Bio-oil Fraction Research Articles

Steam reforming of acetone and isopropanol: Investigation of correlation of ketone and alcohol functional groups with properties of coke

Ketones and alcohols are important fractions of bio-oil, and their steam reforming might generate the coke of varied properties and impacts on catalyst. In this study, acetone and isopropanol were selected as a model compounds of the biomass-derived oxygenated organics for steam reforming over a Ni/KIT-6 catalyst, with the particular focus on the potential correlation of the properties of coke with the main functionalities of the reactants. The results indicated that the steam reforming of acetone and isopropanol generated the distinct reaction intermediates that further differentiated properties of the coke formed. The steam reforming of acetone produced the reaction intermediates bearing the carbonyl functionalities that could involve in the condensation reactions, and the resulting carbonaceous species could also retain the oxygen-containing functionalities. This made the coke in acetone reforming aliphatic, thermally unstable, reactive towards oxidation. Furthermore, the high reactivity of the carbonyl-containing intermediates from acetone reforming also resulting in the formation of coke in carbon nanotubes form with thick walls, low inner diameters and course surface. In comparison, the steam reforming of isopropanol generated abundant reaction intermediates bearing with the CC functionality, making the resulting coke more aromatic, thermally stable and the formation of carbon nanotubes with thin walls and smooth surface.

Effect of varying fraction of polypropylene waste on co-pyrolysis of Delonixregia and Polyalthialongifolia leaves

Non-catalytic co-pyrolysis of Delonix Regia (DR) wood and Polyalthia Longifolia (PL) leaves and varying fractions of polypropylene (PP) has been carried out at 600 ​°C in a tubular reactor. The fractions of PP varied in order to have 0 ​wt.%, 10 ​wt.%, 30 ​wt.% and 50 ​wt.% of it in the feed while the composition of DR and PL maintained constant and equal to each other so that to study the effect of PP on co-pyrolysis of two lignocellulosic biomass waste materials. The feed materials, along with the products (bio-oil and biochar) have been extensively characterized for their physicochemical and fuel properties. In addition, extensive advanced material characterization techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), etc. have been utilized for analysis purposes. The properties of bio-oil reported in this work are of the organic phase only of the liquid product. The average calorific value of organic fraction of bio-oil is increasing from 22.556 ​MJ/kg to 34.06 ​MJ/kg with increasing wt.% of polypropylene (PP) in co-feed from 0 ​wt.% to 50 ​wt.% respectively, while the calorific value of biochar is showing mixed trend. Density of organic phase decreases from 973 ​kg/m3 to 816 ​kg/m3 with increasing the fraction of PP, while pH display opposite trends i.e., increasing from 4.31 to 4.97 which are close to commercial fuel properties. FTIR confirm the presence of functional groups of alkanes, aromatics, alcohols, phenols, aliphatic, ketone, ethers, etc. in organic fraction of bio-oil; and also confirmed by proton NMR. Further it is also confirmed that fraction of alkanes and aliphatic in bio-oil samples increases with PP fraction in the co-feed. The main finding of this work indicates that the fraction of PP in co-feed improved the physicochemical, chemical and fuel potential of the organic phase of liquid product. However, the trend of yield of organic fraction of liquid is not as expected and the reason could be the presence of leaves of PL because often the yield of liquid product is very low when leafy biomass used as feed.

Extraction of phenols from bio-oil aqueous fraction by hydrophobic ionic liquids

Acetic acid, phenol, guaiacol and 4-methylguaiacol in bio-oil aqueous fraction were extracted and separated experimentally with the choice of hydrophobic ionic liquid [Bmim][NTf2] as extractant. The effects of extraction time and extractant dosage on the extraction efficiency were explored. With the help of density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the interaction mechanism between [Bmim][NTf2] and phenol was also clarified. The results showed that under the optimal extraction condition (mIL/mW = 0.4, extraction time = 5 min), the extraction efficiencies of acetic acid, phenol, guaiacol and 4-methylguaiacol in the aqueous fraction were 2.71%, 95.41%, 92.04%, and 97.98%, respectively. It was indicated that [Bmim][NTf2] had better selectivity and superior extraction efficiency for phenols in bio-oil aqueous fraction. The results of DFT calculation demonstrated that the strong hydrogen bonding interaction as well as weak vdW interaction between [Bmim][NTf2] and phenols played an important role in extraction and dephenolization of bio-oil aqueous fraction. The phenols in [Bmim][NTf2] can be effectively removed by alkali washing treatment to achieve recovery of [Bmim][NTf2] and next high efficiency extraction.

