Bioplastic Composites Research Articles

A facile nanoarchitectonics of electrochromic devices with poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and bioplastic composite

Recently, electrochromic devices (ECDs) have been exploited extensively for various applications, including energy-saving and display. However, it is still critical to develop lightweight, low-power, inexpensive, and eco-friendly ECDs. In this study, a novel ECD based on poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)(PEDOT)/2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxy-oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TEMPO-CNF)/epoxy composites was developed through a simple solution-casting polymerization (SCP). The PEDOT layer coated on TEMPO-CNF/epoxy substrates (PEDOT/TEMPO-CNF/epoxy) functions as a conductive electrode that is simultaneously capable of undergoing reversible color change. The optimized PEDOT layer showed a high electrical conductivity of 1276.5 S/cm and a large transmittancecontrast(ΔT) = 32.3 %. Novel bioplastic-based ECD with PEDOT/TEMPO-CNF/epoxy composites was constructed in this study by leveraging the advantages of the simple SCP process, high electrical conductivity, and large color contrast of the PEDOT layers. The fabricated ECD exhibited a reversible color transition from light blue (semi-transparent state) and dark blue (colored state) depending on the redox potential and showed a high coloration efficiency (CE) value of 223.3 cm2/C. This suggests that our approach could enhance our ability to create bioplastic-based ECDs with various conductive and electrochromic materials.

Application of a Two-Level Full Factorial Design for the Synthesis of Composite Bioplastics from Durian Seed Flour and Yellow Konjac Flour Incorporating Ethanolic Extract of Syzygium myrtifolium Leaves and its Characterization

Increasing environmental problems related to synthetic plastics for food packaging encourage the creation of more environmentally friendly plastics from Indonesia’s local natural resources, such as durian seed, yellow konjac, and Syzygium myrtifolium leaves, which are abundant in nature. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of the durian seed flour (DSF) mass, yellow konjac flour (YKF) mass, and the concentration of ethanolic extract of S. myrtifolium leaves (5-25%) on the tensile strength, elongation, and inhibition zone area of composite bioplastics. The two-level full factorial design was conducted for this experiment with 3 independent factors: DSF mass (0.5-1 g), YKF mass (0.5-1 g), and the concentration of ethanolic extract of S. myrtifolium leaves (5-25% b/v), and 3 responses were observed: tensile strength, elongation, and inhibition zone area. The physicomechanical characteristics were then used to further describe the best combination. The results showed that the DSF mass had only affected tensile strength, whereas the YKF mass had affected tensile strength and elongation of composite bioplastics. Meanwhile, the concentration of ethanolic extract of S. myrtifolium leaves only affects the inhibition zone area. The best combination was found in the DSF mass of 0.5 g, YKF mass of 1 g, and the concentration of ethanolic extract of S. myrtifolium leaves of 25%, with the tensile strength of 3.30 MPa, elongation of 50.00%, and inhibition zone area of 15.33 mm. Moreover, these combinations also had a thickness of 0.115 mm, modulus young of 0.066 MPa, density of 1.37 g.cm-3, moisture content of 17.14%, and water solubility of 76.91%.

Solid-state fluorescence based on nitrogen and calcium co-doped carbon quantum dots @ bioplastic composites for applications in optical displays and light-emitting diodes

Biocompatibility, low toxicity, ease of functionalization, ecologically sustainable synthesis, and a diverse variety of applications have all contributed to the current popularity of fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs), a relatively new rising star among zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials. However, expensive precursors and production, as well as a time-consuming procedure, frequently restrict the economic design that must be addressed. In this work, we report an economical, sustainable and green synthesis of fluorescent CQDs co-doped with N and Ca from mustard (Brassica) flower extract without the need of additional doping element precursors. The quasi-circular or polygonal shaped CQDs were revealed to be yellow-greenish fluorescent in nature with outstanding photo-stability and excellent water solubility, with an average diameter of 4.38 nm and a relative quantum yield of about 15%. The compositional analysis, crystallinity, and functional groups contained in as-synthesized N,Ca-co-doped CQDs were determined by XPS, XRD, and FTIR analysis, respectively. The presence of dominant sp3 hybridized carbons over sp2 was confirmed by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The plausible fluorescence mechanisms are also proposed. Additionally, a biodegradable bioplastic derived from corn starch was used to develop an N, Ca-co-doped CQDs@bioplastic composite in order to demonstrate how it may be used to produce down-conversion light emitting diodes and optical displays. The impact of CQD concentrations and pH sensitivity were investigated further.

