bioremediation of Industrial Effluents by Alkaliphilic Bacteria Isolated from Marine Ecosystems

Isolation, screening and identification of cyanobacteria and its uses in bioremediation of industrial effluents and chromium sorption

Isolation, screening and identification of cyanobacteria and its uses in bioremediation of industrial effluents and chromium sorption

Book Review: Advances in Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Industrial Waste

Book Review: Advances in Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Industrial Waste

Biosorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution using chemically modifiedSpirulina platensisalgal biomass: an ecofriendly approach

AbstractBiosorption is the process of removing heavy metals and other toxic chemicals from environment using live or dead biomass. In this study, algal biomass of Spirulina platensis was chemically modified by acid/ECH treatment that altered the functional groups present on the cell membrane of biomass. By applying Langmuir isotherm model to the biosorption data, it was suggested that the efficiency of biosorption process of metal uptake by acid treatment of S. platensis was increased by more than 3-fold and maximum biosorption occurred at pH 3. The order of biosorption of Cr6+ was found to be HCl > HNO3 > H2SO4 > raw algal biomass > ECH treated algal biomass by 15 h of contact time with qmax of 5 mg g−1. Fourier transform infrared analysis of modified algal biomass shows that lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins present in the membrane were probably involved in the biosorption process and acid-treated modified algal biomass could be used in the bioremediation of industrial effluents.

The Metabolic Advantage of Choline Lactate in Growth Media: An Experimental Analysis with Staphylococcus lentus

The metabolic effectiveness of choline lactate in the growth media was investigated relative to conventional carbon source for growing Staphylococcus lentus, a bacterial strain commonly used in bioremediation of industrial effluents and xenobiotic detoxification. Bacterial growth thermodynamics was determined by biocalorimetry. (13)C NMR and FTIR spectroscopic analyses traced the consumption of choline lactate at specific time intervals of bacterial growth. Under aerobic conditions, it is apparent that S. lentus initially metabolized lactate for its energy needs, while the choline cation of the ionic salt seemed to provide its C and N for biosynthetic intermediates for cell structure/function, in the growing bacterial colony. Urea accumulation after 40 h of bacterial growth was recorded. Possible metabolic trajectory of choline lactate consumed during S. lentus growth is suggested here. The theoretical estimation of heats of reaction for the proposed metabolic pathway (455 kJ/mol) was comparable with the experimentally obtained reaction enthalpy (435 kJ/mol), which further validated the proposed metabolic pathway. The biomass and energy profile of bacteria growth in choline media was found to be more favorable than in glucose media. The ionic liquid, choline lactate, offers a metabolically and energetically efficient carbon (and nitrogen) source for growing S. lentus.

Screen-printed Electrochemical Chromium (VI) Sensing Electrodes for Effluent Bioremediation Monitoring

In this work, we introduce a simple, low-cost and acid-resistant materials system for carbon-based screen-printed electrodes (SPEs), and apply it to chemical sensing of hexavalent chromium, i.e. Cr(VI), in acid environments, as encountered in bioremediation of industrial effluents. The developed composite materials comprised of 1) dense organic-carbon conductor, 2) porous polymer-carbon-ligand active sensing material, and 3) insulating and protective dielectric. All materials were formulated with two different organic matrices, polyvinylbutyral (PVB) or epoxy resin (EP). The selected ionophore for chromium detection was diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid (DTPA). Both variants allowed Cr(VI) sensing over a wide concentration range in acid media.

Bioremediation of industrial effluents containing heavy metals using brewing cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a green technology: a review

The release of heavy metals into the environment, mainly as a consequence of anthropogenic activities, constitutes a worldwide environmental pollution problem. Unlike organic pollutants, heavy metals are not degraded and remain indefinitely in the ecosystem, which poses a different kind of challenge for remediation. It seems that the "best treatment technologies" available may not be completely effective for metal removal or can be expensive; therefore, new methodologies have been proposed for the detoxification of metal-bearing wastewaters. The present work reviews and discusses the advantages of using brewing yeast cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the detoxification of effluents containing heavy metals. The current knowledge of the mechanisms of metal removal by yeast biomass is presented. The use of live or dead biomass and the influence of biomass inactivation on the metal accumulation characteristics are outlined. The role of chemical speciation for predicting and optimising the efficiency of metal removal is highlighted. The problem of biomass separation, after treatment of the effluents, and the use of flocculent characteristics, as an alternative process of cell-liquid separation, are also discussed. The use of yeast cells in the treatment of real effluents to bridge the gap between fundamental and applied studies is presented and updated. The convenient management of the contaminated biomass and the advantages of the selective recovery of heavy metals in the development of a closed cycle without residues (green technology) are critically reviewed.

Microbial Decolorization of Synthetic Dyes and Reactive Dyes of Industrial Effluents by Using a Novel FungusAspergillus proliferans

A decolorizing fungal strain was isolated and identified by the morphology and genotypic characterization as Aspergillus proliferans. The effect of A. proliferans on decolorization of synthetic dyes (70 mg ml(-1)) and colored effluent was evaluated in liquid culture medium. A. proliferans expressed their effective decolorization activity in effectual decolorization of synthetic dyes and industrial effluent. Synthetic dyes were decolorized by 76 to 89% within 6 days of treatment and 73.5% of color was removed in industrial effluent within 8 days. The addition of optimum carbon and nitrogen sources were effectively stimulated the decolorization activity. The high concentration of glucose repressed the decolorization activity and supplementation of yeast extract has significantly enhanced the effluent decolorization at p < 0.05. Laccase enzyme was isolated from liquid state fermentation, which showed significant enzyme activity (10,200 Uml(-1)) at p < 0.005. The crude enzyme decolorizes the dyes aniline blue and congo red in 14 hours (40.9 to 70%) and the effluent in 14 hours (88.6%). Moreover, the culture free supernatant without the fungal biomass has also effectively decolorized the effluent and synthetic dyes. The fungi Aspergillus proliferans was used not only for decolorization but also for better bioremediation of industrial effluent.