Development of Comprehensive Analysis of Pyrolysis Products for Lignocellulose Raw Materials and Sludge Sediments by Chromatographic Methods

This paper presents a study of the pyrolysis products organic raw materials (bio-oil and sludge sediments of treatment facilities) by chromatographic methods. A feature of the work is to optimize the sample preparation procedure by fractionating the pyrolysis products. Using the method of gel permeation chromatography, molecular weight distribution of pyrolysis products was assessed. Determination of the water content in these objects (by Karl Fischer titration) was used to assess the possibility of their direct analysis by gas chromatography. A sample of sludge pyrolysis and several fractions obtained from a bio-oil sample were analyzed. By the method of two-dimensional gas chromatography, where a selfdeveloped column based on an ionic liquid was used as the first measurement column, the pyrolysate of sludge sediments and the ether fraction of bio-oil were analyzed. The obtained chromatograms and quantitative results are presented

Production of upgraded biocrude from hydrothermal liquefaction using clays as in situ catalysts

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a thermochemical process that converts biomass into biocrude. HTL suffers from low yields of water-insoluble biocrude with high oxygen contents and low heating values. Inexpensive clay minerals including montmorillonite, dolomite, kaolinite and sand were used to upgrade HTL biocrude as in situ acid-base catalysts. Batch tests were performed using starch with 5 wt% clay minerals at 300 °C for 1 h. Bio-oil was fractionated into water-soluble and water-insoluble parts to explore potential catalytic mechanisms by analyzing the fractional distribution, elemental composition and chemical composition. Higher carbon recoveries in the bio-oil fraction (approaching 60%) occurred with clay-catalyzed HTL. Energy recovery of both bio-oil fractions increased by approximately 22% for all clays. A base-catalyzed pathway inhibits char formation from catalytic HTL, with dolomite approaching a char yield as low as 3%. Chromatographic analysis of heavy and light oils from both fractions showed that dolomite and montmorillonite play a catalytic effect via base and acid pathways on upgrading biocrude. Clay-catalyzed HTL modified the boiling point distributions by producing more 100–300 °C middle temperature distillates. Overall, catalytic HTL with clay minerals enhanced the heating value and energy recovery of bio-oils.

Effect of fractional condensation system coupled with an auger pyrolizer on bio-oil composition and properties

The effect of fractional condensation on the properties of pyrolytic oil is evaluated by assessing the number of condensation stages and temperatures used in the bio-oil recovery. By evaluating two and three condensation stages with a decreasing temperature profile, an increase in condensation efficiency of 35 % was observed when using three-condensation stages. The two fractions of bio-oil, obtained at 180 °C and 120 °C of condensing temperatures, exhibited a moisture content of 11.15 % and 23.11 % with a liquid yield of 26.1 %, 13.5 %, respectively. After a qualitative analysis, it is suggested that both oil phases could be strong candidates for their use as fuel for heating applications, or for the production of phenolic resins. Moreover, a quantitative analysis of acids and furans was performed on the third bio-oil fraction, mainly composed of water and acids. Interestingly, a majority content of butyric acid was detected, followed by acetic acid, isovaleric acid, formic acid, and propionic acid with concentrations of 93.6 g/L, 39.0 g/L, 32.0 g/L, 11.0 g/L and 9.1 g/L, respectively. Whereas furfural and HMF content quantified in the aqueous fraction reached 2.1 g/L and 1.5 g/L, respectively. Producing different acids present in this fraction appears feasible, which could have future advantages.

