Bioprosthetic Mitral Valve Research Articles

Breaking boundaries: exploring recent advances in anticoagulation and thrombosis management: a comprehensive review.

Thromboembolic disorders globally contribute to morbidity and mortality, emphasizing adequate anticoagulation and thrombosis management. Therapeutic advances are essential in preventing complications like pulmonary embolism, stroke, and myocardial infarction. This review summarizes recent anticoagulation advances, current challenges, future directions, and novel anticoagulants and drug delivery systems on clinical outcomes. This paper assesses the effectiveness and safety of new anticoagulants through a systematic review of recent clinical trials, meta-analyses, and guideline publications. Key studies, including PACIFIC-AF, RIVER, ENAVLE, ENVISAGE-TAVI AF, and ARCADIA, were analyzed to provide a perspective on therapeutic advancements. The review highlights key findings from vital clinical trials. Asundexian, in the PACIFIC-AF trial, demonstrated a 34% reduction in bleeding events compared to Apixaban. In the RIVER trial, Rivaroxaban reduced significant bleeding events by 20% compared to warfarin in patients with bioprosthetic mitral valves. In the ENAVLE trial, Edoxaban achieved a 3.7% decrease in thromboembolic events compared to warfarin without increasing significant bleeding rates. In the ENVISAGE-TAVI AF trial, edoxaban was noninferior to VKAs in preventing thromboembolic events but showed a slight increase in major bleeding events by 1.5%. Lastly, the ARCADIA trial highlighted that apixaban did not significantly reduce recurrent stroke risk compared to aspirin, with both treatments having an annualized stroke rate of 4.4%. Advances in anticoagulant therapies and drug delivery systems aim to enhance patients' clinical outcomes for thromboembolic disorders. While recent trials show promising data, ongoing patient-specific responses and monitoring challenges require further research. Continuous innovation and investigation are essential to refine anticoagulation practices and tailor treatments.

Intra, short and long-term results of mitral VIV for the degenerated surgical mitral prosthesis from italian VIV registry (MIVIV registry)

Abstract Background/Introduction Reoperation of failed bioprosthetic mitral valves is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Transcatheter mitral valve-in-valve (MViV) replacement was explored early in the development of THVs with transseptal/transfemoral (TS/TF) and transapical (TA) approaches. Purpose This is the first Italian Registry on mitral VIV and it was designed to explore contemporary MViV outcomes with all types of balloon expandable valves. The present study out of the registry aims to asses the >10 years follow-up outcomes in terms of mortality, gender diversity, and perioperative result. Methods Participating centers used standardized definitions to collect clinical information, including patient demographic characteristics, comorbidities, functional status, quality of life indexes, procedural details, and patient outcomes from consecutive MViV cases. Cohort of 265 patients was available for the primary analysis and follow-up too.The patients were grouped by 11 hospitals in Italy performing VIV for degenerated biological mitral prostheses. Results A total of 265 pts underwent mitral VIV due to bioprosthesis degeneration between January 2010 and January 2023. They have been subdivided by transfemoral (TF) with 117 (44%) pts and transapical (TA) with 148 (55,8%) pts. Most of the patients were of female sex (59,2%) and EuroScore II for surgical re-operation was 16.1%. Mixed disease (48%) was more common than mitral regurgitation (29%) and stenosis (22%). 69,8% of the total cohort was in class NYHA III and the mean LVEF was 54%.Otherwise, there were no significant demographic differences between patients undergoing TS and TA. In TF there was more severe PVL (5%)(p-value: 0,001) and much more cases of severe grade of stenosis (54,7%) and regurgitation (57%)(p-value< 0,0001). Considering intraoperative outcomes, technical success has been established in around 97,7% of the total cohort without difference btw groups. Only 3,3% died during hospitalization without difference between groups (P-value=0,735). LVOT obstruction has been seen in 3,4% in the case of TA and 0 for TF. Only 1,5% of the total cohort underwent surgical conversion as well as embolization in only 1,1%. Overall survival from the total cohort was 91,3% at >10 years, Figure 1. Concerning the freedom from cardiac death (CV death) was 96,6% in the total cohort at 13 years. Concerning the difference between access, the general survival is established at 97,4% in TF while 86,3% in TA (p-value =0,050)(Figure 2). Freedom from CV death was 99,1% in TF and 94,5 in TA (p-value=0,209). In gender analysis differentiation, the general survival in females was 98,5% in TF and 85,6% in TA at 13 years (p-value=0,056). Conclusion(s) Transcatheter MViV using a balloon-expandable valve is associated with high technical success, a low complication rate, and a solid long-term benefit in terms of survival. Transseptal access was associated with lower mortality compared with TA access.Figure 1Figure 2

