Biopolymer Hydrogels Research Articles

Graphene oxide reinforced biopolymeric (chitosan) hydrogels for controlled cephradine release

In the current study, chitosan, poly (N-vinyl-2-pyrolidone) and polyamidoamine based hydrogels were prepared by Solution Casting Method using different quantity of graphene oxide (GO) for controlled cephradine (CPD) release. The hydrogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy. FTIR results endorsed the presence of particular functionalities and developed interfaces in hydrogels. The thermal stability was directly proportional to the amount of GO. Antibacterial activity was investigated against gram-negative bacteria resultantly; CAD-2 exhibited maximum bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and Psuedomonas aeruginosa. In addition, in-vitro biodegradation was examined in phosphate buffer saline solution and proteinase K for 21 and 07 days respectively. The maximum swelling was exhibited by CAD-133777 % in distilled water that was governed by quasi-Fickian diffusion. The swelling volumes were inversely proportional to the amount of GO. In the same way, pH sensitive CPD release was detected by UV visible spectrophotometer that followed zero order and Higuchi models. However, in 4 h, 89.4 % and 83.7 % of CPD was released in PBS and SIF solution correspondingly. Therefore, the chitosan-based biocompatible and biodegradable hydrogel platforms offered substantial potential for the controlled CPD release in medico-biological applications.

Injectable Nanocomposite Hydrogels of Gelatin-Hyaluronic Acid Reinforced with Hybrid Lysozyme Nanofibrils-Gold Nanoparticles for the Regeneration of Damaged Myocardium.

Biopolymeric injectable hydrogels are promising biomaterials for myocardial regeneration applications. Besides being biocompatible, they adjust themselves, perfectly fitting the surrounding tissue. However, due to their nature, biopolymeric hydrogels usually lack desirable functionalities, such as antioxidant activity and electrical conductivity, and in some cases, mechanical performance. Protein nanofibrils (NFs), such as lysozyme nanofibrils (LNFs), are proteic nanostructures with excellent mechanical performance and antioxidant activity, which can work as nanotemplates to produce metallic nanoparticles. Here, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized in situ in the presence of LNFs, and the obtained hybrid AuNPs@LNFs were incorporated into gelatin-hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels for myocardial regeneration applications. The resulting nanocomposite hydrogels showed improved rheological properties, mechanical resilience, antioxidant activity, and electrical conductivity, especially for the hydrogels containing AuNPs@LNFs. The swelling and bioresorbability ratios of these hydrogels are favorably adjusted at lower pH levels, which correspond to the ones in inflamed tissues. These improvements were observed while maintaining important properties, namely, injectability, biocompatibility, and the ability to release a model drug. Additionally, the presence of AuNPs allowed the hydrogels to be monitorable through computer tomography. This work demonstrates that LNFs and AuNPs@LNFs are excellent functional nanostructures to formulate injectable biopolymeric nanocomposite hydrogels for myocardial regeneration applications.

Soft, strong, tough, and durable bio-hydrogels via maximizing elastic entropy.

Load-bearing soft tissues are soft but strong, strong yet tough. These properties can only be replicated in synthetic hydrogels, which do not have the biocomplexity required by many biomedical applications. By contrast, natural hydrogels, although retaining the native complexity, are weak and fragile. Here we present a thermomechanical casting method to achieve the mechanical capabilities of synthetic materials in biopolymer hydrogels. The thermomechanical cast and chemically crosslinked biopolymer chains form a short-range disordered but long-range ordered structure in water. Upon stretch, the disordered structure transforms to a hierarchically ordered structure. This disorder-order transformation resembles the synergy of the disordered elastin and ordered collagen in load-bearing soft tissues. As entropy drives a reverse order-disorder transformation, the hydrogels can resist repeated cycles of loads without deterioration in mechanical properties. Gelatin hydrogels produced by this method combine tissue-like tunable mechanical properties that outperform the gelatin prepared by synthetic approaches, and in vivo biocomplexity beyond current natural systems. Unlike polymer engineering approaches, which rely on specific crosslinks provided by special polymers, this strategy utilizes the entropy of swollen chains and is generalizable to many other biopolymers. It could thus significantly accelerate translational success of biomaterials.