High-value utilization of mask and heavy fraction of bio-oil: From hazardous waste to biochar, bio-oil, and graphene films

At present, it is very common to wear mask outdoors in order to avoid coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) infection. However, this leads to the formation of numerous plastic wastes that threaten humans and ecosystem. Against this major background, a novel co-pyrolysis coupled chemical vapor deposition (CVD) strategy is proposed to systematically convert mask and heavy fraction of bio-oil (HB) into biochar, bio-oil, and three-dimensional graphene films (3DGFs) is proposed. The biochar exhibits high higher heating value (HHV) (33.22–33.75 MJ/kg) and low ash content (2.34%), which is obviously superior to that of the walnut shell and anthracite coal. The bio-oil contains rich aromatic components, such as 1,2-dimethylbenzene and 2-methylnaphthalene, which can be used as chemical feedstock for insecticides. Furthermore, the 3DGF800 has a wide range of applications in the fields of oil spill cleanup and oil/water separation according to its fire resistance, high absorbability (40–89 g g-1) and long-term cycling stability. This research sheds new light on converting plastic wastes and industrial by-products into high added-value chemicals.

Two-Step Esterification–Hydrogenation of Bio-Oil to Alcohols and Esters over Raney Ni Catalysts

Fast pyrolysis bio-oil is very difficult to be used because of its acidity, instability, high degree of unsaturation, etc. Processes for property upgrading are necessary and required. In this study, three kinds of Raney Ni catalysts were prepared and used to investigate two-step esterification–hydrogenation (TEH) to upgrade the light fraction of bio-oil. The results show that the first step in esterification markedly decreased the content of active compounds such as acids and ketones and aldehydes and increased the content of alcohols and esters (from 10.53% to 47.55%), which improved the bio-oil stability and was favorable for the following hydrogenation reaction. The second step of TEH (hydrogenation) further improved the quality of the bio-oil over Raney Ni and metal-modified Raney Ni catalysts at 140 °C. In particular, the Mo-RN catalyst displayed the best hydrogenation effect, with only 5.44% of acid content, and the stable component content reached 90.16%. This may be attributed to the higher hydrogenation activity from Raney Ni combined with acid MoOx species and the thermal stability of the catalyst. Moreover, the obtained upgraded bio-oil mixture could be used as a solvent for raw bio-oil’s esterification. Therefore, it has the potential to reduce methanol solvent usage and energy consumption for solvent separation during the two-step treatment of raw bio-oil in this context. Compared with the OHE (one-step esterification-hydrogenation) process, THE showed a better performance for raw bio-oil upgrading with higher alcohols and stable compounds, which is more favorable for the saturation and stability of bio-oil’s complex components step by step.

REUSE OF THE AQUEOUS PHASE OF BIO-OIL FRACTIONATION AS A WATER-REPELLENT AGENT FOR WOOD

A simple method to extract pyrolytic lignin from bio-oil is under agitation in water or organic solvent. This process produces a water-insoluble fraction (pyrolytic lignin) and a water-soluble fraction (WS). In this study, we used a physical fractionation technique with water as a liquid agent to separate the two fractions of the fast pyrolysis bio-oil and obtain the WS — the object of study — to test its efficiency as a protective agent for lignocellulosic materials. The study aimed to investigate the efficiency of the aqueous phase (WS) as a water-repellent agent when impregnated into Pinus elliotti wood. To obtain WS, we used two bio-oil:water ratios (1:50 and 1:100) and two agitation speeds (17,000 and 8,500 RPM); they were respectively named WS50 and WS100, both with an average yield of 61% WS. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), thermogravimetry (TGA), contact angle, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the WS and the veneers impregnated with it. There were no morphological changes on their surface, especially regarding the non-coating of the wood pits; meanwhile, the TGA showed visible changes in the degree of thermal degradation of the impregnated material related to the chemical composition of the WS identified in the GC-MS. There was a significant increase, on average 62%, in the apparent contact angle of the impregnated wood, approximately 126°. The WS has shown to be efficient as a protective agent by converting the hydrophilic surface of Pinus elliotti into a hydrophobic one, and this effect partially remained after 45 days of exposure.