Effect of Addition Elephant Grass Cellulose and CaCO3 Oyster Shell Waste as Bioplastic Composites

The effect of adding cellulose and CaCO3 as a bioplastic filler was studied. The source of cellulose is obtained from elephant grass plants, while CaCO3 is obtained from oyster shell waste. The primary raw material for bioplastics is tapioca starch with glycerol as a plasticizer using the solution casting method. The resulting bioplastics are thin and transparent but not very elastic, with a thickness is 1 mm. The mechanical properties test of bioplastics obtained tensile strength between 1-3 MPa and elongation between 1-4.4%. Physical properties test results obtained density between 0.313-0.33 g/mL and water absorption between 31.94-81.16%. The morphological test showed that the bioplastic surface was getting more uneven with more CaCO3 filler. The use of cellulose fillers without the combination obtained better results than cellulose and CaCO3 fillers.

Incorporation of Urea Fertilizer and Activated Carbon in Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Bioplastics

The high mobility of urea as a nitrogen nutrient in the soil leads to inefficient absorption by plants. Hence efforts to design a slow-release fertilizer (SRF) are significant. This paper reports the incorporation of urea fertilizer with carbon or zeolite in a bioplastic made of carboxymethyl cellulose as the matrix. The bioplastics were made by mixing the zeolite or activated carbon suspensions into a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) gel. Glycerol was then added as a plasticizer. Six variations of bioplastics were prepared, namely CMC-urea 0.5 and 1.0, CMC-urea-zeolite, CMC-urea-zeolite-glycerol, CMC-urea-activated carbon, and CMC-urea-activated carbon-glycerol. The weight ratio of CMC and urea fertilizer was kept constant at 2:1 since the resulted bioplastics showed higher texture transparency and homogeneity than those of bioplastics with a weight ratio of CMC to urea 1:1. The addition of zeolite increased the tensile strength of the bioplastics by about two times. While, the glycerol addition improved the elongation at break. The release of urea from the bioplastics was slower for bioplastics with zeolite than with activated carbon. The composite bioplastics may serve as a slow-release urea for agriculture.

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Campuran Maizena dan Glukomanan dengan Lama Pengeringan terhadap Karakteristik Komposit Bioplastik

This study aims to determine the effect of the concentration of a mixture of cornstarch and glucomannan with drying time and the interaction of the two on the characteristics of bioplastics and to determine the concentration of the mixture of cornstarch and glucomannan with the best drying time. This study used a factorial randomized experimental group design. The first factor is the concentration of the cornstarch-glucomannan mixture from 4 levels, namely 4%, 5%, 6%, and 7% (w/w). The second factor is the stirring time which consists of 4 levels, namely 5,6,7, and 8 hours. The results showed that the concentration of the cornstarch-glucomannan mixture with drying time had a very significant effect on tensile strength, elongation at break and thickness development/swelling, but had no significant effect on biodegradation. The interaction between treatments had a significant effect on the tensile strength and the rate of water vapor transmission. concentration of cornstarch-glucomannan mixture of 6% and drying time of 6 hours produced the best characteristics of bioplastic composites with a tensile strength value of 22.82 MPa, elongation at break of 11.01%, elasticity value of 353.50 MPa, swelling of 87.98%, the value of the water vapor transmission rate of 1.42 g/m2.hour and the biodegradation time of 7 days. The results of functional group analysis showed that the cornstarch glucomannan bioplastic composite contained hydroxyl (OH), carbonyl (C=O), carboxyl (CO) and -(CHhydrocarbon groups2)n

Toward millimeter thick cellulose nanofiber/epoxy laminates with good transparency and high flexural strength