In-vitro and in-vivo wound healing studies of Ag@TiO2NRs/GG hydrogel film for skin tissue regeneration

One million cases of skin wounds, either closed or open wounds, necessitate wound treatments to improve the quality of life. In this study, gellan gum biopolymer (Ag@TiO2NRs/GG) hydrogel film with Ag loaded TiO2 nanorods was fabricated for wound healing dressing. The wound healing performance of Ag@TiO2WR/GG hydrogel was tested in vitro and in vivo to investigate its ability to regenerate skin tissue. FTIR, XRD, and SEM were used to examine the physical and chemical properties of prepared Ag@TiO2NRs/GG hydrogel film, as well as pure Ag and Ag@TiO2NRs. The FTIR spectra revealed the functional groups of Ag, TiO2NRs, GG, and their interactions. The hydrogel film was in an amorphous form, according to XRD analysis, due to the helical structure of GG and the presence of Ag and TiO2NRs in distinct phases. The SEM image shows agglomeration of Ag particles and elongated TiO2 nanorods, indicating that Ag@TiO2NRs were successfully incorporated onto GG hydrogel film. Human skin fibroblast cells (CRL2522) were used to study the in vitro wound healing of Ag@TiO2NRs/GG hydrogel film for cell viability and proliferation. After 72 h, ∼98,022 cells well−1 were counted, indicating that the Ag@TiO2NRs/GG was biocompatible and non-toxic. In vivo wound healing on Sprague Dawley rats revealed 100% wound healing after 14 days of treatment with Ag@TiO2NRs/GG hydrogel film. On a treated skin wound, ultrasound images revealed a thicker epidermis, clear dermis, and subcutis layer, indicating a positive correlation between wound healing and skin tissue regeneration.

Towards Controlling the Local Bone Tissue Remodeling-Multifunctional Injectable Composites for Osteoporosis Treatment.

Alendronate (ALN) is the most commonly prescribed oral nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate for osteoporosis therapy. However, its administration is associated with serious side effects. Therefore, the drug delivery systems (DDS) enabling local administration and localized action of that drug are still of great importance. Herein, a novel multifunctional DDS system based on the hydroxyapatite-decorated mesoporous silica particles (MSP-NH2-HAp-ALN) embedded into collagen/chitosan/chondroitin sulfate hydrogel for simultaneous osteoporosis treatment and bone regeneration is proposed. In such a system, the hydrogel serves as a carrier for the controlled delivery of ALN at the site of implantation, thus limiting potential adverse effects. The involvement of MSP-NH2-HAp-ALN in the crosslinking process was established, as well as the ability of hybrids to be used as injectable systems. We have shown that the attachment of MSP-NH2-HAp-ALN to the polymeric matrix provides a prolonged ALN release (up to 20 days) and minimizes the initial burst effect. It was revealed that obtained composites are effective osteoconductive materials capable of supporting the osteoblast-like cell (MG-63) functions and inhibiting osteoclast-like cell (J7741.A) proliferation in vitro. The purposely selected biomimetic composition of these materials (biopolymer hydrogel enriched with the mineral phase) allows their biointegration (in vitro study in the simulated body fluid) and delivers the desired physicochemical features (mechanical, wettability, swellability). Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of the composites in in vitro experiments was also demonstrated.

Highly efficient bacteria-infected diabetic wound healing employing a melanin-reinforced biopolymer hydrogel

Owing to hyperglycemia-related metabolic abnormalities that cause oxidative stress, recurrent infections, and vascular lesions, the therapeutic management of diabetic wounds is still unsatisfactory. Herein, we present a hydrogel (GCM) wound dressing loaded with melanin nanoparticles in a polysaccharide matrix (biguanide chitosan and oxidized β-glucan) for efficient healing of bacterially infected diabetic wounds. By a simple local injection, a protective GCM hydrogel barrier is established over the wound to rapidly stop bleeding and neutralize inflammatory cytokines. Subsequently, the GCM hydrogel achieves an accelerated transfer from the inflammatory process to the healing phase of the wound because of its excellent photothermal antimicrobial and reactive oxygen species scavenging properties. Additionally, GCM hydrogel has a three-dimensional network structure that dramatically enhances cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis by creating favorable ecological conditions for cell survival. Notably, our GCM hydrogel can help treat a variety of bacteria-infected diabetic wounds like skin and oral ulcer wounds. Collectively, this work provides a new option for diabetic wound treatment.