Hydrogen-bonded frameworks crystals-assisted synthesis of flower-like carbon materials with penetrable meso/macropores from heavy fraction of bio-oil for Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitors

The application of biomass-based carbon materials in electrode materials are usually subject to their deficient adsorption sites as well as sluggish diffusion of electrolyte ions. Herein, flower-like carbons are obtained from the heavy fraction of bio-oil with the auxiliary of Hydrogen-bonded frameworks (HOFs) crystals. During the co-carbonization of the both, the HOFs crystals are removed on account of its poor stability, which directs the formation of flower-like morphology and generates the penetrable meso/macropores across petal-like carbon nanosheets. In addition, the pyrolysis gases serve as the agents for activation to enrich the active sites without the further activation. The degree of graphitization and the contents of pyridine nitrogen for carbon materials could be flexibly adjusted with the contents of HOFs. Owing to the beneficial 3D flower-like structure, high specific surface area (1076 m2/g), large pore volume (2.59 cm3/g), and rational N species, the assembled Zn//BH-4 hybrid supercapacitor reaches a superior energy density of 117.5 Wh/kg at 890 W/kg and maintains 60.7 Wh/kg even at 16.2 kW/kg.

Characterization of pyrolysis products of oil palm empty fruit bunch

Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) is a waste product in the palm oil industry. Currently, EFB has not been optimally utilized because of its low calorific value. The purpose of this research is to analyze the potential of EFB conversion into solid (biochar), liquid (bio-oil), and synthesis gas (syngas). The experiment was carried out in the batch process at atmospheric pressure and temperature of 600°C (heating rate of 60°C/min). Biochar was cooled and analyzed its proximate, ultimate, and calorific value. The volatile matter of pyrolysis product was passed through a condenser so that bio-oil and water were condensed and separated based on density difference. Bio-oil was analyzed by fractionation based on its boiling point. The syngas composition was analyzed by using GC. The proximate analysis results of biochar, such as inherent moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon, are 6.24%, 26.30%, 14.14%, and 53.32%. Meanwhile, the ultimate analysis of biochar showing the composition of C, H, O, S, and N is 55.76%, 2.92%, 12.5%, 0.34%, and 2.18%, respectively. The biochar calorific value is 4,966 kcal/kg adb, showing a similar characteristic to sub-bituminous coal, suggesting that biochar can be utilized as a coal substitution to reduce the CO2 emission on Electric Steam Power Plant. Bio-oil fractionation showed that the initial boiling point (IBP) temperature started at 67.8°C, and the final boiling point (FBP) temperature at 666.8°C. The largest fraction was kerosene (36.2%) and diesel, indicating that bio-oil can be processed further into fuel oil. Syngas analysis results showed that the main gas compositions are CH4 (13 – 17% vol), H2 (28 – 33% vol), CO (17 – 26% vol), and CO2 gases (16 – 31% vol) with a calorific value of 2,600 – 3,300 Kcal/Nm3. Some alternatives to syngas utilization are as a source of pyrolysis energy and for chemicals syntheses such as methanol and DME.

Characterization of column chromatography separated bio-oil obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction of Spirulina

Bio-oil contained a large number of macromolecular compounds like asphalt, which made it difficult to obtain accurate results from direct test analysis. In this study, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) bio-oil of Spirulina (300 °C, 30 min, 10 MPa) was underwent column chromatography separation (CCS) process to retain the macromolecular substances in the column, which improved the accuracy of subsequent analysis results. The obtained fractions were characterized by Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TG), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, Elemental Analysis, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy Analysis. TG analysis showed that a significant amount of components coexisting in high-boiling-range residue in bio-oil could be isolated into quasi-gasoline and quasi-kerosene species, so the low boiling-point fractions of bio-oil between 30-250 °C increased. GC-MS proved that CCS could effectively separate bio-oil and the number of detected components in bio-oil increased from 25 to 109 after CCS. The results of elemental analysis and FT-IR indicated that the components of the bio-oil were separated according to the polarity , and the higher heating values(HHVs) of each distillate oil (38.32-42.19 MJ kg−1) was significantly higher than the bio-oil before CCS (31.83-36.04 MJ kg−1). Comprehensive results of multiple analysis could help determine the market application prospects of bio-oil. In addition, tert-hexadecanethiol was studied as a representative Sulphur-compound to surmise its generation mechanism. The speculation of the conversion pathway of sulphur (S) element could provide a basis for a better understanding of the HTL reaction mechanism.