While cellulose nanofiber-based bioplastics are of great interest for replacing synthetic polymer and glass materials, the main limitation is their low thickness, which makes them difficult for various applications. In this study, we fabricated millimeter-scale thick bioplastic composites, based on 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxy-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TEMPO-CNF) and epoxy resin, via sequential lamination processes. The glycerol as softener was added to TEMPO-CNF dispersion to prepare a thick TEMPO-CNF layer without shrinkage. It was discovered that the total thickness of TEMPO-CNF/epoxy laminates can be easily controlled by changing the thickness and number of TEMPO-CNF layers and the total thickness can also be easily increased up to 2.4 mm. Furthermore, these TEMPO-CNF/epoxy laminates have high flexural strength (272 MPa) as well as good transmittance (85% % at 600 nm). We anticipate that our approach will significantly broaden the strategies for fabricating nanocellulose-based bioplastics for use as a replacement for transparent synthetic polymers and glass materials.

Effects of Additional Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) on the Physiochemical Properties of Chitosan-Glutaraldehyde-Gelatine Bioplastic

This study investigated the effects of additional PVA on the physicochemical properties of the chitosan-glutaraldehyde/gelatin bioplastic composite. The best results of the bioplastic film were obtained at a concentration of 3% PVA, with a tensile strength value of 3.3 MPa, flexibility reached 54%, a thickness value of 0.24 mm, percentage of inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus was 21.8% and 8.8% respectively. The FTIR spectrum results showed no change in the wavenumber of the chitosan and gelatin chitosan spectrum with OH, CO, and NH functional groups. The spectrum indicates that only physical interactions occurred. The bioplastics are similar in thermal stability and have slight differences in bioplastic morphological contours. The average thickness of the bioplastics is between 0.20–0.26 mm. Based on the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS), all bioplastics meet the standard thickness, which is < 0.25 mm, excluding chitosan, which has a thickness of 0.26 mm. The addition of PVA into the bioplastics structure increased the hydrophobicity, pH resistance, and flexibility of bioplastics. Meanwhile, additional PVA decreased biodegradability, only degraded by 60% at eight weeks. Based on these data, not all bioplastics can meet the degradation time criteria set by the international bioplastic standard ASTM D-6002, that bioplastics must be 100% degraded within eight weeks. Bioplastics made from chitosan and chitosan-gelatin have been degraded by 90% for 48 weeks. Based on the antibacterial properties, the inclusion of PVA into the bioplastic structure enhances the antibacterial properties.

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Asam Stearat dan Suhu Gelatinisasi terhadap Karakteristik Komposit Bioplastik Tapioka dan Glukomanan

This study aims to determine the effect of stearic acid concentration and gelatinization temperature and the interaction of the two treatments on the characteristics of tapioca and glucomannan bioplastic composites, and determine the concentration of stearic acid and gelatinization temperature which can produce bioplastic composites with the best characteristics. This study used a randomized block design with two factors. The first factor is the concentration of stearic acid which consists of 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%. The second factor is the gelatinization temperature which consists of 4 temperatures, namely 70±1°C, 75±1°C, 80±1°C, 85±1°C. The variables observed in this study were tensile strength, elongation at break, elasticity, thickness expansion, water vapor transmission rate, biodegradation and functional group analysis. The data were analyzed for diversity and continued with Duncan's Multiple Comparison. The results showed that the concentration of stearic acid and gelatinization temperature had a very significant effect on tensile strength, thickness expansion, water vapor transmission rate and biodegradation. The interaction between treatments had a very significant effect on tensile strength, thickness expansion, water vapor transmission rate and biodegradation and significantly affected elongation at break and elasticity. The best tapioca and glucomannan bioplastic composites used a stearic acid concentration of 0.4% and a gelatinization temperature of 80±1°C which had the characteristics of a tensile strength of 23.86 MPa, elongation at break 8.70%, elasticity 274.40 MPa, thickness expansion 111.52%, water vapour transmission rate 1.05 g/m2.hour, biodegradation rate with 7 days old. Tapioca and glucomannan bioplastic composites contain functional groups of hydroxyl (O-H), alkyne (C?H), aldehyde (C=O), carboxylic acid (C-O), alkene (C-H) and hydroxyl hydrocarbon (CH2)n.
 Keywords : bioplastic composite, tapioca, glucomannan, stearic acid, gelatinization temperature