A mechanistically motivated constitutive model of biopolymer hydrogels with structural evolution

Understanding the deformation behavior of biopolymer hydrogels would aid in the design of artificial hydrogels and nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems, which have been extensively used in the fields of biomedicine. Here, we develop a mechanistically motivated constitutive model to elucidate the structural evolution of biopolymer hydrogels. A free energy function includingconfigurational entropy of biopolymer nanofibers, potential energy of physical crosslinks, and mixing energy of water molecules is formulated. Both the micro/nanostructures and dynamic features of nanofibrous network under stretching are captured investigating the evolution of physical crosslinks and water hydration. In addition, a quantitative relationship correlating the pore size in the nanofibrous network with mechanical stretching is proposed. Different from chemically crosslinked hydrogels, the pore size of physically crosslinked hydrogels could continuously increase under stretching, which is attributed to the straightening and bundling of biopolymer nanofibers. We further find that a low strain rate or a high swelling ratio promotes the structural evolution of biopolymer hydrogels and increases the pore size of the network. The model predictions are in good agreement with the experimental results. This work could shed light on the deformation mechanisms of physically crosslinked biopolymer hydrogels, thus providing guidelines for the design of drug delivery systems translocating within biopolymer hydrogels.

Hydrogels and Nanoscaffolds for Long-Term Intraparenchymal Therapeutic Delivery After Stroke.

Stroke remains a leading cause of adult disability with treatments limited to thrombolytic therapies that are severely limited by a narrow therapeutic window. The potential of hundreds of other therapeutic agents cannot be evaluated due to their poor ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Recently, biopolymer hydrogels have shown promise at overcoming these obstacles via the delivering of therapeutic molecules (pharmacological, mRNA, stem cells, etc.) to injured nervous tissue to afford functional recovery in rodent models of stroke. To date, we have tested different biopolymer hydrogels in mouse models of stroke for their ability to promote post-stroke recovery and for in situ delivery of growth factors, small pharmacological compounds, siRNAs, and stem cells. Here, we describe practical instructions on how to prepare various biopolymer hydrogels in house with further guidance on how to use them for intracerebral administration of therapeutic agents in preclinical stroke models.

Significance of biopolymer-based hydrogels and their applications in agriculture: a review in perspective of synthesis and their degree of swelling for water holding.

Hydrogels are three-dimensional polymer networks that are hydrophilic and capable of retaining a large amount of water. Hydrogels also can act as vehicles for the controlled delivery of active compounds. Bio-polymers are polymers that are derived from natural sources. Hydrogels prepared from biopolymers are considered non-toxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, and cost-effective. Therefore, bio-polymeric hydrogels are being extensively synthesized and used all over the world. Hydrogels based on biopolymers finds important applications in the agricultural field where they are used as soil conditioning agents as they can increase the water retention ability of soil and can act as a carrier of nutrients and other agrochemicals. Hydrogels are also used for the controlled delivery of fertilizer to plants. In this review, bio-polymeric hydrogels based on starch, chitosan, guar gum, gelatin, lignin, and alginate polymer have been discussed in terms of their synthesis method, swelling behavior, and possible agricultural application. The urgency to address water scarcity and the need for sustainable water management in agriculture necessitate the exploration and implementation of innovative solutions. By understanding the synthesis techniques and factors influencing the swelling behavior of these hydrogels, we can unlock their full potential in fostering sustainable agriculture and mitigating the challenges posed by an ever-changing environment.

Biopolymeric hydrogel electrolytes obtained by using natural polysaccharide–poly(itaconic acid-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) in deep eutectic solvents for rechargeable Zn–air batteries

We present an affordable biohydrogel that can be used in zinc-air batteries. It's made of eco-friendly materials such as polysaccharides and poly(itaconic acid) and has excellent conductivity properties thanks to the use of deep eutectic solvents.

Hydrogels based on gelatin, xanthan gum, and cellulose obtained by reactive extrusion and thermopressing processes

Polysaccharides and proteins are compatible macromolecules that can be used to obtain biopolymeric hydrogels through physical interactions. In this study, an environmentally friendly strategy is being proposed to produce gelatin-xanthan gum- cellulose hydrogels, without the addition of chemical synthetic crosslinkers. Xanthan gum was employed as an alternative crosslinking agent, and cellulose was used as a potential reinforcing agent in the polymeric matrix. Firstly, the biopolymers were mixed by the extrusion process, and glycerol was used as a plasticizer. Then, the polymeric mixture was molded by thermopressing to obtain hydrogels as laminated films. All hydrogels formulations resulted in films with smooth surfaces, without pores or cracks, resulting in amorphous polymeric matrices. The obtained hydrogels had a pH-dependent degree of swelling, the highest swelling values were obtained at pH 4 (5.3–7.9 g/g) after 24 h of immersion. Cellulose acted as a reinforcing agent for hydrogels, increasing thermal stability, tensile strength, and Young’s modulus of films when employed at the higher level (7%). The strategy employed in this study to obtain nontoxic hydrogels without synthetic crosslinkers was effective, resulting in materials with promising properties to be used as pharmaceutical forms to deliver active compounds in cosmetic or pharmaceutical products.