Evaluation of Na-13X zeolites activity in the catalytic pyrolysis of rapeseed oil cake to produce bio-oil

Zeolite with cavities (Na-13XCAV) was obtained by treating of a commercially Na-13X zeolite with tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide aqueous solution (TPAOH, 0.3 mol/L). In addition, to generate secondary mesopores in the zeolite network (Na-13XCAV-SM), the Na-13X zeolite was treated with a mixture solution of TPAOH/NaOH (ratio 1:1). The charaterization of the zeolites was performed by N2 sorption, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Na-13XCAV-SM showed a higher selectivity and was effective for increasing the hydrocarbon content in bio-oil, it was obtained a hydrocarbon yield of 6.8 wt %, which was over three times bigger than that resulted with Na-13 × . The properties of bio-oil produced were determined and a comparison of the properties depending on the catalyst used was made. In the presence of secondary mesopores,the diffusion of intermediates compounds became faster and their re-polymerization reactions were slowed down, thus, the resulting amount of coke was reduced and bio-oil fraction increased.

Fates of heavy organics of bio-oil in hydrotreatment: The key challenge in the way from biomass to biofuel.

Heavy organics in bio-oil generally refer to the sugar oligomers and lignin-derivatives. They are important fractions in bio-oil and their effective conversion in hydrotreatment determines carbon yield from biomass or bio-oil to biofuel. Fates of the heavy organics largely determine intrinsic reaction behaviors of bio-oil during hydrotreatment. The heavy organics in bio-oil have high tendency towards polymerization upon thermal treatment, which is one of the main precursors for coke formation and catalyst deactivation. Furthermore, the heavy organics have some other unique characteristics in hydrotreatment such as the steric hindrance for contacting active sites on surface of catalyst. How to effectively convert the heavy organics has been regarded as the bottle-neck issue in hydrotreatment of bio-oil and the key barrier in the roadmap from biomass to biofuels. Thus, this review particularly focuses on the progress in understanding reaction behaviors of the heavy organics in hydrotreatment of bio-oil, a central challenge to be resolved. The results indicated that coke formation from heavy organics in bio-oil remains main obstacle in hydrotreatment and further fundamental studies are required to develop suitable catalyst and process to stabilize the heavy organics in bio-oil. In particular, the mechanism for coke formation from the heavy species of varied chemical family should be clarified and corresponding measures should be developed to tackle high tendency of coking. Techno-economic feasibility should be considered in the first place in development of catalysts or process for tackling the heavy fractions of bio-oil.

Influence of the Ni-Co/Al-Mg Catalyst Loading in the Continuous Aqueous Phase Reforming of the Bio-Oil Aqueous Fraction

The effect of catalyst loading in the Aqueous Phase Reforming (APR) of bio-oil aqueous fraction has been studied with a Ni-Co/Al-Mg coprecipitated catalyst. Because of the high content of water in the bio-oil aqueous fraction, APR could be a useful process to convert this fraction into valuable products. Experiments of APR with continuous feeding of aqueous solution of acetol, butanol and acetic acid as the only compound, together with a simulated and a real aqueous fraction of bio-oil, were carried out. Liquid products in the liquid effluent of the APR model compounds were quantified and the reaction pathways were revised. The increase of catalyst loading produced an increase of gas production and a gas with higher alkanes content. Acetol was the compound with the highest reactivity while the conversion of acetic acid was very low. The presence of acetic acid in the feed caused catalyst deactivation.

Polymerization During Low-Temperature Electrochemical Upgrading of Bio-Oil: Effects of Interactions Among Bio-Oil Fractions

The electrochemical method is becoming a promising approach that can deliver the bio-oil upgrading objective at room temperature. However, it still faces the coke formation issue because of the easy polymerization nature of bio-oil. Interactions among components impact the polymerization during the electrochemical upgrading of bio-oil. This study investigates the effects of interactions between the aromatic-rich and aromatic-poor fractions (ARFs and APFs) of the bio-oil on polymerization under various reaction time and current densities. Coke yield differences provide direct evidence on the existence of interactions between ARFs and APFs during the electrochemical upgrading process. Our results indicate that the coke yields and its condensation level are decreased by the interactions. The surface area, pore volume and the functionalities content of the coke are increased by the interactions. In addition to polymerization, more types of reactions including hydrogenation and esterification are induced by the interactions, resulting more types of products and less coke. The interactions can inhibit polymerization by consuming the coke precursors before their condensation. The interactions can also inhibit the anodic adsorption and oxidation, and thus depress polymerization and coke formation.