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Bahan Penguat terhadap Karakteristik Komposit Bioplastik Pati Talas (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) dan Kitosan

Taro starch is a carbohydrate contained in plants, especially chlorophyll plants. Naturally, starch contains amylose and amylopectin. Amylose gives a hard nature and gives a dark blue color on the iodine test, while amylopectin causes a sticky nature and does not cause a reaction. Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide consisting of the monomers N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and D-glucosamine (GlcN). Chitosan has the general formula (C6H9NO3)n or is referred to as poly(ß(1,4)-2-amino-2-Deoxy-D-glucopyranose). This study aims to determine the effect of the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol and polycaprolactone on the characteristics of the taro starch and chitosan bioplastic composites which produce the best bioplastic composites. This study used a randomized block design (RAK) with 6 treatments consisting of 3 levels of polyvinyl alcohol concentration and 3 levels of polycaprolactone concentration of 0%, 5% and 10% with taro starch and chitosan as raw materials 60:40. Each treatment was grouped into 3 based on the time of the bioplastic manufacturing process, so there were 18 experimental units. The variables observed were tensile strength, elongation at break, elasticity (Young's modulus), WVTR, swelling and biodegradation. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with the Honest Significant Difference test if there was a significant effect. The results showed that the concentration of reinforcing material had a very significant effect on the characteristics of tensile strength, elongation at break, elasticity (Young's modulus), WVTR, swelling and biodegradation of taro starch and chitosan bioplastic composites. The best characteristic of taro starch and chitosan bioplastic composites was the concentration treatment of 10% polyvinyl alcohol with the greatest tensile strength 13.85 MPa, elongation at break 8.46%, elasticity 2.83 MPa, swelling 66.81%, WVTR 1, 85 g/m2day and biodegradation time for 7 days.
 Keywords: bioplastic composites, concentration, taro-chitosan starch, polyvinyl alcohol and polycaprolactone

Karakteristik Komposit Bioplastik pada Perlakuan Rasio Campuran Karagenan-Glukomanan dan Suhu Gelatinisasi

This study aims to determine the effect of the carrageenan-glucomannan mixture ratio and gelatinization temperature and their interaction on the characteristics of the carrageenan-glucomannan bioplastic composite and also to determine the carrageenan-glucomannan bioplastic composite on the ratio and gelatinization temperature that produces the best characteristics. This study used a factorial randomized experimental group design. The first factor is the ratio of carrageenan-glucomannan which consists of 6 levels, namely 65:35, 70:30, 75:25, 80:20, 85:15, 60:10 (w/w). The second factor is the gelatinization temperature which consists of 3 levels, namely 70±1, 75±1, 80±1oC. The variables observed in this study were tensile strength, elongation at break, elasticity, thickness expansion, water vapor transmission rate, biodegradation. The resulting data were analyzed for diversity and continued with Duncan's Multiple Comparison test. The results showed that the ratio of the material has a very significant effect on tensile strength, elongation at break, elasticity, and water vapor transmission rate. Gelatinization temperature has a very significant effect on tensile strength, elongation at break, elasticity, thickness expansion, and has a significant effect on the rate of water vapor transmission. The best carrageenan-glucomannan bioplastic composite was obtained at the treatment of carrageenan:glucomannan ratio = 75:25 at a gelatinization temperature of 75±1°C, which only met the standard tensile strength and biodegradation. With a tensile strength of 17,237 MPa, elongation at break 35.2%, elasticity 52.7 MPa, thickness expansion 92.121%, water vapor transmission rate 0.742 g/m2.hour, and biodegradation 6 days
 Keywords: Bioplastic composite, carrageenan, glucomannan, material ratio, gelatinization temperature

Biopackaging Potential Alternatives: Bioplastic Composites of Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Vegetal Fibers.