In Situ Stimulation of Self-Assembly Tunes the Elastic Properties of Interpenetrated Biosurfactant-Biopolymer Hydrogels.

Hydrogels are widespread soft materials, which can be used in a wide range of applications. The control over the viscoelastic properties of the gel is of paramount importance. Ongoing environmental issues have raised the consumer's concern toward the use of more sustainable materials, including hydrogels. However, are greener materials compatible with high functionality? In a safe-by-design approach, this work demonstrates that functional hydrogels with in situ responsivity of their elastic properties by external stimuli can be developed from entirely "sustainable" components, a biobased amphiphile and biopolymers (gelatin, chitosan, and alginate). The bioamphiphile is a stimuli-responsive glycolipid obtained by microbial fermentation, which can self-assemble into fibers, but also micelles or vesicles, in water under high dilution and by a rapid variation of the stimuli. The elastic properties of the bioamphiphile-/biopolymer-interpenetrated hydrogels can be modulated by selectively triggering the phase transition of the glycolipid and/or the biopolymer inside the gel by mean of temperature or pH.

Robust and Reliable Fabrication of Gelatin Films Containing Micropatterned Opal Structures via Evaporative Deposition and Thermal Gelation.

Biopolymeric hydrogel materials containing tunable optical properties such as micropatterned artificial opal structures hold significant potential in various applications. Despite recent advances in fabrication techniques, simple, reliable, and tunable production of stimuli-responsive micropatterned opal hydrogels under mild conditions remains challenging. We report a simple micromolding-based evaporative deposition-thermal gelation technique for gelatin films that capture uniform opal micropatterns, aided by a potent aminopolysaccharide chitosan (CS) that provides binding affinity and structural stability. Our results show reliable, tunable, and high-fidelity fabrication of gelatin hydrogel films containing CS-opal micropatterns, while the as-prepared films show responsiveness to pH, ionic strength, and water content indicating a robust nature. Uniform CS-opal microparticles can also be readily prepared via removal of the gelatin through various simple routes, illustrating the crucial roles of CS and gelatin. We envision that this robust, reliable, and simple evaporative deposition-thermal gelation technique can be readily extended to prepare responsive biopolymeric materials for various applications.

Comprehensive evaluation of antibiotic tetracycline and oxytetracycline removal by Fe-metal organic framework/biopolymer-clay hydrogel

Tetracycline (TC) and oxytetracycline (OTC) are antibiotic compounds increasingly detected in various water sources. In this study, Fe-metal organic framework incorporated biopolymer-clay hydrogels (CAMIL-MMT and CAMIL-SEP) were prepared to remove TC and OTC from water. The physicochemical properties of the as-prepared hydrogels were thoroughly characterized, and the effect of various operating parameters on the adsorption performance was systematically examined. The CAMIL-MMT hydrogel showed the maximum adsorption capacity for TC and OTC (24.59 and 26.14 mg/g, respectively) compared to the CAMIL-SEP and other forms of biopolymer hydrogel precursors. The effects of the contact time and initial concentration on TC and OTC adsorption by CAMIL-MMT and CAMIL-SEP hydrogels were well suited to the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Freundlich isotherm models. The adsorption performance of CAMIL-MMT and CAMIL-SEP hydrogels slightly decreased with an increase in solution pH, while it was not much influenced by the co-existing anions. The thermodynamic study indicated that the reactions for the uptake of TC and OTC were spontaneous and highly favorable. Moreover, the as-synthesized CAMIL-MMT and CAMIL-SEP hydrogels demonstrated strong potential for reuse in TC and OTC removal with high reusability and strong stability. The photocatalysis study revealed that residual TC and OTC after adsorption could be further degraded by CAMIL-MMT and CAMIL-SEP hydrogels under visible light irradiation. From the above-mentioned results, the as-synthesized CAMIL-MMT and CAMIL-SEP hydrogels are promising to be considered alternative materials for the adsorptive and photocatalytic removal of TC and OTC in practical application of water and wastewater treatment.