Comparison of mid-to-long term outcomes between mitral valve repair and biological valve replacement in patients over 60 with rheumatic mitral valve disease based on a propensity score matching study

Objective: To compare and discuss the mid-to-long-term outcomes of mitral valve repair (MVP) versus biological mitral valve replacement (bMVR) in patients over 60 years old with rheumatic mitral valve disease. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study. A total of 765 patients aged 60 years and older, diagnosed with rheumatic mitral valve disease and who underwent MVP or bMVR at Beijing Anzhen Hospital from January 2010 to January 2023, were retrospectively included. Among them, 186 were male and 579 were female, with an age of (66.1±4.5) years (range: 60 to 82 years). Patients were divided into two groups based on the surgical method: the mitral valve repair group (MVP group, n=256) and the bioprosthetic mitral valve replacement group (bMVR group, n=509). A 1∶1 propensity score matching was performed using a caliper value of 0.2 based on preoperative data. Paired sample t-tests, χ² tests, or Fisher's exact tests were used for intergroup comparisons. Kaplan-Meier method was employed to plot survival curves and valve-related reoperation rate curves for both groups before and after matching, and Log-rank tests were used to compare the mid-to long-term survival rates and valve-related reoperation rates between the two groups. Results: A total of 765 patients who completed follow-up were ultimately included, with a follow-up period (M(IQR)) of 5.1(5.0) years (range: 1.0 to 12.9 years). After matching, each group consisted of 256 patients. The incidence of early postoperative atrial fibrillation (39.1% vs. 49.2%, χ2=4.95, P=0.026) and early mortality rates (2.0% vs. 6.2%, χ2=4.97, P=0.026) were lower in the MVP group. Unadjusted Kaplan-Meier analysis showed significantly higher 5-year and 10-year survival rates for the MVP group (92.54% vs. 83.02%, 86.22% vs. 70.19%, Log-rank P=0.001). After adjustment with propensity scores, the Kaplan-Meier analysis still indicated higher 5-year and 10-year survival rates in the MVP group compared to the bMVR group (92.54% vs. 85.89%, 86.22% vs. 74.83%, Log-rank P=0.024). There were no significant differences in the rates of valve-related reoperation between the two groups before and after matching (5-year and 10-year reoperation rates pre-matching: 1.75% vs. 0.57%, 5.39% vs. 7.54%, Log-rank P=0.207; post-matching: 1.75% vs. 0%, 5.39% vs. 9.27%, Log-rank P=0.157). Conclusion: For patients over 60 with rheumatic mitral valve disease, mitral valve repair offers better mid-to-long-term survival compared to biological valve replacement.