Effect of temperature on catalytic pyrolysis of Polyalthia Longifolia leaves solid waste and characterization of their products

Results on catalytic pyrolysis of scarcely researched waste Polyalthia Longifolia leaves in the temperature range 450 ​°C - 600 ​°C at an interval of 50 ​°C using 10 ​wt % of zeolite Y, hydrogen as a catalyst have been reported. The liquid bio-oil and solid biochar have been thoroughly characterized for their physicochemical and fuel properties in addition to their qualitative analysis using several advanced characterization techniques. The aqueous phase of the liquid product has been separated out and discarded prior to the analysis; i.e., all the properties and characteristics of bio-oil presented herein are of its organic fraction only. The final biochar includes the spent catalyst in it and has not been separated out. In other words, the properties and characteristics of biochar are of the biochar which also includes the spent catalyst. The calorific value of organic fraction of bio-oil is calculated using bomb calorimeter and found that it is increasing with increasing temperature from 22.30 ​MJ/kg to 27.08 ​MJ/kg. The organic fraction of bio-oil is further characterized by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) which shows the presence of actual functional groups in it. 1H NMR spectroscopy of bio-oil has shown the variation in basic structural information over the applied thermo-catalytic effect along with the presence of contributing hydrocarbons. The calorific value of biochar is also calculated and found to increase from 22.59 ​MJ/kg to 24.26 ​MJ/kg with the temperature. The biochar is further characterized using FESEM and XRD for the study of its structural analysis.

Antimicrobial Properties of Corn Stover Lignin Fractions Derived from Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenolysis in Supercritical Ethanol with a Ru/C Catalyst

Converting lignin to value-added products at high yields provides an avenue for making ethanol biorefineries more profitable while reducing the carbon footprint of products generally derived from petroleum. In this study, corn stover lignin was depolymerized by catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis (CTH) in supercritical ethanol with a Ru/C catalyst. The lignin-derived bio-oil was then sequentially extracted utilizing hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate as solvents in order of less polar to polar, and the subsequent bio-oils were characterized using GPC, GC/MS, and HSQC NMR. Results show that the monomers in the bio-oil fractions contained primarily alkylated phenols, hydrogenated hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, syringol and guaiacol-type lignins created from reductive cleavages of ether linkages, which were sequentially extracted into groups depending on the solvent polarity. The antimicrobial properties of the bio-oils were screened against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus amylovorus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) by examining microbial growth inhibition. Results show that CTH-derived bio-oils inhibited all tested organisms at concentrations less than 3 mg/mL. Total monomer concentration and the presence of specific monomers (i.e., syringyl propane) showed correlations to antimicrobial activity, likely due to cell death or membrane damage. This study provides insights into using sequential extraction to fractionate lignin-derived compounds and correlations between the properties of the extracted compounds and their antimicrobial activity.

Synthesis of 3D-interconnected hierarchical porous carbon from heavy fraction of bio-oil using crayfish shell as the biological template for high-performance supercapacitors

The practical application of raw biomass in high-performance supercapacitors is mainly hindered by virtue of their relatively rare efficient storage sites and low diffusion kinetics. Herein, hierarchical porous carbons (HPCs) are synthesized from heavy fraction of bio-oil (HB) based on a hard-template method accompanied by different NaOH activation temperatures. Thanks to the favorable 3D-interconnected hierarchical porous structure, ultrahigh specific surface area (3095 m2 g−1), large total pore volume (1.66 cm3 g−1), as well as reasonable content of oxygen atoms (7.83 at. %), CSB-800 delivers a prominent gravimetric specific capacitance of 351 F g−1 (0.5 A g−1), which is considerably superior or at least comparable than previously reported for other biomass-based materials. In addition, the assembled CSB-800//CSB-800 symmetric supercapacitors can reach a superior energy density of 20 W h kg−1 at a power density of 350 W kg−1 (0.5 A g−1). The route proposed for preparing HB-based HPCs broadens a new horizon in exploring large-scale synthesis of electrode materials from industrial by-product and kitchen waste.

Ternary Phase Diagram of Water/Bio-Oil/Organic Solvent for Bio-Oil Fractionation

Separating bio-oil by fractionation with different chemical compositions is a critical step to refine these oils and obtain high-value products. Cold water precipitation of pyrolytic lignin from bi...