Initiatives to reduce plastic waste are currently under development worldwide. As a part of it, the European Union and private and public organizations in several countries are designing and implementing regulations for single-use plastics. For example, by 2030, plastic packaging and food containers must be reusable or recyclable. In another approach, researchers are developing biopolymers using biodegradable thermoplastics, such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), to replace fossil derivatives. However, their production capacity, high production costs, and poor mechanical properties hinder the usability of these biopolymers. To overcome these limitations, biomaterials reinforced with natural fibers are acquiring more relevance as the world of bioplastics production is increasing. This review presents an overview of PHA–vegetal fiber composites, the effects of the fiber type, and the production method’s impact on the mechanical, thermal, barrier properties, and biodegradability, all relevant for biopackaging. To acknowledge the behaviors and trends of the biomaterials reinforcement field, we searched for granted patents focusing on bio-packaging applications and gained insight into current industry developments and contributions.

Manufacturing of Biocomposites for Domestic Applications Using Bio-Based Filler Materials

Filler materials are considered added value (volume) to composite materials. The addition of filler materials leads to altering the material characteristics. Nowadays, there has been a notable increase in bio-based materials in polymers and polymer composites. In this regard, agricultural wastes (low-cost renewable substrates) are used as filler content to prepare bioplastic composites, as they are available plenty in quantity and economical in price. Bioplastics composite samples are compounded by adding different amounts of eggshell powder and walnut shell powder in weight proportion to the plasticized PLA. The plasticization is realized with 5 wt.% of Epoxidized Soybean Oil. The prepared bioplastic granules are further processed by injection molding to dog bone-shaped samples subjected to different mechanical, thermal, and optical microscopy tests. Mechanical tests such as Tensile, Charpy Impact, and Flexural tests yielded decreased properties compared to virgin PLA. However, the properties of plasticized PLA–ES composite showed better results than plasticized PLA–WS composite.

Effect of Plasticizer and Concentration on Characteristics of Bioplastic Based on Cellulose Acetate from Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) Fiber

The synthetic plastics that made from petroleum material have been widely used in all industrial sectors. They cause some serious problems for the environment. There are semi-synthetic plastics or biodegradable plastics which are made from natural polymers such as cellulose to mitigate this problem. Biodegradable plastics can fulfill the needs of society because they can be decomposed easily into the environment. This research used laboratory experimental methods through several processes: kapok fiber isolation, cellulose acetate production and purification, and manufacture of bioplastics. The characteristics of bioplastics was analyzed using some parameters such as density, tensile strength, elongation, Young's modulus, water absorption, biodegradability, compound group analysis using Fouier-Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) and bioplastic morphology analysis by using Scanning electrone microscopy (SEM). This study aimed to determine the effect of the plasticizer type and concentration on the bioplastics characteristics that was divided into several different concentrations of glycerol and sorbitol plasticizers (20%, 30%, and 40%). The fabrication of composite bioplastics used the cellulose acetat from kapok fiber, starch, and types of plasticizer (glycerol, and sorbitol). The results of the study showed that the addition of different plasticizers, such as glycerol and sorbitol gave distinct effects on the bioplastics product characteristics. The optimum concentration of glycerol addition affected the bioplastic characteristics with the best results were 40% concentration generate density of 0.836 g/mL, tensile strength of 0.818 MPa, water absorption value of 22.23%, and degradation plastic mass about 39.7%. The addition of sorbitol also affected the bioplastic characteristics, where the best results were 40% concentration produced bioplastic density of 0.941 g/mL, percent elongation at 3.94%, young’s modulus of 0.726 MPa, and degradarion mass of 32.05%. The morphology of bioplastic showed the high homogeneity on concentrations of 40% glycerol and 30% sorbitol.