TCT-86 Real-World 30-Day Outcomes for the SAPIEN 3 Ultra Resilia Transcatheter Heart Valve in the Treatment of Failed Bioprosthetic Mitral Valves: A Propensity-Matched Analysis

TCT-86 Real-World 30-Day Outcomes for the SAPIEN 3 Ultra Resilia Transcatheter Heart Valve in the Treatment of Failed Bioprosthetic Mitral Valves: A Propensity-Matched Analysis

Progressive calcification of bioprosthetic mitral valve observed during pregnancy resulting from in vitro fertilization: a case report

BackgroundWomen with pre-existing cardiac conditions who undergo assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are believed to be at a heightened risk of cardiovascular events during both the treatment and pregnancy phases. An unresolved question within this context pertains to whether the ART procedure itself constitutes a risk factor for individuals with bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV). Additionally, there is ongoing controversy regarding whether pregnancies expedite the process of structural valve degeneration (SVD) in BHV. The purpose of this study is to present the developmental process of BHV calcification, which is considered the primary cause of SVD, during a pregnancy resulting from in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET), an ART modality, and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.Case presentationAt 7 + 3 weeks of gestation in a twin pregnancy resulting from IVF-ET, a 27-year-old woman with a bioprosthetic mitral valve manifesting severe mitral stenosis and moderate pulmonary arterial hypertension, was suspected of SVD. Despite undergoing fetal reduction, she experienced progressive calcification of the bioprosthetic valve, increasing pulmonary arterial pressure and ultimately deteriorated into heart failure. An elective cesarean section and redo valve replacement was subsequently administered to improve her cardiovascular condition. As a result, a healthy young boy was delivered and the dysfunctional BHV was replaced with a mechanical valve. She did not report any discomfort during the 3-month follow-up.ConclusionThe progressive calcification of the BHV was observed during IVF pregnancy, indicating a potential connection between fertility therapy, pregnancy and calcification of BHV. Pregnant women with pre-implanted BHV should be treated with caution, as any medical interventions during ART and pregnancy can have a significant impact on both maternal and fetal outcomes. Thus, involving a multidisciplinary team in decision-making early on, starting from the treatment of the original heart disease, throughout the entire process of ART and pregnancy, is crucial.

Impact and limitations of 3D computational modelling in transcatheter mitral valve replacement-atwo-centre Dutch experience.

Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) has emerged as aminimally invasive alternative to mitral valve surgery for patients at high or prohibitive operative risk. Prospective studies reported favourable outcomes in patients with annulus calcification (valve-in-mitral annulus calcification; ViMAC), failed annuloplasty ring (mitral valve-in-ring; MViR), and bioprosthetic mitral valve dysfunction (mitral valve-in-valve; MViV). Multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT)-derived 3D-modelling and simulations may provide complementary anatomical perspectives for TMVR planning. We aimed to illustrate the implementation of MSCT-derived modelling and simulations in the workup of TMVR for ViMAC, MViR, and MViV. For this retrospective study, we included all consecutive patients screened for TMVR and compared MSCT data, echocardiographic outcomes and clinical outcomes. Sixteen out of 41patients were treated with TMVR (ViMAC n = 9, MViR n = 3, MViV n = 4). Eleven patients were excluded for inappropriate sizing, 4for anchoring issues and 10for an unacceptable risk of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) based on 3D modelling. There were 3procedure-related deaths and 1non-procedure-related cardiovascular death during 30days of follow-up. LVOTO occurred in 3ViMAC patients and 1MViR patient, due to deeper valve implantation than planned in 3patients, and anterior mitral leaflet displacement with recurrent basal septum thickening in 1patient. TMVR significantly reduced mitral mean gradients as compared with baseline measurements (median mean gradient 9.5(9.0-11.5) mm Hg before TMVR versus 5.0(4.5-6.0) mm Hg after TMVR, p = 0.03). There was no residual mitral regurgitation at 30days. MSCT-derived 3D modelling and simulation provide valuable anatomical insights for TMVR with transcatheter balloon expandable valves in ViMAC, MViR and MViV. Further planning iterations should target the persistent risk for neo-LVOTO.