English

A bacterium,&nbsp;Pseudomonas lubricans,&nbsp;isolated from heavy metal laden industrial wastewater, has been shown to tolerate multiple heavy metals suggesting its importance in bioremediation of industrial effluents.&nbsp;P. lubricans&nbsp;tolerated As(III) up to 3 mg ml-1, Cu2+&nbsp;up to 0.7 mg ml-1, Hg2+&nbsp;up to 0.4 mg ml-1, Ni2+&nbsp;up to 0.4 mg ml-1&nbsp;and Cr6+&nbsp;up to 0.5 mg ml-1.&nbsp;P. lubricans&nbsp;showed optimum growth at pH 7 while optimum temperature for growth was 30&deg;C.&nbsp;P. lubricans&nbsp;could oxidize As(III) 42% (42 &micro;g mg-1&nbsp;of protein), 78% (78 &micro;g mg-1&nbsp;of protein) and 95% (95 &micro;g mg-1&nbsp;of protein) from the medium after 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation at optimal conditions, respectively. The arsenite oxidizing ability shown by&nbsp;P. lubricans&nbsp;indicates its potential application in biological treatment of wastewaters contaminated with arsenic. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Arsenic, wastewater,&nbsp;Pseudomonas lubricans, bioremediation.

English

A bacterium,&nbsp;Pseudomonas lubricans,&nbsp;isolated from heavy metal laden industrial wastewater, has been shown to tolerate multiple heavy metals suggesting its importance in bioremediation of industrial effluents.&nbsp;P. lubricans&nbsp;tolerated As(III) up to 3 mg ml-1, Cu2+&nbsp;up to 0.7 mg ml-1, Hg2+&nbsp;up to 0.4 mg ml-1, Ni2+&nbsp;up to 0.4 mg ml-1&nbsp;and Cr6+&nbsp;up to 0.5 mg ml-1.&nbsp;P. lubricans&nbsp;showed optimum growth at pH 7 while optimum temperature for growth was 30&deg;C.&nbsp;P. lubricans&nbsp;could oxidize As(III) 42% (42 &micro;g mg-1&nbsp;of protein), 78% (78 &micro;g mg-1&nbsp;of protein) and 95% (95 &micro;g mg-1&nbsp;of protein) from the medium after 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation at optimal conditions, respectively. The arsenite oxidizing ability shown by&nbsp;P. lubricans&nbsp;indicates its potential application in biological treatment of wastewaters contaminated with arsenic. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Arsenic, wastewater,&nbsp;Pseudomonas lubricans, bioremediation.

Heavy Metal Uptake by Euplotes mutabilis and its Possible Use in Bioremediation of Industrial Wastewater

A ciliate protozoan, Euplotes mutabilis, isolated from heavy metal laden industrial wastewater, has been shown to tolerate multiple heavy metals thus suggesting its significance in bioremediation of industrial effluents. This ciliate tolerated Zn(2+) up to 33 microg/mL, Cd(2+) up to 22 microg/mL and Ni(2+) up to 18 microg/mL. The ciliate could uptake 85% Zn(2+), 84% of Cd(2+) and 87% of Ni(2+) after 96 h of inoculation of growth medium containing 10 microg/mL of Zn(2+) and 5 microg/mL of Cd(2+) and Ni(2+), with actively growing ciliates. After 6 days of incubation the ciliate removed 87% Cd(2+), 92% Ni(2+), and 93% Zn(2+) from the wastewater. The heavy metal uptake capability of Euplotes mutabilis may be employed for metal detoxification operations.

Enhanced production of laccase by a marine fungus during treatment of colored effluents and synthetic dyes

Paper and pulp mills, textile and dye-making industries and alcohol distilleries release highly colored effluents that are relatively difficult to decolorize by chemical and physical treatments. White-rot basidiomycetous fungi that produce lignin-degrading enzymes are reported to be the most efficient in decolorizing such effluents. We report here decolorization of all the three effluents by a marine fungal isolate, NIOCC # 2a cultured from decaying mangrove wood. The fungus also decolorized several synthetic dyes. Laccase was the most dominant lignin-degrading enzyme produced by this fungus with very low activities of manganese-dependent peroxidase and no lignin peroxidase activity. The growth and production of laccase was best in a medium prepared with seawater having salinity in the range of 25–30 ppt. The pH optimum for the laccase activity was 3.0 and 6.0 and the temperature optimum was 60 °C. Laccase production was increased in the presence of phenolic and non-phenolic inducers. A several fold enhancement in laccase production was found during treatment of colored effluents from textile, paper and pulp mill and distillery waste. Industrial effluents and synthetic dyes added to the growing culture of this fungus were decolorized to a great extent. The culture supernatant without the fungal biomass was also effective in decolorization of these effluents to various degrees within 6 h of incubation. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by this fungus were also useful in decolorization of these effluents. Thus, efficiency of this fungus in decolorization of various effluents with laccase that is active at pH 3.0 and 6.0 and 60 °C in the presence of seawater has great potential in bioremediation of industrial effluents. Enhanced laccase production in the presence of industrial effluents in this fungus is an added advantage during bioremediation of effluents.