BIODEGRADABLE, MORPHOLOGY, AND THERMAL ANALYSIS ON THERMOPLASTIC SAGO (Metroxylon Sagu Rottb.) STARCH/POLYETHYLENE/POLYETHYLENE GRAFTED MALEATE ANHYDRATE

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of adding polyethylene to thermoplastic sago starch in the presence of a coupling agent (polyethylene grafting maleate anhydrate) on the degradation rate, morphology, thermal gravimetry, and differential thermal analysis. The compound of thermoplastic sago starch/polyethylene/polyethylene grafting Maleic Anhydrous was carried out using the mixing method in an internal mixer. Based on the results of the study, there was a shift in the wave number in the O-H, C-H, and CH2 groups in bioplastic composites. The surface morphology showed that the dispersed phase (Polyethylene) was evenly distributed over the entire surface of the matrix (sago starch). The gravimetric analysis of the thermal curves shows that the thermal degradation occurs in three stages: 2010C, 3500C, and 5000C. The addition of polyethylene can increase the thermal resistance from 3500C to 6000C. It can be seen that there are endothermic and exothermic peaks on the Thermal Differential Analysis curve. The addition of polyethylene resulted in a decrease in the rate of degradation in freshwater, seawater, and soil burial media.

Karakteristik Komposit Bioplastik Maizena dan Glukomanan pada Perlakuan Jenis dan Konsentrasi Bahan Pengisi

This study aims to know the effect of the type and concentration of filler on the characteristics of cornstarch and glucomannan bioplastic composites, and determine the type and concentration of fillers that can produce bioplastic composites that meet the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) and International Standard. This study used a randomized block design with two factors. Factor I is a type of filler consisting of ZnO, CaCO3, clay, nanocellulose. Factor II is the concentration of filler which consists of 4 levels, namely 0%; 5%; 10%; 15%. This experiment resulted in 16 treatment combinations and were grouped into 2 groups so that 32 experimental units were obtained. The data were analyzed for diversity and continued with the Tukey test using Minitab17 software. The results showed that the type and concentration of filler had a very significant effect on tensile strength, elongation, modulus young, swelling, biodegradation and had a significant effect on WVTR. The interaction has a very significant effect on tensile strength, modulus young, swelling, WVTR and has a significant effect on elongation and biodegradation. Cornstarch and glucomannan bioplastic composites that meet the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) and International Standard on tensile strength and biodegradation variables using nanocellulose fillers with concentrations of 10% and 15% which have tensile strength characteristics of 15,23 and 16,93 MPa, elongation at break of 11,47 and 10,76 %, modulus young of 132,81 and 158,61 MPa, swelling of 68,93 and 69,58 %, WVTR 1,18 and 1,24 g/m2.hr, biodegradation rate for a long time 7 days. Maizene and glucomannan bioplastic composites contain hydrocarbon functional groups -(CH2)n, carboxyl (C-O), alkene (C=C), alkyne (C?C), hydroxyl carboxylic acid (O-H), hydroxyl alcohol (O-H), carbonyl (C=O) and aromatic compounds (C-H).
 Keywords: bioplastic composite, cornstarch, glucomannan, ZnO, CaCO3, clay, nanocellulose

Preparation and characterization of citric acid crosslinked starch based bioplastic

To reduce dependence on fossil fuels and boost sustainability, bioplastics offer an exceptional replacement for petroleum-based environmentally harmful plastics. The present work describes the preparation and characterization of starch-based bioplastic composites reinforced with 10%, 30%, and 50% citric acid for crosslinking. Comprehensive morphological and topographical characterization of the developed bioplastics were conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in tapping mode to compare features of the developed bioplastics. Further, the water solubility of the synthesized bioplastics also decreased with increasing concentrations of citric acid.

Synthesis of starch-carrageenan bio-thermoplastic composites on the type and concentration of thermoplastic forming materials as packaging materials