Valve-in-valve transcatheter mitral valve replacement versus redo-surgical mitral valve replacement for degenerated bioprosthetic mitral valves: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Bioprosthetic mitral valve degeneration is traditionally treated with Redo-SMVR, but the latest ViV-TMVR procedure offers a less invasive and lower risk alternative. A systematic literature search was conducted on Cochrane Central, Scopus, and Medline (PubMed interface) electronic databases from inception till 15th April 2024. We used risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences (MD) for continuous outcomes. We included a total of eleven studies with 11,931 patients in the final quantitative and qualitative analysis. When comparing ViV-TMVR with Redo-SMVR, no significant difference was found for 30-day mortality (P = 0.13) and 1-year mortality (P = 0.91), whereas patients in the ViV-TMVR showed significantly reduced incidence of stroke (P < 0.00001), In-hospital mortality (P), bleeding complications (P = 0.003), AKI (P = 0.0006), arrhythmias (P = 0.01), LVOT obstruction (P = 0.04), and PPI (P < 0.00001). Furthermore, no significant difference was observed between either group when comparing vascular complications (P = 0.97), 2-year mortality (P = 0.60) and 3-year mortality. ViV-TMVR was associated with a significant risk of paravalvular leakage (P = 0.008). Although, ViV-TMVR reduces the risk of complications associated with Redo-SMVR, larger studies are imperative to reach conclusive results.

Contemporary Outcomes and Trends for the Transseptal Mitral Valve-in-Valve Procedure Using Balloon Expandable Transcatheter Valves in the United States.

Previous transcatheter valve therapy registry analyses of transcatheter mitral valve in valve (MViV) replacement of degenerated bioprosthesis reported early experience in the United States. Given recent increases in transseptal MViV volumes and introduction of the SAPIEN 3 Ultra valve, it is important to determine contemporary outcomes for patients undergoing transseptal SAPIEN 3/SAPIEN 3 Ultra MViV replacement. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS)/American College of Cardiology Transcatheter Valve Therapy Registry was used to extract data for all patients undergoing transseptal SAPIEN 3/SAPIEN 3 Ultra MViV from 2015 to September 2022. Primary efficacy outcome was 1-year all-cause mortality. Secondary end points included 30-day mortality, functional class, quality of life, and mitral valve performance. Primary safety outcomes were device success and in-hospital complications. A total of 4243 patients with a mean STS score of 9.2±7.7 underwent transseptal MViV at 455 sites. The rate of Mitral Valve Academic Research Consortium technical (96.6%) success was high, and procedural complications were low. All-cause in-hospital, 30-day, and 1-year mortality rates were 3.2%, 4.3%, and 13.4%, respectively. Significant improvements in New York Heart Association class (New York Heart Association I/II, 18% to 87%) and quality of life (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire score, 38 to 78) were noted at 1 year (P<0.0001 for both) after MViV. Upon stratifying by STS scores, it was observed that the low-risk group (STS<4) had a significantly lower in-hospital mortality rate of 0.4%, whereas the intermediate-risk group (STS, 4-8) had an in-hospital mortality rate of 1.9%. From 2015 to 2022, the number of transseptal MViV cases/year increased significantly, whereas procedure times, length of stay, and intensive care unit hours shortened significantly. At the same time, there was a significant trend toward reduced in-hospital (P=0.0005), 30-day (P=0.004), and 1-year mortality rates (P=0.01). This multicenter, prospective study reports excellent procedural outcomes, 1-year mortality rates, and a significant improvement in quality of life for patients undergoing transseptal MViV in the contemporary era. Patients in the low-risk and intermediate-risk STS score categories had significantly better outcomes compared with those in the high-risk category. MViV is a reasonable therapy for the majority of patients with degenerated bioprosthetic mitral valves, who are anatomical candidates.

Clinical characteristics and long-term outcome of patients with bioprosthetic mitral valve- Experience from a South Asian country.

