Abstract
A bacterium, Pseudomonas lubricans, isolated from heavy metal laden industrial wastewater, has been shown to tolerate multiple heavy metals suggesting its importance in bioremediation of industrial effluents. P. lubricans tolerated As(III) up to 3 mg ml-1, Cu2+ up to 0.7 mg ml-1, Hg2+ up to 0.4 mg ml-1, Ni2+ up to 0.4 mg ml-1 and Cr6+ up to 0.5 mg ml-1. P. lubricans showed optimum growth at pH 7 while optimum temperature for growth was 30°C. P. lubricans could oxidize As(III) 42% (42 µg mg-1 of protein), 78% (78 µg mg-1 of protein) and 95% (95 µg mg-1 of protein) from the medium after 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation at optimal conditions, respectively. The arsenite oxidizing ability shown by P. lubricans indicates its potential application in biological treatment of wastewaters contaminated with arsenic. Key words: Arsenic, wastewater, Pseudomonas lubricans, bioremediation.
Highlights
Almost half (46%) of the Iran population are living in rural areas and most of them are small farmers
The results showed that there were significant differences between members and non-members with respect to the production rate of paddy, income gained through sale of rice, level of participation, reduction of unemployment, increment of annual income and technical knowledge
There was a positive correlation between the rate of paddy production per hectare with income resulting from the sale thereof, the income resulting from each hectare of the rice field with the annual income of the farmer, annual income of the farmer and rate of paddy produced and on participation in training courses and the production rate of paddy
Summary
Almost half (46%) of the Iran population are living in rural areas and most of them are small farmers. In Constitutional Law of the Islamic Republic of Iran, co-operative sector has been considered important and of a special standing just like private and public sectors. The economic benefits resulting from the characteristics of the cooperative system as well as high physical and mental values, that is, spirit of cooperation, collaboration and participation of the common public in their affairs can be known as among the reasons for emphasis of the constitutional law on cooperative companies. At the second decade after the Islamic Revolution and in the recent years, the cooperative system of production has experienced a remarkable development and has been placed among the important policies of the Ministry of Agriculture such that in 2004 the number of such institutes reached 1019 cooperative companies and 49 provincial unions with more than 280 thousand members at 4879 villages (Unknown, 2006)
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