Plastic waste is one of the primary environmental pollutants; in addition to being very large in number, it is also complicated to be degraded by microbes. One of the efforts to overcome plastic pollution is to develop biodegradable thermoplastic (bio-thermoplastic), namely plastic that is easy to form and melts at high temperatures and is easily degraded. This study aims to determine the effect of the type and concentration of thermoplastic forming materials (glycerol and castor oil) on bioplastic composites made from cassava starch with carrageenan. Another goal is to get the best characteristics of the treatment. This study used a randomized block design with 12 treatments derived from 2 types (glycerol and castor oil) and six concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6%) of thermoplastic forming materials. The treatments were grouped into two based on the time of the research. The data obtained were analyzed for diversity, and if it had a significant effect, it was continued with Duncan’s multiple comparison test. The observed variables included mechanical properties, swelling, WVTR, and biodegradation. The results showed that the type and concentration of the thermostatic forming material had a significant effect on tensile strength, elongation, elasticity, WVTR and had no effect on swelling and biodegradation. The bio-thermoplastic composite with the best characteristics was made from starch and carrageenan in a ratio of 25:75 using 1% glycerol with a tensile strength of 33.98 MPa and 1% castor oil with a tensile strength of 35.71 MPa.

Pengaruh Jenis dan Konsentrasi Pemlastis terhadap Karakteristik Komposit Bioplastik Pati Ubi Talas Belitung (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) - Kitosan

This study aims to determine the effect of the type and concentration of plasticizers and their interactions on the characteristics of the taro potato starch bio-plastic composite and to determine the type and concentration of the plasticizer that produces the best characteristic of the taro starch bio-plastic composite. This study used a factorial randomized block design. The first factor is the type of plasticizer which consists of 4 levels, namely glycerol, sorbitol, castor oil, and stearic acid. The second factor is the concentration of plasticizers with 4 levels, namely 0.5%; 1%; 1.5%; 2%. Each treatment was grouped into 2 based on the time of making bio-plastics, so there were 32 experimental units. The variables observed were tensile strength, elongation at break, elasticity, thickness expansion, water vapor transmission rate, and biodegradation. The data obtained were analyzed for diversity and continued with the Honest Significant Difference test. The results showed that the type and concentration of plasticizers and their interactions had a very significant effect on tensile strength, elasticity, thickness expansion and water vapor transmission rate. The type of plasticizer and the concentration of the plasticizer have a very significant effect, while the interaction has no significant effect on elongation at break. The type of plasticizer and the concentration of the plasticizer and their interactions have no significant effect on biodegradation. The best characteristics of bio-plastic composites occurred when using stearic acid plasticizer with a concentration of 0.5% with a tensile strength value of 23.00 MPa, elongation at break 2.22%, elasticity 1038.27 MPa, expansion 91.47%, water vapor transmission rate 1.38 g/m2.hour and 7 days of degradation. The bioplastics produced in this study have met the standards of SNI 7818:2014 on the variable tensile strength, elasticity and international standards ASTM 5336 on the variable length of degradation.
 Key words: taro tuber starch, chitosan, composites bio-plastic, type and concentration of plasticizer.

Karakteristik Komposit Bioplastik Pati Ubi Talas-Karagenan pada Variasi Suhu dan Waktu Gelatinisasi

This study aims to determine the effect of variations in temperature and time of gelatinization on the characteristics of the bioplastic composite of taro starch-carrageenan and to obtain the right gelatinization temperature and time to produce a bioplastic composite of taro starch and carrageenan with the best characteristics. This study used a randomized block design with two factors. Factor one is gelatinization temperature which consists of 3 levels, namely 75±1oC; 80±1oC; 85±1oC. Factor two is the gelatinization time for 3, 4, and 5 minutes. The observed variables included tensile strength, elongation at break, young modulus, water swelling, water vapor transmission rate (wvtr), and biodegradation. The data obtained were analyzed for diversity and continued with the BNJ. The results showed that variations in temperature and time of gelatinization and their interactions had a very significant effect on tensile strength and elasticity. Meanwhile, gelatinization temperature and time had a significant effect but did not interact with elongation at break. Moreover no significant effect on swelling, water vapor transmission and biodegradation. The best characteristics of bioplastic composites were found at a temperature of 85±1oC and a gelatinization time of 5 minutes with a tensile strength value of 11,19 MPa, elongation at break 4,38%, modulus young 255,35 MPa, swelling 84,35%, water vapor transmission 0,55 g/h.m2 and the degradation time 7 days.
 Keywords : composites bioplastic, carrageenan, taro tuber starch, temperature and time of gelatinization