Due to rheumatic heart disease, young people are more likely to develop valvular heart disease in developing countries. In countries like Pakistan, surgeons implant more bioprosthetic mitral valves (MVs) in younger patients. However, bioprosthetic valves degenerate rapidly in younger people, leading to bioprosthetic MV dysfunction (BMVD). This study aims to evaluate the clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes of patients with bioprosthetic MV replacement (MVR) at a tertiary care hospital in a South Asian country. This is a retrospective observational study, conducted at a tertiary care hospital. We included a total of 502 patients who underwent bioprosthetic MVR from the year 2006 to 2020. Clinical and surgical characteristics along with transthoracic echocardiographic findings (pre-surgery and recent most follow-up studies) were noted. Follow-up data were also collected. Out of 502 patients, 322 (64%) were female, mean age at the time of surgery was 49.42 ± 14.56 years. Mitral regurgitation was more common, found in 279 (55.6%) patients followed by mitral stenosis in 188 (37.5%) patients. MVR was done as an elective procedure due to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) II to IV symptoms at the time of surgery in 446 (88.8%) patients. In the mean follow-up of 6.59 ± 2.99 years, BMVD was observed in 183 (36.5%) patients. However, re-do MV surgery was done in only 49 (9.8%) patients. Patients were divided into two groups based on normal functioning bioprosthetic MV and BMVD. Comparing the two groups, individuals with normal functioning bioprosthetic MV had a mean age of 51.6 ± 14.27 years, while those with BMVD had a mean age of 45.639 ± 14.33 years at the time of index surgery (P = 0.000). There were more long-term complications including heart failure (n = 16, 8.74%), atrial fibrillation (n = 11, 6.01%), and death (n = 6, 3.28%) in the BMVD group which were statistically significant. This study is distinct because it demonstrates the outcomes of bioprosthetic valve replacement in a relatively younger South Asian population. Due to rapid degeneration of bioprosthetic valve in younger patients, significant number of patients developed BMVD along with poor long-term clinical outcomes, even at a short follow-up period of <10 years. These findings are similar to international data and signify that mechanical MVR may be a more reasonable alternative in younger patients.

Non-vitamin K versus vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in surgical mitral valve repair or bioprosthetic valve replacement in the first three months after surgery

Introduction and ObjectivesOral anticoagulation (OAC) with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) after surgical mitral valve repair (MVR) or bioprosthetic valve replacement (BVR) in mitral position remains a controversial topic among the cardiovascular community, in particular in the early postoperative period. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of NOACs in the first three months after MVR or mitral BVR compared to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). MethodsThis was a single-center retrospective study with prospectively collected peri-intervention outcomes between 2020 and 2021. Records were retrieved and all participants were contacted by telephone. Patients were divided into groups according to OAC strategy. The primary outcome was a composite of death, rehospitalization, myocardial infarction, stroke or transient ischemic attack, systemic embolism, mitral thrombosis, or bleeding during the first three months after surgery. ResultsA total of 148 patients were enrolled, with a mean age of 65.5±12.2 years, 56.8% male. On discharge, 98 (66.2%) patients were on VKAs and 50 (33.8%) were on DOACs for at least three months. The primary outcome occurred in 22 (22.4%) patients in the VKA group and in three (6%) in the NOAC group (p=0.012), mainly driven by more bleeding events in the former. Independent predictors of the primary outcome were smoking (p=0.028) and OAC with VKAs at discharge, the latter predicting three times more events (p=0.046, OR 3.72, 95% CI 1.02–13.5). ConclusionsNOACs were associated with fewer events, supporting their efficacy and safety during the first three months after surgical MVR or mitral BVR.

Long-term outcomes of isolated mechanical versus bioprosthetic mitral valve replacement in different age groups of propensity-matched patients.