Strong Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogel Adhesives with Removability and Reusability for Damaged Tissue Closure and Healing.

Bioadhesives are widely used in a variety of medical settings due to their ease of use and efficient wound closure and repair. However, achieving both strong adhesion and removability/reusability is highly needed but challenging. Here, we reported an injectable mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticle (MBGN)-incorporated biopolymer hydrogel bioadhesive that demonstrates a strong adhesion strength (up to 107.55 kPa) at physiological temperatures that is also removable and reusable. The incorporation of MBGNs in the biopolymer hydrogel significantly enhances the tissue adhesive strength due to an increased cohesive and adhesive property compared to the hydrogel adhesive alone. The detachment of bioadhesive results from temperature-induced weakening of interfacial adhesive strength. Moreover, the bioadhesive displays injectability, self-healing, and excellent biocompatibility. We demonstrate potential applications of the bioadhesive in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo for hemostasis and intestinal leakage closure and accelerated skin wound healing compared to surgical wound closures. This work provides a novel design of strong and removable bioadhesives.

Binding mechanism of strontium to biopolymer hydrogel composite materials

Strontium-90 is a radionuclide of concern that is mobile in soil and groundwater and is a threat to life. Activated hydrogel biopolymer composites were fabricated for strontium remediation from groundwater. Batch uptake demonstrated a maximal stontium uptake capacity of 109 mg g−1, much higher than unactivated hydrogel controls. Activation also more than doubled the decontamination factor at environmentally relevant concentrations. EXAFS was used to investigate the binding mechanism, revealing inner sphere complexation of strontium for the first time. Biopolymer composities synthesized for these studies are sustainable and cheap remediation materials that exhibit good strontium uptake and inner sphere binding.

Antibacterial activity of natural polymer gels and potential applications without synthetic antibiotics

AbstractAntibiotics' use has increased, resulting in disadvantages like patients' drug resistance. Consequently, urgent action is required to develop a new generation of antibacterial agents. Most antibacterial platforms still require a modification with further antibacterial agents (e.g., antibiotics) for adequate antibacterial efficiency. Thus, a nonantibiotic methodology is immediately needed. Furthermore, bactericidal agents used for this purpose are usually based on metal nanoparticles, carbon materials, and polymers. Still, chemicals, antibiotics, and biocides lead to environmental damage. Therefore, the help of biocompatible yet durable materials and polymers is highly appreciated. In addition, if a polymer is not biodegradable, it will remain in the environment for more than one hundred years due to its low degradation rate. Moreover, non‐biodegradable polymers are harmful to in vivo applications. Hence, the use of biodegradable and non‐toxic materials has received many considerations. Over the last few years, the design and synthesis of new polymer gels have gained increasing attention. A polymer gel, also known as a hydrogel, is a three‐dimensional and cross‐linked network filled with water or other liquid solvents. Besides, the hydrogels supercritical drying method results in aerogels, and the freeze‐drying method generates cryogels, where their porous and sponge‐like structures are preserved. Additionally, antibacterial polymer gels are a new generation of polymers considered attractive due to their unique properties. The most recent studies and the latest innovations in polymer gels and hybrid polymers with intrinsic antibacterial properties were discussed in the present review. The reviewed studies from 2015 to April 2022 showed a tremendous revival in research about biopolymer hydrogel, aerogel, and cryogel as antibacterial agents.

Development of a Polymeric Membrane Impregnated with Poly-Lactic Acid (PLA) Nanoparticles Loaded with Red Propolis (RP).