Prothesis choice in isolated mitral valve replacement for patients aged 75 years or younger remains debated as most studies comparing prothesis type have included large proportions of combined operations and benefits are influenced by concomitant procedures. This study compared long-term outcomes of isolated mechanical versus bioprosthetic mitral valves in different age groups of propensity-matched populations. This is a retrospective, multicentre, propensity-matched observational study. Baseline characteristics, operative details and long-term outcomes (mortality and freedom from surgical/transcatheter reintervention) were collected. Totally, 1536 isolated mitral valve replacements (806 mechanical, 730 bioprosthetic) were performed between 2000 and 2017. Over 90% of eligible patients successfully underwent propensity matching, yielding 226 each of mechanical and bioprosthetic valves in patients aged <65 years and 171 each of bioprosthetic and mechanical valves in patients aged 65-75 years with median follow-up of 13 years (maximum 20 years). In matched patients <65 years, 10-year survival was superior with mechanical valves versus bioprosthetic valves (78.2% vs 69.8%, P = 0.029), as was 10-year freedom from reintervention (96.2% vs 81.3%, P < 0.001). For matched patients between 65 and 75 years, there were no differences between mechanical and bioprosthetic valves in 10-year survival (64.6% vs 60.8%, P = 0.86) or 10-year freedom from reintervention (94.0% vs 97.2%, P = 0.23). Rates of post-operative stroke, gastrointestinal bleeding, renal failure and permanent pacemaker insertion were similar. In patients requiring isolated mitral valve replacement, mechanical valves confer significantly better long-term survival and freedom from reintervention for patients <65 years, while no benefit is observed at age 65-75 years compared to bioprosthetic valves.

Complete thrombosis of a bioprosthetic mitral valve and left atrium in a patient on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with favorable outcome

Intra-cardiac thrombosis is a potentially devastating complication of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) mechanical circulatory support. We present here a patient who suffered complete thrombosis of a fresh mitral prosthesis and left atrium in the setting of ECMO with aortic insufficiency who was treated with repeat valve replacement and thrombectomy. To our knowledge, she is the only patient in the reported literature to have survived this complication.

Transcatheter mitral valve-in-valve for pregnancy with anti-phospholipid syndrome: a case report

BackgroundPerioperative management and cardiac surgery in pregnant women with anti-phospholipid syndrome combined with heart valve disease have been rarely reported.Case presentationWe describe a case of transcatheter mitral valve-in-valve replacement in a pregnant woman with bioprosthetic valve failure and anti-phospholipid syndrome at 18 weeks’ gestation. The patient underwent a cesarean section delivery at 34 weeks of gestation, resulting in the birth of a healthy baby.ConclusionsTransapical mitral valve-in-valve surgery resulted in safe maternal and infant outcomes in a pregnant woman with anti-phospholipid syndrome combined with mitral bioprosthetic valve failure. The success of this procedure underscored the importance of multidisciplinary teamwork.

Utility Of New Bioprosthetic MITRIS RESILIA Mitral Valve: A Single Centre Experience and Preliminary Outcomes up to 12 Months

Utility Of New Bioprosthetic MITRIS RESILIA Mitral Valve: A Single Centre Experience and Preliminary Outcomes up to 12 Months

Antithrombotic therapy after heart valve surgery: contemporary practice in the UK.

There is a lack of high-quality data informing the optimal antithrombotic drug strategy following bioprosthetic heart valve replacement or valve repair. Disparity in recommendations from international guidelines reflects this. This study aimed to document current patterns of antithrombotic prescribing after heart valve surgery in the UK. All UK consultant cardiac surgeons were e-mailed a custom-designed survey. The use of oral anticoagulant (OAC) and/or antiplatelet drugs following bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement or mitral valve replacement, or mitral valve repair (MVrep), for patients in sinus rhythm, without additional indications for antithrombotic medication, was assessed. Additionally, we evaluated anticoagulant choice following MVrep in patients with atrial fibrillation. We identified 260 UK consultant cardiac surgeons from 36 units, of whom 103 (40%) responded, with 33 units (92%) having at least 1 respondent. The greatest consensus was for patients undergoing bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement, in which 76% of surgeons favour initial antiplatelet therapy and 53% prescribe lifelong treatment. Only 8% recommend initial OAC. After bioprosthetic mitral valve replacement, 48% of surgeons use an initial OAC strategy (versus 42% antiplatelet), with 66% subsequently prescribing lifelong antiplatelet therapy. After MVrep, recommendations were lifelong antiplatelet agent alone (34%) or following 3 months OAC (20%), no antithrombotic agent (20%), or 3 months OAC (16%). After MVrep for patients with established atrial fibrillation, surgeons recommend warfarin (38%), a direct oral anticoagulant (37%) or have no preference between the 2 (25%). There is considerable variation in the use of antithrombotic drugs after heart valve surgery in the UK and a lack of high-quality evidence to guide practice, underscoring the need for randomized studies.

Bioprosthetic mitral and aortic valve stenosis with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction caused by infective endocarditis

Bioprosthetic mitral and aortic valve stenosis with <scp>left ventricular outflow tract</scp> obstruction caused by infective endocarditis

Long-Term Outcomes of Bioprosthetic Valves in the Mitral Position: A Pooled Meta-Analysis of Reconstructed Time-to-Event Individual Patient Data

ObjectivesBioprosthetic MVR use is on the rise, but data regarding long term durability is lacking. We sought to perform a reconstructed individual patient data meta-analysis from published Kaplan Meier curves to ascertain survival, freedom from valve degeneration and reoperation in studies published since 2010. We explored the effects of age and valve type (bovine pericardial or porcine valve) on outcomes. MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, OVID, Embase and Cochrane CENTRAL for studies reporting at least 3 years of follow-up after bMVR and published since 2010. The ROBINS-I tool was used to assess methodological quality. Kaplan Meier curves were digitized to extract individual patient data and reconstructed estimates for overall survival, freedom from SVD and freedom from re-operation. Results20 studies (16465 patients) were included. 9 studies reported on porcine valves, 6 on bovine and 7 did not specify the valve type. Overall survival after bMVR at 15 years was 40% (CI 38%-42%), freedom from re-operation at 15 years was 79% (CI 76%-82%) and freedom from structural valve degeneration at 15 years was 64% (58%-70%). Freedom from SVD was improved in the 70+ age group (93% up to 25 years, HR 6.6(2.5-17) for 18-59 VS >70, p<0.0001). There was no difference in valve durability or survival between bovine pericardial or porcine valves. ConclusionIn this meta-analysis patients of receiving bioprosthetic mitral valve replacement using newer generation valves, the inverse relationship between age and SVD was re-iterated in the 70+ age group. Prosthesis type made no difference in outcomes.

Late Outcomes of Porcine and Pericardial Bioprostheses After Mitral Valve Replacement in 1162 Patients

BackgroundDebate continues regarding the superiority of porcine vs pericardial bioprostheses, and data relevant to this comparison are scant. This study compared late survival and structural valve deterioration of porcine and pericardial mitral valve prostheses. MethodsAdults undergoing mitral valve replacement with 1 first-generation porcine valve model and 1 pericardial valve line were reviewed from a prospectively maintained institutional database between 1976 and 2020. Multivariable regression and Cox proportional hazards analysis were used to compare late outcomes. ResultsOf 1162 consecutive patients, 612 (53%) received porcine valves and 550 (47%) received pericardial valves. At 10 years, patient survival (porcine, 36% ± 2%; pericardial, 38% ± 3%; P = .5) and cumulative incidence of mitral valve structural deterioration (porcine, 18% ± 2%; pericardial, 19% ± 3%; P = .3) were similar. The structural failure mode was more likely severe mitral stenosis in pericardial valves (35 of 50 [70%] vs 38 of 106 [36%]; P < .001), and it was more likely severe mitral regurgitation in porcine valves (80 of 106 [75%] vs 19 of 50 [38%]; P < .0001). After adjustment, structural deterioration was associated with younger patient age (P < .001) but not valve type. At 10 years, porcine valves demonstrated a higher cumulative incidence of mitral reoperation (19% ± 2% vs 9% ± 2%; P < .001) and reoperation for structural deterioration (15% ± 1% vs 6% ± 2%; P = .007). ConclusionsThis study demonstrated similar rates of 10-year survival and structural deterioration with porcine and pericardial bioprostheses in mitral valve replacement. The study suggests a lack of major improvement in durability of mitral bioprosthetic valves over time. The failure mode may have a greater influence on surgeon decision making regarding valve choice.