The main objectives of this study were to develop and characterize hydrophilic polymeric membranes impregnated with poly-lactic acid (PLA) nanoparticles (NPs) combined with red propolis (RP). Ultrasonic-assisted extraction was used to obtain 30% (w/v) red propolis hydroalcoholic extract (RPE). The NPs (75,000 g mol−1) alone and incorporated with RP (NPRP) were obtained using the solvent emulsification and diffusion technique. Biopolymeric hydrogel membranes (MNPRP) were obtained using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and NPRP. Their characterization was performed using thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), total phenols (TPC) and flavonoids contents (TFC), and antioxidant activity through the radical scavenging assay with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The identification and quantification of significant RP markers were performed through UPLC-DAD. The NPs were evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. The TPC for RPE, NPRP, and MNPRP was 240.3 ± 3.4, 191.7 ± 0.3, and 183.4 ± 2.1 mg EGA g−1, while for TFC, the value was 37.8 ± 0.9, 35 ± 3.9, and 26.8 ± 1.9 mg EQ g−1, respectively. Relevant antioxidant activity was also observed by FRAP, with 1400.2 (RPE), 1294.2 (NPRP), and 696.2 µmol Fe2+ g−1 (MNPRP). The primary markers of RP were liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, and formononetin. The particle sizes were 194.1 (NPs) and 361.2 nm (NPRP), with an encapsulation efficiency of 85.4%. Thermal analysis revealed high thermal stability for the PLA, nanoparticles, and membranes. The DSC revealed no interaction between the components. FTIR allowed for characterizing the RPE encapsulation in NPRP and CMC for the MNPRP. The membrane loaded with NPRP, fully characterized, has antioxidant capacity and may have application in the treatment of skin wounds.

A self-healing, magnetic and injectable biopolymer hydrogel generated by dual cross-linking for drug delivery and bone repair

Injectable hydrogels based on various functional biocompatible materials have made rapid progress in the field of bone repair. In this study, a self-healing and injectable polysaccharide-based hydrogel was prepared for bone tissue engineering. The hydrogel was made of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and calcium pre-cross-linked oxidized gellan gum (OGG) cross-linked by the Schiff-base reaction. Meanwhile, magnetic hydroxyapatite/gelatin microspheres (MHGMs) were prepared by the emulsion cross-linking method. The antibacterial drugs, tetracycline hydrochloride (TH) and silver sulfadiazine (AgSD), were embedded into the MHGMs. To improve the mechanical and biological properties of the hydrogels, composite hydrogels were prepared by compounding hydroxyapatite (HAp) and drug-embedded MHGMs. The physical, chemical, mechanical and rheological properties of the composite hydrogels were characterized, as well as in vitro antibacterial tests and biocompatibility assays, respectively. Our results showed that the composite hydrogel with 6% (w/v) HAp and 10 mg/mL MHGMs exhibited good magnetic responsiveness, self-healing and injectability. Compared with the pure hydrogel, the composite hydrogel showed a 38.8% reduction in gelation time (196 to 120 s), a 65.6% decrease in swelling rate (39.4 to 13.6), a 51.9% increase in mass residual after degradation (79.5 to 120.8%), and a 143.7% increase in maximum compressive stress (53.6 to 130.6 KPa). In addition, this composite hydrogel showed good drug retardation properties and antibacterial effects against both S. aureus and E. coli. CCK-8 assay showed that composite hydrogel maintained high cell viability (> 87%) and rapid cell proliferation after 3 days, indicating that this smart hydrogel is expected to be an alternative scaffold for drug delivery and bone regeneration. Statement of significanceBiopolymer hydrogels have been considered as the promising materials for the treatment of tissue engineering and drug delivery. Injectable hydrogels with and self-healing properties and responsiveness to external stimuli have been extensively investigated as cell scaffolds and bone defects, due to their diversity and prolonged lifetime. Magnetism has also been involved in biomedical applications and played significant roles in targeted drug delivery and anti-cancer therapy. We speculate that development of dual cross-linked hydrogels basing biopolymers with multi-functionalities, such as injectable, self-healing, magnetic and anti-bacterial properties, would greatly broaden the application for bone tissue regeneration and drug delivery.

Application of Nano-Inspired Scaffolds-Based Biopolymer Hydrogel for Bone and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration.

This review’s objectives are to provide an overview of the various kinds of biopolymer hydrogels that are currently used for bone tissue and periodontal tissue regeneration, to list the advantages and disadvantages of using them, to assess how well they might be used for nanoscale fabrication and biofunctionalization, and to describe their production processes and processes for functionalization with active biomolecules. They are applied in conjunction with other materials (such as microparticles (MPs) and nanoparticles (NPs)) and other novel techniques to replicate physiological bone generation more faithfully. Enhancing the biocompatibility of hydrogels created from blends of natural and synthetic biopolymers can result in the creation of the best scaffold match to the extracellular matrix (ECM) for bone and periodontal tissue regeneration. Additionally, adding various nanoparticles can increase the scaffold hydrogel stability and provide a number of biological effects. In this review, the research study of polysaccharide hydrogel as a scaffold will be critical in creating valuable materials for effective bone tissue regeneration, with a future impact predicted in repairing bone defects.