Mitral valve replacement in children: balancing durability and risk with mechanical and bioprosthetic valves.

To investigate if there is still a place for bioprosthetic mitral valve replacement in children by comparing the prosthetic durability and transplant-free survival after bioprosthetic and mechanical mitral valve replacement. We reviewed all mitral valve replacements in children between 1981 and 2020. Bioprosthetic mitral valve replacement cases were individually matched to mechanical mitral valve replacement cases. The incidence rate of a 2nd replacement was calculated using the cumulative incidence function that considered death or transplantation as a competing risk. The median age at implantation was 3.6 years (interquartile range 0.8-7.9) for the bioprosthetic valve cohort (n = 28) and 3 years (interquartile range 1.3-7.8) for the mechanical valve cohort (n = 28). Seven years after bioprosthetic mitral valve replacement, the cumulative incidence of death or transplantation was 17.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) 6.3-34.1] and the cumulative incidence of a 2nd replacement was 63.6% (95% CI 39.9-80.1). Seven years after mechanical mitral valve replacement, the cumulative incidence of death or transplantation was 28.6% (95% CI 13.3-46) and the cumulative incidence of a 2nd replacement was 10.7% (95% CI 2.6-25.5). Fifteen years after mechanical mitral valve replacement, the cumulative incidence of death or transplantation was 33.6% (95% CI 16.2-52.1) and the cumulative incidence of a 2nd replacement was 41.1% (95% CI 18.4-62.7). The cumulative incidence curves for bioprosthetic and mechanical mitral valve replacement were statistically different for a 2nd valve replacement (P < 0.001) but not for death or transplantation (P = 0.33). There is no difference in transplant-free survival after bioprosthetic and mechanical mitral valve replacement in children. The lifespan of bioprosthetic mitral valves remains limited in children because of structural valve failure due to calcification. After 15 years, 40% of mechanical valves were replaced, primarily because of patient-prosthesis mismatch related to somatic growth.

Concomitant interventions in mitral valve surgery - A European perspective.

In recent years, major findings on concomitant procedures and anticoagulation management have occurred in Mitral Valve (MV) surgery. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the current practices in MV interventions across Europe. In October 2021, all national cardio-thoracic societies in the European region were identified following an electronic search and sent an online survey of 14 questions to distribute among their member consultant/attending cardiac surgeons. The survey was completed by 91 consultant/attending cardiac surgeons across 12 European countries, with 78% indicating MV repair as their specialty area. 57.1% performed >150 operations/year and 71.4% had 10+ years of experience.Concomitant tricuspid valve repair is performed for moderate tricuspid regurgitation (TR) by 69% of surgeons and for mild TR by 26.3%, both with annular diameter >40mm. 50.6% indicated ischaemic MV surgery in patients undergoing CABG if moderate mitral regurgitation with ERO >20mm2 and regurgitant volume >30mL, and 45.1% perform it if severe MR with ERO >40mm2 and regurgitant volume >60mL. For these patients the preferred management was: MVR if predictors of repair failure identified (47.2%) and downsizing annuloplasty ring only (34.1%).For atrial fibrillation (AF) in cardiac surgery, 34.1% perform ablation with biatrial lesion and 20% with left sided only. 62.6% perform concomitant Left Atrial Appendage (LAA) Occlusion irrespective of AF ablation with a left atrial clip. A wide variability in anticoagulation strategies for MV repair and bioprosthetic MV valve was reported both for patients in sinus rhythm and AF. These results demonstrate a variable practice for MV surgery, and a degree of lack of compliance with surgical intervention guidelines and anticoagulation strategy.